|
Preface |
6 |
|
|
In Memory of Prof Roy Severn |
8 |
|
|
Acknowledgment |
11 |
|
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Contents |
12 |
|
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Contributors |
17 |
|
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Chapter-1 |
26 |
|
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The George E. Brown, Jr., Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation (NEES): Reducing the Impact of EQs and Tsunamis |
26 |
|
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1.1 Introduction |
26 |
|
|
1.2 Research Accomplishments |
27 |
|
|
1.3 NEES Cyberinfratructure and the NEEShub |
30 |
|
|
1.4 International Collaborations |
32 |
|
|
References |
34 |
|
|
Chapter-2 |
35 |
|
|
A Faceted Lightweight Ontology for Earthquake Engineering Research Projects and Experiments |
35 |
|
|
2.1 Introduction |
35 |
|
|
2.2 Approach |
36 |
|
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2.3 Ontology Development |
37 |
|
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2.4 Ontology Representation |
38 |
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2.4.1 RDF |
38 |
|
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2.4.2 OWL |
39 |
|
|
2.5 Existing Ontology/Thesaurus |
39 |
|
|
2.5.1 WordNet |
39 |
|
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2.5.2 NEES Thesaurus |
39 |
|
|
2.6 Ontology Integration |
40 |
|
|
2.7 Experimental Set-Up |
40 |
|
|
2.8 Results |
41 |
|
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2.9 Related Work |
43 |
|
|
2.10 Conclusion |
43 |
|
|
References |
43 |
|
|
Chapter-3 |
44 |
|
|
The SERIES Virtual Database: Architecture and Implementation |
44 |
|
|
3.1 Introduction |
44 |
|
|
3.2 Architecture of the Virtual Database |
45 |
|
|
3.2.1 Characteristics of the SERIES Virtual Database |
45 |
|
|
3.2.2 Services Provided by the Nodes |
47 |
|
|
3.2.3 Communication Between the Nodes and the Central Site |
47 |
|
|
3.2.4 Large Files Download |
48 |
|
|
3.3 Implementation of the Virtual Database |
49 |
|
|
3.3.1 The Node |
49 |
|
|
3.3.2 The Central Site |
50 |
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|
3.4 Security |
51 |
|
|
3.5 Conclusions |
52 |
|
|
References |
53 |
|
|
Chapter-4 |
54 |
|
|
The SERIES Virtual Database: Exchange Data Format and Local/Central Databases |
54 |
|
|
4.1 Introduction |
54 |
|
|
4.2 The Exchange Data Format |
55 |
|
|
4.3 Local Site Management of SERIES Virtual Database |
58 |
|
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4.3.1 Local Data Processing and Data Import Platform (DIP) |
59 |
|
|
4.3.2 GUIDE Interface |
63 |
|
|
4.4 SERIES Virtual Database for an External User |
64 |
|
|
4.4.1 SERIES Virtual Database Working Principle |
64 |
|
|
4.4.2 The Data Access Portal |
66 |
|
|
4.5 Conclusions |
70 |
|
|
References |
71 |
|
|
Chapter-5 |
72 |
|
|
Qualification of Seismic Research Testing Facilities in Europe |
72 |
|
|
5.1 Introduction |
72 |
|
|
5.1.1 Why the Qualification? |
72 |
|
|
5.1.2 The SERIES Project |
74 |
|
|
5.1.3 NA2 Networking Activity—Qualification of Research Infrastructures |
75 |
|
|
5.1.3.1 General Description of the Activity |
75 |
|
|
5.1.3.2 Task NA2.1: Evaluation and Impact of Qualification of Experimental Facilities in Europe |
76 |
|
|
