Preface of the Operating Agent	6
	System Optimization—The Key to Success	6
	Contents	8
	Contributors	9
	Abbreviations and Nomenclature	11
	List of Figures	14
	List of Tables	20
	1 Introduction	22
	Abstract	22
	1 The Need for Sustainable Mobility	22
	1.1 Timeline—History of EVs	25
	1.2 Task 17—System Optimization and Vehicle Integration	29
	1.2.1 Scope of Task 17	30
	1.2.2 Impacts of Task 17	31
	1.2.3 Working Methods of Task 17	31
	References	35
	2 OEM and Industry Review—Markets, Strategies and Current Technologies	36
	Abstract	36
	1 OEM Markets	37
	1.1 China	37
	1.2 United States	39
	1.3 Japan and Korea	40
	1.4 European Union	41
	2 OEM Strategies	42
	2.1 Build Your Dream	42
	2.2 General Motors	43
	2.3 Hyundai and Kia	43
	2.4 Renault	44
	2.5 VW and Audi	45
	3 OEM—Key Messages	46
	4 Current Status of Low-Carbon Vehicle Technologies (2013–2015)	46
	4.1 Technology Extreme—Conventional ICE Vehicles	47
	4.2 Technology Extreme—Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs)	48
	4.3 Hybrid Vehicles (HEVs) Technology—Between ICE and BEV	54
	4.3.1 Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs)	58
	4.4 Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs)	60
	5 Comparison of Different Vehicle Specifications	62
	5.1 Cost Factor	62
	5.2 Durability	63
	5.3 Energy and Power Density	63
	5.4 Efficiency	63
	5.5 Safety	64
	References	65
	3 International Deployment and Demonstration Projects	67
	Abstract	67
	1 Worldwide Incentives for EVs	68
	1.1 Direct Subsidies	70
	1.2 Fiscal Incentives	71
	1.3 Fuel Cost Savings	72
	2 International Deployment and Demonstration Projects	73
	2.1 Development Plan for EVs in China (2011–2020)	73
	2.2 Taiwan	78
	2.3 United States: The ‘EV Project’ and ‘EV Everywhere’	79
	2.4 European Union	81
	References	83
	4 Advanced Vehicle Performance Assessment	85
	Abstract	85
	1 Vehicle Technology Introduction	86
	1.1 Toyota G3 Prius HEV	86
	1.2 Hyundai Sonata HEV	87
	1.3 Ford Fusion HEV	88
	1.4 Chevy Volt PHEV	88
	1.5 Nissan Leaf BEV	88
	2 HEV Results (Sonata, Fusion, and Prius, CS Mode Volt)	88
	2.1 Introduction to Configurations	89
	2.2 Fuel Economy Results	90
	2.3 Engine on-off Capability	90
	2.4 Engine Utilization	93
	2.5 Regen	93
	2.6 Improving Efficiency with Improved Thermal Management	94
	3 Electric Vehicle Operation Comparison (Chevy Volt in EV Mode and Nissan Leaf BEV)	96
	3.1 Configuration Comparison	96
	3.2 Operational Differences	96
	3.3 Battery Utilization and Recharge Efficiencies	96
	3.4 Electric Powertrain Efficiency Comparisons	98
	4 Auxiliary Loads HEV, PHEV, and BEV	99
	4.1 Standby Auxiliary Losses	99
	4.2 Hot and Cold Temperatures	99
	5 Conclusions	101
	6 Future Trends	102
	6.1 Future HEVs	102
	6.2 Future PHEVs	103
	6.3 Future BEVs	104
	References	104
	5 System Optimization and Vehicle Integration	106
	Abstract	106
	1 System Optimization and Vehicle Integration	108
	2 Electric Motors	109
	2.1 Introduction	109
	2.2 PM Motors	110
	2.3 Induction Motors	110
	2.4 Switched Reluctance Motors	111
	2.5 Conclusions and Future Work	113
	3 Battery Management Systems in EVs	113
	3.1 Description and Tasks of a BMS in an EV Application	116
	3.2 SoC Determination Algorithm	122
	3.3 SoH Determination Algorithm	125
	3.4 Integration of BMS into the EV—State of the Art	126
	3.5 Examples of Integrated BMS in EVs and HEVs	129
	3.6 Technology Trends of BMS	134
	3.7 BatPaC: A Li-Ion Battery Performance and Cost Model for Electric-Drive Vehicles	137
	3.8 Selection of BMS Suppliers and Manufacturers	141
	4 Thermal Management	150
	4.1 Heating Technologies	156
	4.2 Automotive Thermal Comfort by Valeo	158
	4.3 Development of Nanofluids for Cooling Power Electronics by Argonne	161
	4.4 Eko-Lack: Simulation and Measurement of an Energy Efficient Infrared Radiation Heating of a Full EV by AIT and Qpunkt GmbH	165
	5 Simulation Tools—Overview of International Research Groups	173
	5.1 CRUISE—Vehicle System Simulation (by AVL)	173
	5.2 Autonomie (By Argonne National Laboratory)	177
	5.3 Dymola/Modelica (By Austrian Institute of Technology—AIT)	179
	6 Lightweight as Overall Method for Optimization	181
	6.1 Vehicle Mass Impact on Efficiency and Fuel Economy	182
	6.2 Functional and Innovative Lightweight Concepts and Materials for xEVs	192
	7 Power Electronics and Drive Train Technologies as Overall Optimization Method	202
	7.1 Reasons for an Increasing Amount of Software and Electronics	203
	7.2 Electrified Drive Trains Leads to Increasing Complexity	204
	7.3 Benefits Through Optimized Power Electronics and Drive Train Technologies	207
	References	219
	6 Final Results and Recommendations	224
	Abstract	224
	1 Batteries	225
	2 Improvements by Thermal and Battery Management	226
	3 Simulation and Virtual Vehicle	226
	4 Lightweight Through Advanced Materials, Bionic Concepts and Functional Integration	227
	5 Power Electronics and Drive Train Technologies Require New Software Concepts	228
	6 Change Within the Automotive Value Chain	229
	7 We Have to Change	229
	References	230