Foreword	7
	Preface	9
	Acknowledgments	11
	Contents	12
	1 Introduction to Physics-Based Distributed Hydrology	16
	Abstract	16
	1.1 Introduction	16
	1.2 Model Classification	18
	1.3 Geospatial Data for Hydrology	24
	1.4 Surface Generation	25
	1.5 Spatial Resolution and Information Content	26
	1.6 Infiltration	26
	1.7 Hydraulic Roughness	27
	1.8 Watersheds and Drainage Networks	28
	1.9 Distributed Precipitation Estimation	28
	1.10 Surface Runoff Model Formulation	29
	1.11 Distributed Model Calibration	31
	1.12 Case Studies in Distributed Hydrology	31
	1.13 Vflo®—Software for Distributed Hydrology	32
	1.14 Summary	32
	References	33
	2 Geospatial Data for Hydrology	35
	Abstract	35
	2.1 Introduction	35
	2.2 Map Scale and Spatial Detail	36
	2.3 Georeferenced Coordinate Systems	37
	2.4 Map Projections	39
	2.5 Data Representation	43
	2.5.1 Metadata	43
	2.5.2 Topographic Representation	44
	2.5.2.1 Contour	45
	2.5.2.2 Raster	45
	2.5.2.3 Triangular Irregular Network	47
	2.6 Watershed Delineation	49
	2.6.1 Algorithms for Delineating Watersheds	50
	2.6.2 Problems with Flat Areas	51
	2.7 Soil Classification	52
	2.8 Land Use/Cover Classification	54
	2.9 Summary	55
	References	55
	3 Surface Generation	57
	Abstract	57
	3.1 Introduction	57
	3.2 Interpolation	58
	3.2.1 Inverse Distance Weighted Interpolation	60
	3.2.2 Kriging	62
	3.2.3 Spline	68
	3.2.3.1 Generalizations of Splines	71
	3.2.3.2 Example of Surface Interpolation	73
	3.3 Summary	75
	References	76
	4 Spatial Variability Measuring Information Content	78
	Abstract	78
	4.1 Introduction	78
	4.2 Information Content	84
	4.3 Fractal Interpretation	86
	4.4 DEM Resolution Effects	88
	4.5 Summary	93
	References	94
	5 Infiltration	96
	Abstract	96
	5.1 Introduction	96
	5.2 Approaches to Infiltration Modeling	98
	5.3 Green-Ampt Infiltration	102
	5.3.1 Parameter Estimation	103
	5.3.2 Parameter Uncertainty	107
	5.4 Summary	109
	References	110
	6 Hydraulic Roughness	113
	Abstract	113
	6.1 Introduction	113
	6.2 Hydraulics of Surface Runoff	115
	6.3 Watershed Applications	120
	6.4 Summary	124
	References	125
	7 Watersheds and Drainage Networks	127
	Abstract	127
	7.1 Introduction	127
	7.2 Drainage Network Extraction	128
	7.2.1 Sensitivity to Drainage Network Composition	132
	7.2.2 Resolution-Dependent Effects	135
	7.2.3 Constraining Drainage Direction	138
	7.3 Summary	140
	References	142
	8 Distributed Precipitation Estimation	144
	Abstract	144
	8.1 Introduction	144
	8.2 Rain Gauge Estimation of Rainfall	144
	8.3 Radar Estimation of Precipitation	153
	8.3.1 Rainfall Drop Size Distributions	155
	8.3.2 Z-R Relationships	157
	8.3.3 Radar Power Differences	159
	8.3.4 Radar Bias Adjustment	160
	8.3.5 WSR-88D Radar Characteristics	163
	8.3.6 WSR-88D Precipitation Processing Stream	165
	8.4 Input for Hydrologic Modeling	168
	8.5 Summary	171
	References	172
	9 Surface Runoff Model Formulation	175
	Abstract	175
	9.1 Introduction	175
	9.2 Mathematical Formulation	179
	9.2.1 Numerical Solution	181
	9.2.2 Grid Resolution Effects	183
	9.3 Surface Runoff Modeling Example	183
	9.4 Time-Dependent Solution	187
	9.5 Rainfall Excess Determination	187
	9.6 Subsurface Flow	189
	9.7 Subsurface and Surface Water Balance	192
	9.8 Summary	194
	References	194
	10 Distributed Model Calibration	198
	Abstract	198
	10.1 Introduction	198
	10.2 Calibration Approach	200
	10.3 Distributed Model Calibration	202
	10.3.1 Parameter Adjustment	203
	10.3.2 Cost Functions	206
	10.4 Parameter Search Algorithms	210
	10.4.1 Forward Model	211
	10.4.2 Inverse Model	211
	10.5 Calibration Example	214
	10.6 Summary	215
	References	216
	11 Case Studies in Distributed Hydrology	219
	Abstract	219
	11.1 Introduction	219
	11.2 Case Study I—Reservoir Inflow Forecasting	220
	11.2.1 Hydrometeorological System	222
	11.2.2 Model Parameter Adjustment	224
	11.3 Case Study II—Urban Flood Forecasting	225
	11.3.1 Basin Characteristics	226
	11.4 Case Study III—Climate Change Impact Assessment	228
	11.4.1 Precipitation Inputs	229
	11.4.2 Potential Evapotranspiration	229
	11.4.3 Hydrologic Modeling ‘As-If’ Climate Has Changed	230
	11.4.4 Historic Period Calibration	232
	11.4.5 Climate Change Perturbation	234
	11.4.6 Hydrologic Analysis	238
	11.5 Summary	240
	References	241
	12 Vflo®—Software for Distributed Hydrology	243
	Abstract	243
	12.1 Introduction	243
	12.2 Building Watershed Models	246
	12.3 Precipitation Input	246
	12.3.1 Design Storm Analysis	246
	12.3.2 Continuous Simulation	249
	12.4 Pipes Extension	253
	12.5 Inundation Analyst	253
	12.6 Model Feature Summary	255
	12.6.1 Cell Types	257
	12.6.2 Network Statistics	258
	12.6.3 Channel Routing	261
	12.6.4 Baseflow	261
	12.6.5 Infiltration	262
	12.6.6 Precipitation Input Format	262
	12.6.7 Calibration	263
	12.7 Vflo® Real-time	264
	12.8 Data Requirements	265
	12.9 Summary	266
	References	266
	Index	269