Preface	6
	Contents	8
	Part I: Process-Spray Micro Scale: Elementary Processes at Phase Boundaries	11
	Chapter 1: Investigation of Elementary Processes of Non-Newtonian Droplets Inside Spray Processes by Means of Direct Numerical...	12
	1.1 Introduction	15
	1.2 Mathematical Modeling	16
	1.2.1 Governing Equations	16
	1.2.2 Basics of VOF Method	18
	1.3 Results and Discussion	19
	1.3.1 Lamella Stabilization	19
	1.3.1.1 Head-On Collisions	20
	1.3.1.2 Off-Center Collisions	22
	1.3.2 Collision of Shear-Thinning Droplets	25
	1.3.2.1 Head-On Collisions	26
	1.3.2.2 Off-Center Collisions	30
	1.3.3 Collision of Non-isoviscous Droplets	34
	1.3.3.1 Modeling of Non-isoviscous Flow	35
	1.3.3.2 Coalescence Suppression Algorithm	36
	1.3.3.3 Collision of Equal Sized Droplets	37
	1.3.3.4 Collision of Unequal Sized Droplets	39
	1.3.4 Collision of Viscoelastic Droplets	43
	1.3.4.1 Numerical Methods for Viscoelastic Flows	45
	1.3.4.2 Simulation of Head-On and Off-Center Collisions	46
	1.3.5 Mechanistic Modeling of the Collision of Viscous Droplets	49
	1.3.5.1 Model Extension	51
	1.3.5.2 Validation	52
	1.3.5.3 Hybrid Model	54
	1.4 Summary and Outlook	57
	References	58
	Chapter 2: Interfacial Engineering for the Microencapsulation of Lipophilic Ingredients by Spray-Drying	61
	2.1 Introduction	62
	2.2 Materials and Methods	65
	2.3 Results and Discussion	69
	2.4 Process Windows for beta-Lactoglobulin-Stabilised Emulsions	69
	2.5 Impact of Protein Hydrolysis on the Interfacial Properties of beta-Lactoglobulin	73
	2.6 When Limiting the Degree of Hydrolysis Good Encapsulation Properties May Be Achieved. Peptides at the Interface Reduce Aut...	79
	2.7 Controlled Fibril Formation for the Stabilisation of the Oil-Water Interface and Enhancement of the Functionality of Spray...	82
	2.8 Bilayer Emulsions with Pectin as Poly-Anion Are Stable During Atomisation and Drying	84
	2.8.1 Molecular Structure of Pectin	84
	2.9 Conclusion	89
	References	90
	Chapter 3: Structure Formation within Spray-Dried Droplets	96
	3.1 Introduction	98
	3.2 Modelling of Morphology Evolution Using Mesh-free Methods	100
	3.3 The Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics Method	101
	3.4 Modelling Droplet Drying Using SPH	103
	3.5 Modelling Morphology Evolution Within a Single Slurry Droplet by SPH	104
	3.6 Representation of Primary Particles Within a Slurry	106
	3.7 Surface Tension and Contact Angle	107
	3.8 Simulation with a Constant Drying Rate (First Drying Period)	108
	3.9 Model Extension to the Second Drying Period	112
	3.10 Diffusion-Driven Drying of a Porous Structure and Coupling of SPH with a Grid-Based Method	117
	3.11 A Mathematical Model of Spray Polymerisation and Reactive Spray Drying	119
	3.12 Numerical Simulations of Spray Polymerisation	122
	3.13 Conclusion and Outlook	129
	References	130
	Chapter 4: Acoustic Levitation: A Powerful Tool to Model Spray Processes	133
	4.1 Introduction	135
	4.2 Principles of the Acoustic Levitation	137
	4.3 Material and Methods	138
	4.3.1 Levitator Setup	138
	4.3.2 Visualization Methods	140
	4.3.3 Droplet Generation	140
	4.3.4 Particle Removal	141
	4.3.5 Raman Spectroscopy	142
	4.3.6 Automatization	142
	4.3.7 Substance Systems	143
	4.4 Results and Discussion	144
