Preface	6
	Contents	8
	1 An Ontology-Based Autonomic System for Ambient Intelligence Scenarios	11
	1 Introduction	11
	2 Ambient Intelligence and Autonomic Computing	13
	3 A Multi-Level Approach for AmI Applications	15
	4 The Proposed Ontology	16
	4.1 The General Ontology	17
	4.2 The Domain Ontology	19
	5 Autonomic Self-Configuration	20
	5.1 Rule-Based Reasoning	22
	6 Conclusions and Future Research	25
	References	25
	2 Detection of User Activities in Intelligent Environments	28
	1 Introduction	28
	2 Proposed Approach	29
	2.1 Pre-Processing	30
	2.2 Action Detection and Modelling	30
	2.3 Extraction of Behavior Patterns	33
	3 Experimental Results	35
	4 Conclusion	38
	References	40
	3 An AMI System for User Daily Routine Recognition and Prediction	42
	1 Introduction	42
	2 Related Works	43
	3 The Proposed System	44
	3.1 Adaptive Activity Recognition	44
	3.2 On-line Learning	45
	3.3 The Proposed Architecture	46
	3.4 User Activity Profiling	48
	3.5 System Ontology	49
	4 Experimental Results	50
	5 Conclusions	51
	References	53
	4 A Fuzzy Adaptive Controller for an Ambient Intelligence Scenario	55
	1 Introduction	55
	2 Related Work	57
	3 Sensory Subsystem	58
	3.1 Environmental Variables	58
	3.2 Ontological Representation of Domain	59
	4 The Proposed System	60
	4.1 Fuzzy Controllers	61
	4.2 Planning Module and Search Algorithm	64
	5 Conclusion	66
	References	66
	5 Design of an Adaptive Bayesian System for Sensor Data Fusion	68
	1 Motivations and Related Work	68
	2 Proposed System	70
	2.1 Conceptual Representation	70
	2.2 Basic Definitions	72
	2.3 Inference Engine	73
	2.4 Uncertainty Index	75
	2.5 Power Consumption Index	75
	2.6 Self-Configuration Behavior	77
	2.7 System Overview	78
	3 Experimental Evaluation	78
	3.1 Experimental Setting	78
	3.2 Experimental Results	80
	4 Conclusions	82
	References	83
	6 A Heterogeneous Sensor and Actuator Network Architecture for Ambient Intelligence	84
	1 Introduction	84
	2 System Overview	86
	2.1 Building SAN Agent	87
	2.2 The Base Station	88
	2.3 Abstraction Layer	89
	2.4 Sensor and Actuator Network	90
	3 Experimental Scenario	92
	4 Conclusions	94
	References	94
	7 Short-Term Sensory Data Prediction in Ambient Intelligence Scenarios	96
	1 Introduction	96
	2 Related Works	98
	3 Proposed Approach	99
	3.1 Context Generation and Update Modules	99
	3.2 Prediction Submodule	102
	3.3 Modeling the Effect of Actuators	104
	4 Experimental Results	105
	4.1 Prediction Performance	105
	4.2 Effect of Light Exposure Actuators	107
	5 Conclusions	108
	References	109
	8 A Structural Approach to Infer Recurrent Relations in Data	111
	1 Introduction	111
	2 Related Work	113
	3 Ontology Learning	117
	4 A Proof of Concept: The Slide Puzzle	120
	4.1 Hidden Relations: Knowledge to Enhance Heuristic	122
	5 Conclusion	124
	References	124
	319177_1_En_9_Chapter_OnlinePDF	126
	9 Hardware and Software Platforms for Distributed Computing on Resource Constrained Devices	126
	1 Introduction	126
	2 Hardware Platforms	128
	3 Operating Systems for Sensor Node Devices	129
	4 Sensor Ontologies	131
	5 Distributed Algorithms and Applications in WSNs	132
	6 An Example of Distributed Application: Synchronization	134
	7 Conclusion	135
	References	136
	10 From IEEE 802.15.4 to IEEE 802.15.4e: A Step Towards the Internet of Things	139
	1 Introduction	139
	2 IEEE 802.15.4 Standard	141
	2.1 CSMA-CA Algorithm	142
	3 Limitations of IEEE 802.15.4 MAC	143
	4 IEEE 802.15.4e Standard	145
	4.1 802.15.4e MAC Behavior Modes	146
	4.2 Time Slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH) Mode	148
	5 Performance Comparison	151
	6 Conclusions	154
	References	155
	11 Extracting Structured Knowledge From Sensor Data for Hybrid Simulation	157
	1 Introduction	157
	2 Technical Background	159
	3 Simulating User Activities via a Structural Approach	161
	3.1 Using a Hybrid Simulator to Capture Activity Data	161
	3.2 Activity Discovery through Grammar Induction	164
	4 A Sample Scenario: Predicting User Activities for Energy Saving	165
	5 Conclusion	167
	References	168
	12 Gait Analysis Using Multiple Kinect Sensors	170
	1 Introduction	170
	2 Related Work	171
	3 System Overview	172
	3.1 Multi Kinect Architecture	173
	3.2 Gait Features	174
	3.3 Feature Classification	175
	3.4 System Ontology	176
	4 Experimental Results	177
	5 Conclusion	179
	References	179
	13 3D Scene Reconstruction Using Kinect	181
	1 Introduction	181
	2 Related Work	182
	3 System Overview	183
	3.1 Superquadrics	183
	3.2 Scene Reconstruction	185
	4 Experimental Results	188
	5 Conclusions	191
	References	191
	14 Sensor Node Plug-in System: A Service-Oriented Middleware for Wireless Sensor Networks	193
