Preface	8
	Acknowledgements	10
	Contents	12
	List of Figures	18
	List of Tables	22
	About the Author	24
	Chapter 1: Introducing Geotextiles	25
	1.1 Technical Textiles (TT)	27
	1.2 Geosynthetics	28
	References	30
	Chapter 2: Jute, Jute Fiber, and Jute Yarn	31
	2.1 History of Jute	31
	2.2 Characteristics of Jute	32
	2.3 Composition of Jute	33
	2.4 Physical Properties of Jute Fiber	34
	2.5 Grading of Raw Jute	36
	2.6 Jute Yarns	36
	2.7 Processing of Jute Yarns	37
	2.8 Yarn Quality	40
	References	41
	Chapter 3: Jute Geotextiles: Its Types and Functions	42
	3.1 Types of JGT	43
	3.2 Woven JGT	43
	3.3 Nonwoven JGT	44
	3.4 Open Weave JGT	45
	3.5 Properties of Jute Fiber	46
	3.6 Basic Functions of Jute Geotextile	46
	3.7 Explanation of Functions of JGT	47
	3.8 Separation	47
	3.9 Filtration	48
	3.10 Drainage	50
	3.11 Initial Reinforcement	50
	3.12 Survivability of Jute Geotextiles	51
	3.13 Durability of Jute Geotextiles	51
	3.14 Important Geotextile-Related Functional Features	52
	References	54
	Chapter 4: Soil Basics	55
	4.1 Classification of Soil	55
	4.2 Grain Size Distribution of Soil	56
	4.3 Salient Properties of Soil	56
	4.4 Other Important Soil Parameters	58
	4.5 Some Important Points Regarding Soil	60
	References	61
	Chapter 5: Control of Soil Erosion Caused by Rain and Wind with Jute Geotextiles	62
	5.1 Rain-Induced Soil Erosion	63
	5.2 Wind-Induced Soil Erosion	63
	5.3 Mechanism of Soil Erosion Due to Precipitation	63
	5.4 Destabilization of Hillslope	65
	5.5 Structural Corrective Measures in Hillslopes	66
	5.6 Soil Bioengineering with JGT in Controlling Topsoil Erosion	67
	5.7 How Soil Bioengineering Helps in Erosion Control	69
	5.8 Discussion on the Role of Jute Geotextiles (JGT) in Soil Bioengineering	70
	5.9 Design Principle for Erosion Control	73
	5.10 Elements of Design for Slope Erosion Management with JGT	74
	5.10.1 Impact of Raindrops on Topsoil in the Presence of OW JGT	75
	5.10.2 Overland Storage by OW JGT	76
	5.10.3 Reduction in Run-Off Velocity in the Presence of OW JGT	78
	5.11 Prototype Studies with JGT in Hillslope	81
	5.12 Selection of JGT	82
	5.13 Installation of JGT	82
	References	83
	Chapter 6: Strengthening of Road Sub-grade with Jute Geotextiles	85
	6.1 Functional Requirements	86
	6.1.1 Separation	86
	6.1.2 Filtration	87
	6.2 Analytical Concept	88
	6.2.1 Static Loading Effects on Road	88
	6.2.2 Dynamic Loading Effects on Road	89
	6.3 Approach to Design of Roads with Jute Geotextiles (JGT)	91
	6.4 Salient Findings of Ramaswamy and Aziz	91
	6.5 Design Elements for Low Volume Roads with JGT	92
	6.5.1 Traffic	94
	6.5.2 Axles and Loads	94
	6.5.3 Properties of Base Course Material and Sub-grade	94
	6.6 Design Methodology for Determining Pavement Thickness Using JGT	95
	6.7 Computation of Pavement Thickness	95
	6.7.1 Burmister´s Two-Layer Concept	96
	6.8 Effect of Number of Passes on Thickness of Pavement	97
	6.9 Determination of Value of Constant ``K´´	97
	6.10 CBR vs. Pavement Thickness Curves Under a Set of ``ESAL´´ Range	97
	6.11 Selection of JGT	99
	6.11.1 Retention	99