	4.4.1 Validation of the Simulated Fluid Dynamics Inside the Levitator	144
	4.5 Reactive Systems	148
	4.5.1 Polymerization of N-Vinyl-2-Pyrrolidone to Polyvinylpyrrolidone	148
	4.5.1.1 Conversion Tracking by Raman Spectroscopy	148
	4.5.1.2 Particle Morphology	153
	4.5.2 Polymerization of Sodium Acrylate	155
	4.5.3 Polymerization of Partially Neutralized Acrylic Acid	157
	4.5.3.1 Process Properties	157
	4.5.3.2 Particle Properties	161
	4.6 Nonreactive System	164
	4.6.1 Mannitol	164
	4.6.1.1 Evaporation Process	164
	4.6.1.2 Particle Morphology	167
	4.7 Conclusions	171
	4.8 Outlook	172
	References	172
	Chapter 5: Movement and Hydrodynamic Instabilities of Particle-Laden Liquid Jets in the Centrifugal Field Influenced by a Gas ...	176
	5.1 Introduction	179
	5.2 Physical-Mathematical Modeling	181
	5.3 Time Steady Flow	183
	5.4 Perturbation Analysis	189
	5.5 Experiments	195
	5.6 Experimental Results	198
	5.7 Calculation Results and Comparison	201
	5.8 Conclusion	206
	5.9 Acknowledgment	207
	References	207
	Chapter 6: Experimental Investigation and Modeling of Coalescence and Agglomeration for Spray Drying of Solutions	210
	6.1 Introduction	211
	6.2 Material and Methods (Low Viscosity)	214
	6.2.1 Experimental Setup	214
	6.2.2 Liquid Properties	216
	6.3 Results and Discussion (Low Viscosity)	217
	6.3.1 Collision Maps of Low-Viscous Liquids	217
	6.3.2 Satellite Droplet Formation with K30 Solutions	223
	6.4 Material and Methods (High Viscosity)	226
	6.4.1 Drop Generator for High-Viscous Liquids	226
	6.4.2 Liquid Properties	227
	6.5 Results and Discussion (High Viscosity)	228
	6.5.1 Performance of the HiDrip Drop Generator	228
	6.5.2 Collision Maps of High-Viscous Liquids	230
	6.6 Methods and Materials (Different Viscosities)	232
	6.7 Results and Discussion (Different Viscosities)	233
	6.8 Conclusions	235
	References	237
	Chapter 7: Particle Formation from Gas-Enriched Polymeric Melts and Polymeric Solutions	239
	7.1 Introduction	240
	7.2 Material and Methods	241
	7.2.1 Material	241
	7.2.1.1 Carbon Dioxide	241
	7.2.1.2 Water	241
	7.2.1.3 Polyethyleneglycol (PEG 6000)	241
	7.2.1.4 Polyvinylpyrrolidone (K30 and K90)	242
	7.2.2 Methods	242
	7.2.2.1 Spray Experiments	242
	7.2.2.2 Lab Scale Plant	242
	7.2.2.3 Pilot Scale Plant	243
	7.2.2.4 Experiments in a High-Pressure View Cell	245
	7.2.2.5 Thermography	246
	7.3 Results and Discussion	246
	7.3.1 Experiments Using a High-Pressure View Cell	246
	7.3.1.1 Phase Behavior of Aqueous PVP K30 Solution and CO2	246
	7.3.1.2 Phase Equilibrium	247
	7.3.2 Spray Experiments (Saturated and Undersaturated Solutions)	247
	7.3.2.1 Experiments with Flat Jet Nozzles	248
	7.3.2.2 Experiments with Orifices and Capillaries	251
	7.3.2.3 Experiments Using an Optically Transparent Capillary (Flow Observations)	255
	7.3.3 Estimation of the Flow Regime of the Resulting Two Phase Flow in a Capillary	258
	7.3.3.1 Deductions for the Continuously Working Process	260
	7.3.4 Spray Experiments (with an Excess of CO2)	261
	7.3.4.1 Experiments Using an Optically Transparent Capillary (Flow Observations)	261
	7.3.4.2 Powder Generation of PEG 6000	262
	7.3.4.3 Powder Generation of PVP (K30 and K90)	264
	7.3.4.4 Thermography	264
	7.4 Summary	267
	References	268
	Chapter 8: A Real-Time Process Analysis System for the Simultaneous Acquisition of Spray Characteristics	269