5.1.3.3 Task NA2.2: Assessment of Testing Procedures and Standards Requirements |
77 |
|
|
5.1.3.4 Task NA2.3: Criteria for Instrumentation and Equipment Management |
77 |
|
|
5.1.3.5 Task NA2.4: Development and Implementation of a Common Protocol for Qualification |
77 |
|
|
5.2 Acknowledgement of the European Situation |
79 |
|
|
5.2.1 Introduction |
79 |
|
|
5.3 The Common Protocol |
81 |
|
|
5.3.1 The Road Map |
81 |
|
|
5.3.2 The Draft Common Protocol Implementation |
82 |
|
|
5.3.3 The Final Version of the Common Protocol |
83 |
|
|
5.4 Conclusions |
85 |
|
|
5.4.1 General Requirements |
85 |
|
|
5.4.2 Specific Technical Requirements |
85 |
|
|
5.4.3 European Standard Development |
86 |
|
|
References |
86 |
|
|
Chapter-6 |
88 |
|
|
Towards Faster Computations and Accurate Execution of Real-Time Hybrid Simulation |
88 |
|
|
6.1 Introduction |
88 |
|
|
6.2 Development I: Standalone RTHS System |
90 |
|
|
6.3 Development II: An Efficient Equation Solver |
92 |
|
|
6.4 Development III: TVC Implementation |
95 |
|
|
6.5 Closure |
102 |
|
|
References |
102 |
|
|
Chapter-7 |
105 |
|
|
Pseudo-Dynamic Testing Based on Non-linear Dynamic Substructuring of a Reinforced Concrete Bridge |
105 |
|
|
7.1 Introduction |
105 |
|
|
7.2 Main Characteristics of Hybrid Simulations |
106 |
|
|
7.3 The Reference OpenSEES FE Model |
108 |
|
|
7.4 State Space Reduction of the RM |
110 |
|
|
7.4.1 Nonlinear Dynamic Substructuring of Piers |
111 |
|
|
7.4.2 Nonlinear Dynamic Substructuring of Isolator Elements |
114 |
|
|
7.5 Validation of the Reduced Model of the Bridge |
115 |
|
|
7.6 Simulation of a Consistent Degradation of the Bridge |
117 |
|
|
7.7 Conclusions |
118 |
|
|
References |
119 |
|
|
Chapter-8 |
121 |
|
|
Geographically Distributed Continuous Hybrid Simulation Tests Using Shaking Tables |
121 |
|
|
8.1 Introduction |
121 |
|
|
8.2 Dorka’s Substructure Algorithm |
122 |
|
|
8.2.1 Sub-Stepping |
123 |
|
|
8.2.2 Error Force Compensation |
124 |
|
|
8.2.3 Adaptation of the Algorithm for Multiple Testing Sites |
124 |
|
|
8.2.4 Actuator Control |
126 |
|
|
8.3 Continuous Time-Scaled Geographically Distributed Tests with Non-Linear Experimental Substructures |
126 |
|
|
8.3.1 Description of the Test Set-Up |
126 |
|
|
8.3.2 The Friction Device UHYDE-fbr |
127 |
|
|
8.3.3 Numerical Models |
129 |
|
|
8.3.4 Continuous Geographically Distributed Tests Using OpenFresco and NSEP Protocol |
130 |
|
|
8.3.4.1 Validation of the Actuator Control with HYSTEC |
131 |
|
|
8.3.4.2 Continuous Time-Scaled Continuous Tests |
131 |
|
|
8.4 Large Numerical Models in Continuous Hybrid Simulation |
134 |
|
|
8.5 Conclusions |
135 |
|
|
References |
137 |
|
|
Chapter-9 |
139 |
|
|
Hybrid Simulations of a Piping System Based on Model Reduction Techniques |
139 |
|
|
9.1 Introduction |
139 |
|
|
9.2 Main Characteristics and FE Analysis of the Piping System Under Investigation |
140 |
|
|
9.2.1 General Dimensions |
140 |
|
|
9.2.2 FE Modelling and Modal Analysis |
141 |
|
|
9.2.3 Selection of Input Earthquake Loading |
142 |
|
|
9.3 Substructuring and System of Equations of Motion |
143 |
|
|
9.3.1 Substructuring |
143 |
|
|
9.3.2 System of Equations of Motion |
144 |
|
|
9.4 Model Reduction of Physical Substructure and Earthquake Forces |
145 |
|
|
9.4.1 SEREP Reduction |
145 |
|
|
9.4.2 Craig–Bampton Reduction |
146 |
|
|