	1 Introduction	193
	2 SeNSori: Sensor Node as a Service for Home and Buildings Energy Saving	195
	3 SNPS: An OSGi Middleware for Wireless Sensor Networks	197
	3.1 Core and Related Components	199
	3.2 Sensor Layer Integration	200
	3.3 Web Service Integration	201
	3.4 SNPS Data Model	202
	3.5 Building and Composing Virtual Sensors	204
	3.6 Use Case Scenario	205
	4 Related Work	208
	5 Conclusion	209
	References	210
	15 Toward the Next Generation of Sensors as a Service	211
	1 Introduction	211
	2 Service Oriented Architecture for Sensor Networks	212
	3 SNS Service Model	213
	4 Service Platform	214
	4.1 Service SNS	216
	5 Conclusion	217
	References	217
	16 Advances in Internet of Things as Related to the e-government Domain for Citizens and Enterprises	219
	1 Introduction	219
	2 Qualification of the Socio-Economic Relevance of the Proposed Solution and of its Positive Fallouts for End Users Resources Use and Optimization	222
	3 Functional and Performance Requirements of the Proposed Solution	226
	3.1 Needs List	226
	3.2 Operational Scenarios	228
	4 Specification of the Technological Innovation Gap to be Filled and of the Level of Novelty and Originality of the Knowledge to be Produced by the Proposed Solution	232
	References	234
	17 Low-Effort Support to Efficient Urban Parking in a Smart City Perspective	235
	1 Introduction	236
	2 Related Works	238
	3 Requirements Analysis	240
	4 A Model for Parking Data	242
	5 Components for Smart Parking Support	245
	5.1 On-Field Identification of Parking Slots	245
	5.2 The Role of the Mobile Application	247
	5.3 Back-End Components	249
	5.4 Implementation Details	250
	6 Data-Driven Ancillary Services	250
	6.1 Dynamic Pricing	250
	6.2 Short-Term and Long-Term Urban Mobility Planning	251
	7 Conclusion	252
	References	253
	18 An Integrated System for Advanced Multi-risk Management Based on Cloud for IoT	255
	1 Introduction	256
	2 Briefly on Clouds	257
	3 Related Work and Background	258
	4 Risk Evaluation	259
	4.1 Risk Investigation in the Cloud	261
	5 The SIGMA Project	262
	6 The Cloud Framework in SIGMA	264
	6.1 C-COMPUTING	266
	6.2 C-SENSOR	267
	6.3 C-STORAGE	269
	6.4 The Security Layer	269
	7 Conclusions and Future Works	270
	References	271
	19 Towards Internet Intelligent Services Based on Cloud Computing and Multi-Agents	272
	1 Introduction	272
	2 Cloud Concepts and Models	274
	2.1 Cloud Deployment Models	276
	2.2 Example of Cloud Systems	277
	3 Multi-Agent Systems	277
	4 Clouds Using Agents	279
	5 Agents Using Clouds	280
	5.1 Semantic Search on Clouds	281
	6 Final Remarks	283
	References	283
	20 Chatbots as Interface to Ontologies	285
	1 Introduction	285
	2 State of the Art	286
	3 Ontology Based Architectures for Conversational Information Suppliers	287
	3.1 Integration of ProgramD and ResearchCyc: Cyd	288
	3.2 Integration of a ChatBot and WordNet: ProgramW	291
	3.3 Hybrid Architectures for Chatbots	293
	4 Integration of CyD and LSAbot: A Rational/Intuitive Chatbot Architecture	294
	5 Conclusion	298
	References	298
	21 Body Area Networks and Healthcare	300
	1 Introduction	300
	2 Body Area Networks	301
	2.1 Communication	301
	2.2 Data Compression	302
	3 BANs, Healthcare and the Internet of Things	302
	3.1 Physical Activity Recognition and Classification	303
	3.2 Security and Privacy	304
	3.3 Context and Service-Oriented Architectures	304
	4 Applications	305
	4.1 Cardiovascular Diseases	305
	4.2 Physical Therapy	305
	4.3 Eldery and Passive Care Assistance	306
	5 Conclusion	306
	References	307
	22 Urban Air Quality Monitoring Using Vehicular Sensor Networks	310
	1 Introduction	310
	2 Urban Air Quality Monitoring	312
	3 Related Work	313
	4 The Proposed System	314
	4.1 Implementation	317
	5 Ontological Approach	318
	6 Conclusions	319
	References	320
	23 Concentrated Solar Power: Ontologies for Solar Radiation Modeling and Forecasting	323
	1 Introduction	323
	2 CSP Plant Technologies	324
	3 Overview of Solar Radiation Resource Concepts	326
	4 Why Solar Resource Data are of Importance to Concentrated Solar Power	327
	5 Solar Radiation Models	328
	6 Opportunities of an Ontology for Solar Radiation Modeling and Forecasting	330
	7 An Ontology for Solar Radiation Modeling and Forecasting	331
	8 Conclusions	334
	References	334
	24 Designing Ontology-Driven Recommender Systems for Tourism	336
	1 Introduction	336
	2 The Semantic Web	337
	2.1 Semantic Web Technologies	338
	2.2 Semantic Web Application Architecture	340
	3 Travel Recommender Systems	341
	4 The Proposed Architecture	342
	4.1 Pre-travel Virtual Assistant	343
	4.2 On-site Recommender System	344
	4.3 Semantic Data Mining	346
	5 Conclusions	347
	References	348