	8.1 Introduction	269
	8.2 Real-Time Process Analysis System	272
	8.2.1 Goals	272
	8.2.2 Architecture of the Real-Time Process Analysis System on the System Level	275
	8.2.2.1 Choosing a Computing Platform for the Image-Processing Hardware	276
	Evaluation Summary	279
	8.3 Image-Processing Methods for Droplet and Particle Measurement	280
	8.3.1 A Novel Connected Components Analysis Algorithm	281
	8.3.1.1 Data Structures, Operations, and Parameters	281
	8.3.1.2 Algorithmic Description	283
	8.3.2 A Novel Connected Components Analysis Architecture	286
	8.3.2.1 Global Merger Patterns	287
	8.3.2.2 Coalescing Unit	289
	8.3.2.3 Evaluation of the CCA Architecture	290
	8.4 Filament Formation	291
	8.5 Droplet Collisions	294
	8.6 Shape of Non-spherical Particles	296
	8.7 Analysis of Droplet Jets	298
	8.8 Measuring the Interfacial Tension of a Pendant Droplet	300
	8.9 Characterization of Dynamic Spray Processes	303
	8.10 Conclusion	305
	References	305
	Part II: Process-Spray Meso Scale: Process Analysis, Modeling and Scaling	310
	Chapter 9: Modeling and Simulation of Single Particle and Spray Drying of PVP- and Mannitol-Water in Hot Air	311
	9.1 Introduction	312
	9.2 Single Bi-component Droplet Drying	313
	9.2.1 Mathematical Model	314
	9.2.2 Results and Discussion	319
	9.2.2.1 Particle Expansion	322
	9.2.2.2 Design of Experiments	325
	9.2.3 Conclusions	327
	9.3 Spray Drying	327
	9.3.1 Mathematical Model	328
	9.3.2 Results and Discussion	332
	9.3.3 Conclusions	338
	9.4 Perspectives	338
	References	339
	Chapter 10: Droplet-Stream Freeze-Drying for the Production of Protein Formulations: From Simulation to Production	342
	10.1 Introduction	345
	10.2 Methods	346
	10.2.1 Spray Solutions	346
	10.2.2 Spray-Drying	346
	10.2.3 Spray-Freeze-Drying	346
	10.2.3.1 Droplet Generation	346
	10.2.3.2 Stroboscopic and High-Speed Camera Recordings	347
	10.2.3.3 Droplet Freezing	348
	10.2.3.4 Droplet Drying	349
	10.2.3.5 Acoustic Levitator	350
	10.2.4 Particle Analysis	351
	10.2.5 Numerical Simulations	351
	10.2.5.1 Hybrid Simulations of Fluid Flow and Temperature Field	352
	10.2.5.2 Thermal Lattice-Boltzmann Method	353
	10.2.5.3 Lagrangian Model for Drying of Frozen Particles	356
	10.3 Results and Achievements	359
	10.3.1 Droplet Generation	359
	10.3.2 Collisions and Coalescence in Fast Streams of Small Droplets	359
	10.3.3 Droplet Freezing	362
	10.3.3.1 Droplet Freezing in Stagnant Cold Air	362
	10.3.3.2 Droplet Freezing in a Cold, N2 -GasVortex	362
	10.3.3.3 Jet-Vortex-Freezer	364
	10.3.4 Drying	364
	10.3.5 Dosage Forms	365
	10.3.6 Numerical Simulations	368
	10.3.6.1 Isothermal Flow About Porous Particles	368
	10.3.6.2 Test Cases for Thermal LBM	375
	10.3.6.3 Validation of the Drying Model	379
	References	380
	Chapter 11: Correlations Between Suspension Formulation, Drying Parameters, Granule Structure, and Mechanical Properties of Sp...	383
	11.1 Introduction	384
	11.2 Material and Methods	386
	11.3 Method Development for Internal Structure Preparation and Quantification	389
	11.3.1 Model Granules for Characterization Tasks	389
	11.3.2 Internal Structure Preparation and Visualization	390
	11.3.3 Internal Structure Quantification on Micro- and Macrostructure Level	392