9.5 Integration Schemes and Hardware-Software Architecture |
147 |
|
|
9.5.1 Integration Methods |
147 |
|
|
9.5.1.1 The LSRT2 Method |
147 |
|
|
9.5.2 Modified Generalized-? Method |
148 |
|
|
9.5.3 Modification of the NS and Delay Compensation for RTs |
148 |
|
|
9.5.4 Hardware-Software Architecture |
149 |
|
|
9.6 Test Program and Experimental Set-Up |
150 |
|
|
9.7 Main Experimental Results |
151 |
|
|
9.8 Conclusions |
153 |
|
|
References |
153 |
|
|
Chapter-10 |
155 |
|
|
A Support Platform for Distributed Hybrid Testing |
155 |
|
|
10.1 Introduction |
155 |
|
|
10.2 The Celestina Framework |
156 |
|
|
10.2.1 Networking Services |
158 |
|
|
10.2.2 Definition Services |
159 |
|
|
10.2.3 Testing Services |
159 |
|
|
10.2.4 Services Implementation in the Nodes |
160 |
|
|
10.3 A First Celestina Implementation |
160 |
|
|
10.4 Conclusions |
162 |
|
|
References |
162 |
|
|
Chapter-11 |
163 |
|
|
Substructuring for Soil Structure Interaction Using a Shaking Table |
163 |
|
|
11.1 Introduction |
163 |
|
|
11.2 Benchmark SSI test |
164 |
|
|
11.2.1 Experimental Components |
164 |
|
|
11.2.2 Experiment |
166 |
|
|
11.3 RTDS Test Method |
167 |
|
|
11.3.1 Control Strategy |
169 |
|
|
11.3.1.1 Proprietary Shaking Table Control |
169 |
|
|
11.3.1.2 Delay Compensation |
169 |
|
|
11.3.1.3 Full State Control via Simulation |
171 |
|
|
11.3.2 RTDS for SSI |
172 |
|
|
11.4 RTDH Test Method |
175 |
|
|
11.4.1 Generalised Hybrid Modelling |
177 |
|
|
11.4.2 Hybrid Simulation of the Benchmark |
178 |
|
|
11.5 Summary |
179 |
|
|
References |
180 |
|
|
Chapter-12 |
181 |
|
|
On the Control of Shaking Tables in Acceleration Mode: An Adaptive Signal Processing Framework |
181 |
|
|
12.1 Introduction |
181 |
|
|
12.2 Description of the Method |
182 |
|
|
12.2.1 Adaptive Identification |
183 |
|
|
12.2.1.1 Delay Estimation |
184 |
|
|
12.2.2 Adaptive Inverse Identification |
186 |
|
|
12.3 Application |
187 |
|
|
12.4 Conclusion |
193 |
|
|
References |
194 |
|
|
Chapter-13 |
195 |
|
|
Refined and Simplified Numerical Models of an Isolated Old Highway Bridge for PsD Testing |
195 |
|
|
13.1 Introduction |
195 |
|
|
13.2 Description of the Case Study |
196 |
|
|
13.3 Development of a Refined Nonlinear Model in OpenSEES |
197 |
|
|
13.3.1 Non-Linear Phenomena in the As-Built System |
197 |
|
|
13.3.2 The FE Model of the “As Built” Viaduct |
198 |
|
|
13.3.2.1 Strain Penetration Effect of Plain Steel Bars |
198 |
|
|
13.3.2.2 Modeling of Non-Linear Shear Behaviour |
199 |
|
|
13.3.3 The FE Model of the “Isolated” Viaduct |
200 |
|
|
13.3.3.1 Non Linear Response of Isolators |
201 |
|
|
13.4 Earthquake Response of the Bridge Structure |
202 |
|
|
13.4.1 Performance Criteria |
202 |
|
|
13.4.2 Earthquake Record Selection |
203 |
|
|
13.4.3 Modal Analysis of the Viaduct |
205 |
|
|
13.5 Numerical Analysis of the As-Built Model |
206 |
|
|
13.5.1 Simulation of the Response for SLS |
206 |
|
|
13.5.2 Simulation of the Seismic Test for ULS |
206 |
|
|
13.6 Numerical Analysis of the Isolated Case |
211 |
|
|
13.6.1 Simulation of the Response for Serviceability Limit State |
211 |
|
|
13.6.2 Simulation of the Seismic Test for the Ultimate Limit State |
212 |
|
|
13.7 Dynamic Substructuring of the OpenSEES FE Model of the Viaduct for PsD Testing Purposes |
214 |
|
|
13.8 Conclusions |
217 |