	11.3.4 Evaluation of Binder Distribution	395
	11.3.5 Alternative Structure Visualization Techniques: Opportunities and Threads	398
	11.4 Variation of Internal Granule Structure Via Suspension Formulation and Process Parameters	400
	11.4.1 Investigated Parameters: Experimental Design	400
	11.4.2 Effect of Changed Suspension Formulation on Suspension Properties and Resulting Internal Granule Structures	402
	11.4.2.1 Variation of Solid Content	402
	11.4.2.2 Variation of Primary Particle Size	403
	11.4.2.3 Variation of Suspension Temperature	408
	11.4.2.4 Variation of Suspension pH Value	409
	11.4.2.5 Variation of Additive Type	413
	11.4.2.6 Variation of Additive Amount	419
	11.4.2.7 Summary: Effect of Varied Suspension Formulation on Suspension Properties and Resulting Internal Granule Structures	420
	11.4.3 Effect of Changed Process Parameters on Resulting Internal Granule Structures	423
	11.4.3.1 Pretests Regarding Droplet Size Determination Using External Nozzle Test Stand	424
	11.4.3.2 Effect of Nozzle Gas Mass Flow, Suspension Mass Flow, and Drying Temperature: Analysis Using Design of Experiments DoE	427
	Suspension 1:3wt% Additive Component	428
	Suspension 2: No Additive Component	431
	11.4.3.3 Further Examples for Varied Process Parameters	433
	Variation of Drying Kinetics	436
	Variation of Atomizer Type	438
	11.4.3.4 Summary	442
	11.4.4 Single Droplet Drying Experiments Regarding Influencing Internal Structure Development Via Suspension Formulation and P...	442
	11.5 Conclusion: Correlations Between Internal Structure Parameters and Mechanical Properties	444
	References	447
	Chapter 12: Statistical Extinction Method for the Inline Monitoring of Particle Processes	449
	12.1 Introduction	450
	12.2 Statistical Extinction Method	452
	12.3 Advanced Statistical Extinction Method	455
	12.4 Simulation Model for the Extinction of Light Beams	457
	12.5 Particle Arrangement in a Light Beam	459
	12.6 Influence of the Distribution of the Light Intensity	461
	12.7 Influence of the Aperture of the Detector Optic	463
	12.8 Influence of the Polydispersity of a Particle Collective	464
	12.9 Optical Principles of the SE-Sensor	467
	12.10 Optical Principle of the PSD-SE-Sensor	471
	12.11 One-Piece vs. Two-Piece Sensor Concept for Process Plants	472
	12.12 Sensor Designs of the SE-Sensor for the Investigation of Different Particle Processes	475
	12.13 Sensor Design of the PSD-SE-Sensor for the Investigation of Particle Processes	475
	12.14 Measurement Range and Measurement Uncertainty of the SE-Method	477
	12.15 Validation of the SE-Method with Monodisperse Particles	479
	12.16 Investigation of Polydisperse Spray Processes with the SE-Method	482
	12.17 Investigation of Spray Processes with the PSD-SE-Sensor	485
	12.18 Summary and Conclusions	488
	References	490
	Chapter 13: Numerical Simulation of Monodispersed Droplet Generation in Nozzles	492
	13.1 Introduction	493
	13.2 Mathematical Model	495
	13.2.1 Level Set Method	496
	13.2.2 Treatment of Surface Tension Effects	498
	13.2.3 New Generation Mesh Deformation Technique	499
	13.2.4 Discrete Projection Method (DPM)	501
	13.3 Numerical Results	504
	13.3.1 Rising Bubble	504
	13.3.2 Simulation of Laminar Jet Breakup: Dripping	505
	13.3.3 Simulation of Laminar Jet Breakup: Jetting	508
	13.3.4 Simulation of Laminar Jets: Coiling	509
	13.3.5 Oscillating Non-Newtonian Droplet Simulations	510
	13.3.6 Simulation of Encapsulation Processes	512
	References	514
	Chapter 14: Spray Drying Tailored Mannitol Carrier Particles for Dry Powder Inhalation with Differently Shaped Active Pharmace...	516
	14.1 Introduction	517
	14.2 Material and Methods	519
	14.2.1 Materials	519
	14.2.2 Spray Drying of Mannitol	520
	14.2.2.1 Droplet Size Experiments	520
	14.2.2.2 Pilot Scale Spray Dryer	521
	Early Experimental Setup	521
	Improved Experimental Setup	521
	14.2.2.3 Hot Stage Microscopy	522
	14.2.2.4 Droplet Size Analysis	522
	14.2.2.5 Design of Experiments	522
	14.2.2.6 Particle Size	523
	14.2.2.7 Particle Visualisation	523
	14.2.2.8 Particle Morphology	524
	Survey for Particle Shape and Surface Roughness	524
	Particle Cross Sections	524
	Surface Roughness by SEM Evaluation	525
	Particle Shape by Image Analysis	525
	14.2.2.9 Flowability	525
	14.2.2.10 Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) Surface Area	526
	14.2.2.11 Breaking Strength	526
	14.2.2.12 Mercury Intrusion Porosity (MIP)	526
	14.2.2.13 X-Ray Powder Diffraction	527
	14.2.3 Simulation of the Drying of Bi-component Droplets	527
	14.2.4 Drug Preparation	527
	14.2.4.1 Jet Mill Micronisation of Model Drugs	528
	14.2.4.2 Spray Drying of Model Drugs	528
	14.2.4.3 Particle Size	528
	14.2.4.4 X-Ray Powder Diffraction	528
	14.2.4.5 Visualisation	529
	14.2.5 Preparation of Interactive Powder Blends	529
	14.2.5.1 Blending of Mannitol and Drug	529
	14.2.5.2 Drug Localisation by Confocal Raman Analysis	529
	14.2.5.3 Blend Homogeneity	530
	14.2.5.4 Drug Quantification	530
	14.2.6 Aerodynamic Characterisation	531
	14.2.6.1 Assessment of Fine Particles	531
	14.2.6.2 Drug Quantification	532
	14.3 Results and Discussion	532
	14.3.1 Impact of Droplet Size on the Drying of Mannitol	532
	14.3.2 Hot Stage Microscopy to Elucidate the Drying of Mannitol	533
	14.3.3 Spray Drying of Mannitol: Pilot Scale	535
	14.3.3.1 Design of Experiments: Power of the Model	536
	14.3.3.2 Particle Size	536
	14.3.3.3 Particle Morphology	539
	Particle Shape	539
	Surface Roughness	542
	14.3.3.4 Flowability	544
	14.3.3.5 BET Surface Area	545
	14.3.3.6 Breaking Strength	545
	14.3.3.7 Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry (MIP)	546
	14.3.3.8 Crystallinity	547
	14.3.4 Simulation of the Drying of Bi-component Droplets	547
	14.3.5 Drug Quality and Carrier Selection	548
	14.3.6 Aerodynamic Characterisation	551
	14.3.6.1 Micronised SBS Quality	552
	14.3.6.2 Spray Dried SBS Quality	553
	Correlation of Particle Shape and FPF	553
	Correlation of Surface Roughness and FPF	556
	Correlation of Particle Size and FPF	558
	Correlation of Flowability and FPF	559
	14.3.6.3 Correlation of Spray Drying Parameters and DPI Performance	560
	14.3.6.4 Transferability to Other Drugs: Blends with Budesonide	560
	14.4 Conclusions	561
	References	562
	Chapter 15: Pulverisation of Emulsions with Supercritical CO2	566
	15.1 Introduction	567
	15.2 Materials	567
	15.3 Thermodynamic Properties of the Investigated Liquids	568
	15.3.1 Experimental Procedures	568
	15.3.1.1 Solubility Measurements	568
	15.3.1.2 Viscosity and Density Measurements	569
	15.3.1.3 Interfacial Tension Measurements	571