|
|
References |
219 |
|
|
Chapter-14 |
221 |
|
|
Assessment of the Seismic Behaviour of a Retrofitted Old R.C. Highway Bridge Through PsD Testing |
221 |
|
|
14.1 Introduction |
221 |
|
|
14.2 Description of the Case Study |
223 |
|
|
14.3 Pseudo-Dynamic Test Design |
224 |
|
|
14.3.1 Testing Methods |
224 |
|
|
14.3.2 Tests Specimens |
226 |
|
|
14.3.3 Test Rig Configuration |
226 |
|
|
14.3.4 Numerical Models of the Viaduct |
228 |
|
|
14.3.5 Selection of Earthquake Input |
231 |
|
|
14.3.6 Testing Program |
231 |
|
|
14.4 Discussion of the Experimental Results |
233 |
|
|
14.4.1 Cyclic Characterization of the FPS Isolator |
234 |
|
|
14.4.1.1 Cyclic Tests Procedure |
234 |
|
|
14.4.1.2 Tests for Different Cycling Velocities and Amplitudes |
234 |
|
|
14.4.2 Static Characterization of the Specimens |
235 |
|
|
14.4.3 Test Results on the Entire Viaduct |
236 |
|
|
14.4.3.1 Test Results on the Non-Isolated Viaduct |
236 |
|
|
14.4.3.2 Test Results on the Isolated Viaduct |
241 |
|
|
14.5 Conclusions |
247 |
|
|
References |
248 |
|
|
Chapter-15 |
250 |
|
|
Full-scale Testing of Modern Unreinforced Thermal Insulation Clay Block Masonry Houses |
250 |
|
|
15.1 Introduction |
250 |
|
|
15.2 Experimental Setup |
251 |
|
|
15.2.1 Mock-up Idealization and Geometry |
251 |
|
|
15.2.2 Steel Foundations |
253 |
|
|
15.2.3 Construction |
253 |
|
|
15.2.4 Steel Ties |
254 |
|
|
15.2.5 Material Parameters |
254 |
|
|
15.2.6 Seismic Input Time-Histories |
255 |
|
|
15.2.7 Instrumentation Plan |
256 |
|
|
15.2.8 Testing Procedure |
257 |
|
|
15.3 Preliminary Test Results |
259 |
|
|
15.3.1 Qualitative Observations and Collapse Modes |
259 |
|
|
15.3.2 Dynamic Characterization |
261 |
|
|
15.3.3 Seismic Response |
263 |
|
|
15.4 Conclusions |
265 |
|
|
References |
266 |
|
|
Chapter-16 |
268 |
|
|
Assessment of Innovative Solutions for Non-Load Bearing Masonry Enclosures |
268 |
|
|
16.1 Introduction |
268 |
|
|
16.2 Building Model Tests |
269 |
|
|
16.2.1 Building Specimen and Test Setup |
269 |
|
|
16.2.2 Input Signal and Test Sequence |
273 |
|
|
16.2.3 Results and Discussion |
274 |
|
|
16.2.3.1 Overall Response and Damage Evolution |
274 |
|
|
16.2.3.2 Evolution of Modal Properties |
277 |
|
|
16.2.3.3 Displacement Demand |
280 |
|
|
16.2.3.4 Comparison with Previous Tests |
281 |
|
|
16.3 Wall Panels Tests |
283 |
|
|
16.3.1 Wall Panels Specimens and Test Setup |
283 |
|
|
16.3.2 Input Signal and Test Sequence |
286 |
|
|
16.4 Conclusions |
287 |
|
|
References |
288 |
|
|
Chapter-17 |
289 |
|
|
Seismic Behaviour of Thin-Bed Layered Unreinforced Clay Masonry Frames with T- or L-Shaped Piers |
289 |
|
|
17.1 Introduction |
289 |
|
|
17.2 Description of the Tested Specimens |
290 |
|
|
17.2.1 Mechanical and Geometrical Characteristics of the Units |
290 |
|
|
17.2.2 Description of the Specimens |
291 |
|
|
17.2.3 Preliminary Assessment Design |
293 |
|
|
17.3 Test Description |
294 |
|
|
17.3.1 Axis Convention |
294 |
|
|
17.3.2 Instrumentation of the Specimens |
296 |
|
|
17.3.3 Testing Procedure |
296 |
|
|
17.3.4 Excitation Waveforms for Seismic Tests |
297 |
|
|
17.4 Test Results |
299 |
|
|
17.4.1 Qualitative Observations |
299 |
|
|
17.4.2 Natural Frequencies Identification |
302 |
|
|
17.4.3 Modal Shapes |
306 |
|
|
17.4.4 Seismic Behaviour |
308 |
|
|
17.5 Conclusions |