	15.3.2 Results	573
	15.3.2.1 Solubility	573
	15.3.2.2 Viscosity	578
	15.3.2.3 Density	581
	15.3.2.4 Interfacial Tension	584
	15.3.3 Spray Behaviour and Powder Production	588
	15.3.3.1 Experimental Procedure	588
	15.3.4 Results	591
	15.3.4.1 Disintegration of Pure and Gas-Saturated Liquid Sheets	591
	15.3.4.2 Powder Characteristics	598
	15.4 Conclusions	603
	References	605
	Chapter 16: Superheated Atomization	608
	16.1 Introduction	610
	16.2 Material and Methods	611
	16.2.1 Test Facility and Nozzles	611
	16.2.2 Measurement Devices	614
	16.2.3 Sprayed Fluids	615
	16.3 Results	619
	16.3.1 Characteristics Inside the Nozzle	619
	16.3.2 Spray Characteristics	625
	16.4 Discussion	635
	16.5 Conclusion	642
	References	643
	Chapter 17: Direct Numerical Simulations of Shear-Thinning Liquid Jets and Droplets	645
	17.1 Introduction	646
	17.2 Numerical Method	648
	17.3 Viscosity Model and Material Properties	649
	17.4 Investigation of a PVP Solution Liquid Jet	651
	17.5 Investigation of Praestol Jets	656
	17.6 Investigation of Droplet Oscillations	664
	17.7 Conclusion	673
	References	675
	Chapter 18: IntegralProcess Modelling and Simulation for Solid-Particle-Forming Spray Processes	677
	18.1 Introduction	679
	18.2 Jet/Sheet Fragmentation Model	681
	18.2.1 Volume of Fluid Method	681
	18.2.2 Numerical Simulation of Liquid Sheet Fragmentation Process	682
	18.2.2.1 Case Setup	682
	18.2.2.2 Liquid Sheet Disintegration	686
	18.2.2.3 Liquid Sheet Breakup Length	687
	18.2.2.4 Primary Droplet Size and Velocity	688
	18.3 Droplet Breakup Model	690
	18.3.1 Empirical Models	692
	18.3.2 Droplet-Deformation-Based Models	693
	18.3.2.1 TAB Model	693
	18.3.2.2 ETAB Model	694
	18.3.3 Validation: Melt Atomization Process	695
	18.3.3.1 Case Setup	696
	18.3.3.2 Gas Flow Dynamics	700
	18.3.3.3 Pressure-Swirl Atomization Process	701
	18.3.3.4 Free-Fall Atomization Process	705
	18.4 Heat Transfer and Solidification Model	706
	18.5 Particle-Droplet Collision Model	709
	18.5.1 Collision Number	709
	18.5.2 Collision Efficiency	710
	18.5.2.1 Case Setup	711
	18.5.2.2 Gas Flow Dynamics	712
	18.5.2.3 Collision Efficiency	712
	18.6 Particle Penetration Model	715
	18.6.1 Force Balance Approach	716
	18.6.2 CFD Model Description	717
	18.6.2.1 Volume of Fluid Method	717
	18.6.2.2 Six-DoF Method	717
	18.6.2.3 Dynamic Mesh Technique	718
	18.6.3 Penetration Model Validation	719
	18.6.4 CFD Penetration Model Results and Discussion	723
	18.6.4.1 Case Setup	723
	18.6.4.2 Collision Outcomes	724
	18.6.4.3 Re-We Regime Maps for Particle Penetration	726
	18.7 Multiscale Modelling Spray Processing of Composite Particles	730
	18.7.1 Particle-Droplet Mixing Behaviour (Macro-scale)	732
	18.7.2 Particle-Droplet Collision Behaviour (Mesoscale)	733
	18.7.3 Particle Penetration Behaviour (Micro-scale)	737
	18.7.3.1 Apparent Viscosity	737
	18.7.3.2 Critical Penetration Velocity	738
	18.7.3.3 Incorporation Efficiency and Sticking Efficiency	741
	18.8 Summary and Conclusions	743
	References	743
	Part III: Process-Spray Macro Scale: Process Function, Particle and Powder Properties	747
	Chapter 19: Hot Gas Atomization of Complex Liquids for Powder Production	748
	19.1 Introduction	749
	19.2 Material and Methods	752