311 |
|
|
References |
312 |
|
|
Chapter-18 |
314 |
|
|
Shake Table Testing of a Half-Scaled RC-URM Wall Structure |
314 |
|
|
18.1 Introduction |
314 |
|
|
18.2 Test Unit |
315 |
|
|
18.3 Tests Conducted at EPFL in Preparation of the Shake Table Test |
317 |
|
|
18.3.1 Instrumentation |
319 |
|
|
18.3.2 Input Ground Motion |
320 |
|
|
18.3.3 Shake Table Test |
320 |
|
|
18.4 Conclusions |
324 |
|
|
References |
325 |
|
|
Chapter-19 |
326 |
|
|
Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Torsionally Irregular RC Shear Wall Buildings with Rutherma Breakers |
326 |
|
|
19.1 Introduction |
326 |
|
|
19.2 Description of ENISTAT Specimen |
327 |
|
|
19.2.1 Geometry |
327 |
|
|
19.2.2 Design of Specimen |
329 |
|
|
19.2.3 Thermal Break Elements |
329 |
|
|
19.2.4 Construction of the Specimen |
329 |
|
|
19.3 Test Set-Up and Sequence |
331 |
|
|
19.3.1 Test Set-Up |
331 |
|
|
19.3.2 Instrumentation |
331 |
|
|
19.3.3 Test Sequence |
334 |
|
|
19.4 Results and Observations |
335 |
|
|
19.4.1 Test Results |
335 |
|
|
19.4.2 Damage Observations |
339 |
|
|
19.5 Conclusions |
343 |
|
|
References |
344 |
|
|
Chapter-20 |
345 |
|
|
Assessment of the Seismic Response of Concentrically-Braced Steel Frames |
345 |
|
|
20.1 Introduction |
345 |
|
|
20.2 Experimental Aims and Methodology |
346 |
|
|
20.2.1 Research Objectives |
346 |
|
|
20.2.2 Methodology |
347 |
|
|
20.2.3 Shake Table Experimental Programme |
348 |
|
|
20.3 Test Frame and Specimens |
351 |
|
|
20.3.1 Test Frame |
351 |
|
|
20.3.2 Brace-Gusset Plate Specimens |
353 |
|
|
20.4 Experimental Results |
355 |
|
|
20.4.1 Frame Stiffness |
357 |
|
|
20.4.2 Frame Drift and Brace Ductility |
358 |
|
|
20.5 Conclusions |
361 |
|
|
References |
361 |
|
|
Chapter-21 |
363 |
|
|
Shaking Table Test Design to Evaluate Earthquake Capacity of a 3-Storey Building Specimen Composed of Cast-In-Situ Concrete Walls |
363 |
|
|
21.1 Introduction |
363 |
|
|
21.2 The Construction System |
364 |
|
|
21.2.1 The Modular Panels |
364 |
|
|
21.2.2 The Structural System Obtained and Its Features |
365 |
|
|
21.3 Shaking Table Test: Design of the Structure |
366 |
|
|
21.3.1 Comparison Between Demand Due To 1 g Spectral Acceleration and Capacity |
367 |
|
|
21.3.2 Synthesis of the Predicted Behaviour |
368 |
|
|
21.3.3 Transportation Phases |
369 |
|
|
21.4 Instrumentation |
370 |
|
|
21.5 Shaking-Table Tests |
370 |
|
|
21.5.1 The Reference Seismic Input and the Test Program |
370 |
|
|
21.5.2 Results |
371 |
|
|
21.5.2.1 Experimental Frequencies |
371 |
|
|
21.5.2.2 Cracking Pattern |
372 |
|
|
21.5.2.3 Overstrengths |
373 |
|
|
21.6 Conclusions |
374 |
|
|
References |
375 |
|
|
Chapter-22 |
377 |
|
|
High-Performance Composite-Reinforced Earthquake Resistant Buildings with Self-Aligning Capabilities |
377 |
|
|
22.1 Introduction |
377 |
|
|
22.2 Rigid BTC with Long Self-Tapping Screws and Beech Blocks |
379 |
|
|
22.3 One Story Mock-Up |
380 |
|
|
22.4 Frictional BTC |
383 |
|
|
22.5 Scaled Three-Story Frame |
386 |
|
|
22.6 Conclusion |
389 |
|
|
References |
390 |
|
|
Chapter-23 |
391 |
|
|
Experimental Study on Seismic Performance of Precast Concrete Shear Wall with Joint Connecting Beam Under Cyclic Loadings |
391 |
|
|
23.1 Introduction |
391 |
|
|
23.2 Experimental Programme |
392 |
|
|
23.2.1 Specimen Design |
392 |
|
|
23.2.2 Measurement and Test Procedure |
394 |
|
|
23.3 Test Results |
395 |
|
|
23.3.1 Overview |
395 |
|
|
23.3.2 Hysteresis Behavior and Skeleton Curve |
395 |
|
|
23.3.3 Lateral Strength |
398 |
|
|
23.3.4 Ductility Evaluation |
399 |
|
|
23.3.5 Strain Distribution of Reinforcements |
400 |
|
|
23.3.6 Energy Dissipation |
401 |
|
|
23.3.7 Stiffness Degradation |
402 |
|
|
23.4 Conclusions |
403 |
|
|
References |
403 |
|
|
Chapter-24 |
405 |
|
|
The Importance of connections in Seismic Regions: Full-Scale Testing of a 3-Storey Precast Concrete Building |
405 |
|
|
24.1 Introduction |
405 |
|
|
24.2 The Mock Up |
405 |
|
|
24.3 Testing Programme |
409 |
|
|
24.4 Results |
411 |
|
|
24.4.1 Prototype 1 |
411 |
|
|
24.4.2 Prototype 2 |
412 |
|
|
24.4.3 Prototype 3 |
414 |
|
|
24.4.4 Prototype 4 |
415 |
|
|
24.5 Modal Decomposition of Prototype’s Response |
418 |
|
|
24.6 Conclusions |
419 |
|
|
References |
420 |
|
|
Chapter-25 |
422 |
|
|
Caisson Foundations Subjected to Seismic Faulting: Reduced-Scale Physical Modeling |
422 |
|
|
25.1 Introduction |
422 |
|
|
25.2 Physical Modeling Methodology |
423 |
|
|
25.2.1 Problem Definition |
423 |
|
|
25.2.2 Experimental Setup |
425 |
|
|
25.2.3 Model Preparation and Instrumentation |
426 |
|
|
25.3 Normal Faulting |
427 |
|
|
25.3.1 Free-Field Normal Faulting |
427 |
|
|
25.3.2 Fault Rupture–Caisson Interaction: s/B?=?0.16 |
428 |
|
|
25.3.3 Fault Rupture–Caisson Interaction: s/B?=?0.8 |
429 |
|
|
25.4 Reverse Faulting |
429 |
|
|
25.4.1 Free-Field Reverse Faulting |
429 |
|
|
25.4.2 Fault Rupture–Caisson Interaction: s/B?=???0.04 |
431 |
|
|
25.4.3 Fault Rupture–Caisson Interaction: s/B?=?0.66 |
433 |
|
|
25.5 Conclusions |
435 |
|
|
References |
436 |
|
|
Chapter-26 |
439 |
|
|
Development of New Infinite Element for Numerical Simulation of Wave Propagation in Soil Media |
439 |
|
|
26.1 Introduction |
439 |
|
|
26.2 Governing Equations of the Newly Developed Infinite Elements |
441 |
|
|
26.3 Verification of the Infinite Element |
444 |
|
|
26.3.1 Wave Propagation—One Dimensional Case |
444 |
|
|
26.3.2 Wave Propagation—Two Dimensional Case |
447 |
|
|
26.3.3 Soil Layer Simulation |
448 |
|
|
26.4 Conclusion |
451 |
|
|
References |
451 |
|
|
Chapter-27 |
453 |
|
|
Analysis of the Dynamic Behaviour of Squat Silos Containing Grain-like Material Subjected to Shaking Table Tests—ASESGRAM Final Report |
453 |
|
|
27.1 Introduction |
453 |
|
|
27.2 Test Set-up |
454 |
|
|
27.2.1 The Specimen: Geometry and Materials |
454 |
|
|
27.2.2 The Test Instrumentation |
457 |
|
|
27.2.3 The Test Sessions |
457 |
|
|
27.2.4 The Test Input |
458 |
|
|
27.3 Experimental Results |
459 |
|
|
27.3.1 Frequency |
459 |
|
|
27.3.2 Compaction of the Ensiled Material |
460 |
|
|
27.3.3 Acceleration Sinusoidal Input |
462 |
|
|
27.3.4 Acceleration Earthquake Input |
463 |
|
|
27.3.5 Vertical Strains |
463 |
|
|
27.3.6 Horizontal Strains |
466 |
|
|
27.3.7 Change in the Physical Behaviour/Response for Increasing Peak Table Acceleration |
467 |
|
|
27.3.8 Vertical and Horizontal Inputs in Phase |
467 |
|
|
27.3.9 The Influence of the Wall-Grain Friction Coefficient |
469 |
|
|
27.3.10 Bending Moments at the Base |
469 |
|
|
27.4 Conclusions |
472 |
|
|
References |
473 |
|
|
Chapter-28 |
474 |
|
|