	19.3 Hot Gas Atomization Setup: Hot Gas Nozzle Characteristics and Implementation of Hot Gas Nozzle into the Spray Tower	754
	19.4 Basic Flow and Temperature Field in the Spray Tower	758
	19.5 Atomization Characteristics and Spray Propagation	765
	19.6 Drying of PVP Solutions in Hot Gas Atomization Process	768
	19.7 Impact on Droplet Clustering on Heat Transfer Within the Spray	770
	19.7.1 Numerical Setup for Prediction of Spray Propagation with Large-Eddy Simulation	770
	19.8 Results: Particle Clustering	773
	19.9 Impact of Spray Chamber Design and Atomizer Gas Pressure on Cluster Sizes	779
	19.10 Correlation of the Droplet-Gas Interaction	783
	19.11 Summary and Conclusions	787
	References	788
	Chapter 20: Polymerization in Sprays: Atomization and Product Design of Reactive Polymer Solutions	792
	20.1 Introduction	794
	20.2 Material and Methods: Atomization of Polymer Solutions	798
	20.3 Results of the Atomization of Polymer Solutions	803
	20.4 Material and Methods: Rheokinetics	813
	20.5 Results of the Rheokinetics	820
	20.6 Pre-reaction Within the Nozzle	827
	20.7 Conclusion	834
	References	835
	Chapter 21: Investigation on the Usage of Effervescent Atomization for Spraying and Spray Drying of Rheological Complex Food L...	839
	21.1 Introduction	841
	21.2 Material and Methods	841
	21.2.1 Model Systems	841
	21.2.2 Polyvinylpyrrolidone	841
	21.2.3 Maltodextrin	845
	21.2.4 Emulsions	847
	21.2.5 Effervescent Atomizer	852
	21.2.6 Conventional Atomizers	853
	21.2.7 Two-Phase Flow Inside an Effervescent Atomizer	854
	21.2.8 Test Rig	855
	21.2.9 Modeling of Spray Drop Sizes	857
	21.2.10 Abel Inversion	859
	21.2.11 Spray Dryer	860
	21.3 Results, Achievements, and Discussion/Conclusions	861
	21.3.1 Flow Pattern Inside the Atomizer	861
	21.3.2 Flow Pattern Inside the Nozzle Orifice	866
	21.3.3 Spray Characteristics	866
	21.3.3.1 Spray Structure	866
	21.3.3.2 Spray Drop Sizes of Single-Phase Feeds	870
	21.3.3.3 Spray Drop Sizes of Multiphase Feeds	880
	21.3.3.4 Pulsation of Spray	883
	21.3.3.5 Predicted Spray Drop Size	883
	21.3.3.6 Local Spray Drop Sizes	885
	21.3.4 Oil Drop Size	886
	21.3.5 Spray Drying of PVP K30 Solutions	891
	21.4 Conclusion	895
	References	895
	Chapter 22: Experimental Evaluation and Control of Interaction of Gas Environment and Rotary Atomized Spray for Production of ...	899
	22.1 Introduction	901
	22.1.1 Spraying of Liquid	902
	22.1.2 Laminar Operating Rotary Atomizer	902
	22.1.3 Similarity Trials	904
	22.1.4 Objective	906
	22.2 Breakup of Stretched Liquid Threads Influenced by Cross-Wind Flow: Similarity Trials	906
	22.2.1 Theory	906
	22.2.2 Material and Method	908
	22.2.3 Experimental Results: Breakup Length	909
	22.2.4 Experimental Results: Mean Drop Size	912
	22.2.5 Experimental Results: Drop Size Distribution	916
	22.3 Design of Gas-Distribution System	918
	22.3.1 Flow Simulation Theory	919
	22.3.2 Gas-Distribution Concept	919
	22.3.3 Realization of the Gas Distributor´s Concept	920
	22.4 Optimization of the LamRot Spraying Device	924
	22.4.1 Direction of Thread Propagation	925
	22.4.2 Avoiding Sedimentation	927
	22.4.3 Assistance of Swirl Flow by the LamRot Design	927
	22.5 Proving of the Gas-Distribution Concept	928
	22.5.1 Spray Drying of PVP Solution	929
	22.5.2 Spray Drying of Mannitol	931
	22.6 Conclusion	933
	References	934
	Chapter 23: Processing of Functional Capsule Powder Particles Based on Multiple Emulsions Using a Prilling Process	937
	23.1 Introduction	939
	23.2 Materials and Methods	943
	23.2.1 Materials	943
	23.2.1.1 Watery Phases	943
	23.2.1.2 Oil Phases	943
	23.2.1.3 Surfactants	943
	23.2.1.4 Thickener	944
	23.2.1.5 Model Emulsion Systems and Their Compositions	944
	23.2.1.6 Materials for Iron Release Experiment	944
	23.2.2 Analytical Methods and Procedures and Selected Analytical Results	944
	23.2.2.1 Shear Viscosity of Emulsions	946
	23.2.2.2 Viscoelasticity of Emulsions	948
	23.2.2.3 Extensional Viscosity of Emulsions	949
	23.2.2.4 Surface Tension sigma	950
	23.2.2.5 Interfacial Tension gamma (O/W and W/O/W Emulsions)	951
	23.2.3 Processing Procedures and Conditions	953
	23.2.3.1 Emulsion Preparation	953
	SE Preparation Using Rotor-Stator System	953
	DE Preparation Using Rotating Membrane	953
	23.2.3.2 Spray Processing Experiments Using Air-Assisted Atomizer	954
	Experimental Setup	954
	Spray Processing of DE with Functional Tracer	955
	Emulsion Prilling Experiments	956
	23.2.3.3 Spraying of Emulsions Applying a Novel ROtary Pressure ATomizer (ROPAT)	956
	23.2.3.4 Iron Release Experiment Setup and Procedure	957
	23.3 Results, Achievements, and Discussion/Conclusions	958
	23.3.1 Spray Processing: Structural Preservation Criterion (Process-Structure Relation)	958
	23.3.1.1 Influence of Spray Process Parameters on Secondary Droplets (3AT Nozzles)	959
	Impact of Gas/Liquid Ratio on SE Structure	960
	Impact of GLR on DE Structure	961
	Impact of Pure Liquid-Cap Nozzle Flow on Secondary Droplet Size of SE, DE	963
	Two-Phase Flow Impact on Secondary Droplet Size of SE, DE in 3AT Nozzles	968
	Impact of Spray Processing on Tertiary Emulsion Droplet/Spray Particle Size	971
	Spraying of DE (W1/O/W2) and Release of Tracer into Continuous Phase	974
	23.3.1.2 Rotary Pressure Atomization a Mechanically Gentle Alternative (ROPAT Nozzle)	976
	23.4 Conclusions/Summary	977
	Bibliography	979
	Chapter 24: Analysis of Mechanisms for PVP-Active-Agent Formulation as in Supercritical Antisolvent Spray Process	982
	24.1 Introduction	983
	24.2 Materials and Methods	984
	24.2.1 Material	984
	24.2.2 Antisolvent	985
	24.2.3 Solvents	985
	24.2.4 Solutes	986
	24.2.5 SAS Plant	987
	24.2.6 Saturation Measurements	989
	24.2.7 Elastic Light Scattering Setup	990
	24.2.8 Combined Elastic and Inelastic Scattering Light Setup	993
	24.2.9 Particle Analysis	995
	24.2.10 Dissolution Measurements	997
	24.3 Results and Discussion	998
	24.3.1 Solute Solubility Measurements of Certain Solutes	999
	24.3.2 Mixing Behavior of Certain Solvents	1001
	24.3.3 Generation of Amorphous PVP Particles	1006
	24.3.4 Influence of Pressure and Concentration	1007
	24.3.5 Influence of the Solvent Composition	1008
	24.4 Generation of Paracetamol Crystals from EtOH, AC, and EtOH/AC Mixture Solutions	1011
	24.4.1 Ethanol Solutions	1011
	24.4.2 Acetone Solutions	1013
	24.4.3 Mixtures of Ethanol and Acetone	1016
	24.4.4 Generation of Solid Dispersions	1019
	24.4.5 PCM: PVP	1019
	24.4.6 PVP and Paracetamol (EtOH/AC=70/30 as Solvent)	1020
	24.4.7 Combined Elastic and Inelastic Scattered Light Measurements	1023
	24.5 Conclusion	1025
	References	1027