Multi-Building Interactions and Site-City Effect: An Idealized Experimental Model |
474 |
|
|
28.1 Introduction |
474 |
|
|
28.2 Theoretical Model for Soil-City Interactions: The City-Impedance Analysis |
475 |
|
|
28.2.1 Homogenization of the City into a Surface Impedance |
475 |
|
|
28.2.2 Features of the Resonant City-Impedance |
476 |
|
|
28.2.3 Application to the Case of a City Lying on a Layer |
478 |
|
|
28.3 Numerical Model for Soil-City Interactions: Hybrid BEM-FEM Analysis |
480 |
|
|
28.3.1 Model for the Layer and the Oscillators |
480 |
|
|
28.3.2 Brief Description of the Numerical Methodology |
481 |
|
|
28.4 Design, Instrumentation and Experiment |
482 |
|
|
28.4.1 Design of the Layer |
482 |
|
|
28.4.2 Design of the “City” |
483 |
|
|
28.4.3 Instrumentation |
484 |
|
|
28.4.4 Experiment |
485 |
|
|
28.5 Experimental-Analytical-Numerical Comparisons |
485 |
|
|
28.5.1 Effects of Soil-City Interactions in Frequency Domain |
485 |
|
|
28.5.2 Effects in Time Domain: Longer Coda and Beatings |
486 |
|
|
28.5.3 Mode Shapes |
487 |
|
|
28.5.4 Depolarization Effect |
488 |
|
|
28.6 Conclusion |
489 |
|
|
References |
490 |
|
|
Chapter-29 |
492 |
|
|
Centrifuge Modeling of Dynamic Behavior of Box Shaped Underground Structures in Sand |
492 |
|
|
29.1 Introduction |
492 |
|
|
29.2 Centrifuge Model Tests |
494 |
|
|
29.2.1 Centrifuge Test System |
494 |
|
|
29.2.1.1 Earthquake Simulator |
495 |
|
|
29.2.1.2 Soil Container |
495 |
|
|
29.2.1.3 Data Acquisition System |
496 |
|
|
29.2.1.4 Accelerometers, Transducers & Strain Gauges |
496 |
|
|
29.2.2 Reduction Scaling & Scaling Effects |
497 |
|
|
29.2.3 Physical Properties of Sand |
498 |
|
|
29.2.4 Preparation of Model Ground |
498 |
|
|
29.2.5 Design of Culvert Models |
499 |
|
|
29.2.6 Instrumentation |
500 |
|
|
29.2.7 Testing Program |
502 |
|
|
29.3 Results of Centrifuge Tests |
502 |
|
|
29.3.1 Maximum Accelerations Along the Soil Profile |
502 |
|
|
29.3.2 Culvert Deformations |
504 |
|
|
29.4 Summary and Conclusions |
505 |
|
|
References |
506 |
|
|
Chapter-30 |
507 |
|
|
Dynamic Response of Shallow Rectangular Tunnels in Sand by Centrifuge Testing |
507 |
|
|
30.1 Introduction |
507 |
|
|
30.2 Dynamic Centrifuge Tests |
508 |
|
|
30.2.1 IFSTTAR Centrifuge Facility |
508 |
|
|
30.2.2 Properties of the Soil-Tunnel System |
509 |
|
|
30.2.3 Model Preparation |
510 |
|
|
30.2.4 Model Layout—Instrumentation |
511 |
|
|
30.2.4.1 “Fork” Recording Device |
511 |
|
|
30.2.4.2 Diagonal Extensometers |
513 |
|
|
30.2.5 Centrifuge Testing Program |
513 |
|
|
30.2.6 Experimental Procedure |
513 |
|
|
30.3 Interpretation of Experimental Data |
514 |
|
|
30.3.1 Free-Field Horizontal Acceleration |
515 |
|
|
30.3.2 Experimental Shear Wave Propagation Velocity |
516 |
|
|
30.3.3 Tunnel Deformations |
517 |
|
|
30.4 Conclusions |
520 |
|
|
References |
521 |
|
|
Chapter-31 |
522 |
|
|
Centrifuge Modelling of the Dynamic Behavior of Square Tunnels in Sand |
522 |
|
|
31.1 Introduction |
522 |
|
|
31.2 Dynamic Centrifuge Tests |
523 |
|
|
31.3 Experimental Results |
527 |
|
|
31.3.1 Air Hammer Testing |
527 |
|
|
31.3.2 Static Response |
528 |
|
|
31.3.3 Dynamic Response |
528 |
|
|
31.3.3.1 Acceleration |
528 |
|
|
31.3.3.2 Earth Pressures |
530 |
|
|
31.3.3.3 Bending Moment-Time Histories |
531 |
|
|
31.3.3.4 Axial Force-Time Histories |
532 |
|
|
31.3.4 Flexible Tunnel Collapse Mechanism |
532 |
|
|
31.4 Conclusions |
535 |
|
|
References |
536 |
|
|
Chapter-32 |
537 |
|
|
FLIQ: Experimental Verification of Shallow Foundation Performance Under Earthquake-Induced Liquefaction |
537 |
|
|
32.1 Introduction |
537 |
|
|
32.2 Centrifuge Experiments |
538 |
|
|
32.2.1 Experimental Set-Up and Facilities |
538 |
|
|
32.2.2 Model Preparation |
541 |
|
|
32.2.3 Testing Procedures |
544 |
|
|
32.3 Experimental Results |
546 |
|
|
32.3.1 Dynamic Loading |
546 |
|
|
32.3.2 Post-Shaking Behavior |
549 |
|
|
32.4 Conclusions |
551 |
|
|
References |
552 |
|
|
Chapter-33 |
555 |
|
|
Centrifuge Modelling of Retaining Walls Embedded in Saturated Sand Under Seismic Actions |
555 |
|
|
33.1 Introduction |
555 |
|
|
33.2 Experimental Setup and Model Preparation |
556 |
|
|
33.2.1 Seismic Actuator and Dynamic Container |
557 |
|
|
33.2.2 Materials and Saturation Procedure |
558 |
|
|
33.2.3 Instrumentation |
559 |
|
|
33.3 Testing Procedures |
560 |
|
|
33.4 Main Results |
563 |
|
|
33.4.1 Accelerations |
564 |
|
|
33.4.2 Pore Pressures |
564 |
|
|
33.4.3 Displacements |
567 |
|
|
33.4.4 Bending Moments |
570 |
|
|
33.5 Conclusions |
572 |
|
|
References |
573 |
|
|
Chapter-34 |
575 |
|
|
Experimental and Numerical Investigations of Nonlinearity in Soils Using Advanced Laboratory-Scaled Models (ENINALS Project): From a Site-Test to a Centrifuge Model |
575 |
|
|
34.1 Introduction |
575 |
|
|
34.2 The Rome Historical Centre Case Study |
576 |
|
|
34.3 Seismic Input |
577 |
|
|
34.3.1 Natural Reference Input |
577 |
|
|
34.3.2 Cyclic Mono-Frequency Input |
579 |
|
|
34.3.3 LEMA_DES Multi-Frequency Input |
579 |
|
|
34.4 Centrifuge Modelling |
581 |
|
|
34.4.1 Experimental Project |
581 |
|
|
34.4.2 Experimental Device |
581 |
|
|
34.4.3 Experimental Setup |
582 |
|
|
34.4.3.1 Preparation of the Sample Boxes: Soil Columns #1 and #2 |
582 |
|
|
34.4.3.2 Preparation of the Sample Boxes: Soil Columns #3 and #4 |
583 |
|
|
34.4.4 Seismic Signals Analysis |
584 |
|
|
34.4.4.1 Signal Reproduction |
584 |
|
|
34.4.4.2 Signal Transmission |
585 |
|
|
34.5 Conclusions |
587 |
|
|
References |
589 |
|
|
Chapter-35 |
591 |
|
|
Damping Estimation from Seismic Records |
591 |
|
|
35.1 Introduction |
591 |
|
|
35.2 The Viscous Model |
592 |
|
|
35.2.1 Classical-Damping |
592 |
|
|
35.2.2 Non-Classical Damping |
593 |
|
|
35.3 Damping Identification |
594 |
|
|
35.4 Uncertainty in Damping Estimation |
595 |
|
|
35.5 Regression Analysis |
597 |
|
|
35.5.1 Functional Form |
598 |
|
|
35.6 Results |
598 |
|
|
35.7 Discussion |
601 |
|
|
35.8 Concluding Remarks |
602 |
|
|
APPENDIX I—On the accuracy of the classical damping premise |
602 |
|
|
Derivation |
603 |
|
|
References |
605 |
|
|
Chapter-36 |
606 |
|
|
Development of Wireless Sensors for Shake Table and Full Scale Testing and Health Monitoring of Structures |
606 |
|
|
36.1 Introduction |
606 |
|
|
36.2 Development of Wireless Sensors at IZIIS |
608 |
|
|
36.2.1 MIMRACS Wireless Sensor |
608 |
|
|
36.2.1.1 Hardware Components and Technical Specification |
608 |
|
|
36.2.1.2 Software |
610 |
|
|
36.2.1.3 Device Operation |
614 |
|
|
36.2.1.4 Preliminary Verification Tests |
616 |
|
|
36.2.2 SAWARS Wireless Sensor |
618 |
|
|
36.3 Conclusion |
619 |
|
|
References |
619 |
|
|
Index |
621 |
|