	6.11.2 Filtration	99
	6.12 Installation Method of JGT in Roads	100
	Annex I: Design Graphs for Determining Pavement Thickness for Low Volume Roads Under a Range of CBR% of Sub-grade	103
	Annex II: Comparison of Pavement Thickness with and Without JGT Determined with the Modified Relations (Eqs. 6.8 and 6.9) Base...	104
	Annex III: Elastic Modulus of Woven Jute Fabric	107
	References	107
	Chapter 7: Controlling Riverbank Erosion with Jute Geotextiles	109
	7.1 Conventional Granular Filter	110
	7.2 Advantages of Geotextiles Over Conventional Graded Filter in Riverbank Protection	110
	7.3 Bank Protection with JGT	111
	7.4 Design Concept	112
	7.5 Elements of Design	112
	7.6 Soil Retention Criteria for Different Flow Conditions	113
	7.7 Permeability Criterion	114
	7.8 Transmissivity Criterion for Drainage Function	115
	7.9 Survivability Criteria	116
	7.10 Anti-clogging Criterion	116
	7.11 Design of Armor or Riprap	117
	7.12 Installation Procedure of JGT on Riverbank	119
	Annex: Transmissivity of Woven JGT (627gsm/20kN/m)	121
	References	121
	Chapter 8: Stabilizing Embankments with Jute Geotextiles	123
	8.1 Causes of Instability of Embankments	123
	8.2 Principle of Reinforced Soil	124
	8.3 Advantages of Using JGT in Stabilizing Embankments	124
	8.4 Design Approach	125
	8.5 Properties of JGT to Be Used in Embankments	127
	8.6 Installation Procedure for JGT in Embankments	127
	References	129
	Chapter 9: Management of Settlement of Railway Tracks	130
	9.1 Remedial Approach	131
	9.2 Installation Procedure	132
	9.3 Type of JGT to Be Used	134
	Reference	134
	Chapter 10: Consolidation of Soft Soil with Prefabricated Vertical Jute Drain	135
	10.1 Advantages of Using PVJD in Soft Soil Consolidation	136
	10.2 Design Approach	136
	10.3 Prefabricated Vertical Jute Drain (PVJD)	138
	10.4 Installation of Vertical Drains	140
	10.5 Study on Performance of PVJD by the University of Wollongong, Australia	141
	References	143
	Chapter 11: Jute Geotextile Standards, Properties, and Test Methods	144
	11.1 European Standards for Man-Made Geotextiles	145
	11.2 International Standards for Man-Made Geotextiles	145
	11.3 Published Indian Standards	146
	11.4 Property Parameters of JGT and Tests	147
	11.5 Testing of Physical Properties	147
	11.5.1 Mass Per Unit Area	148
	11.5.2 Thickness	148
	11.5.3 Porometry/Apparent Opening Size	148
	11.5.4 Width and Length	149
	11.5.5 Drapability	149
	11.6 Testing of Mechanical Properties	150
	11.6.1 Tensile Strength	150
	11.6.2 Trapezoidal Tear Strength	150
	11.6.3 Puncture Strength	151
	11.6.4 Mullen Burst Strength	152
	11.6.5 Interfacial Frictional Resistance	153
	11.7 Testing of Hydraulic Properties	154
	11.7.1 Permittivity of JGT (Psi)	155
	11.7.2 Transmissivity of JGT (theta)	155
	11.7.3 Clogging Potential of JGT	157
	References	157
	Chapter 12: Environmental Aspects	158
	12.1 Life Cycle of Jute	158
	12.2 Environmental Assessment	158
	12.3 Eco-compatibility of JGT	160
	12.4 Findings of the Study by PwC	161
	References	164
	Chapter 13: Potentially Important Jute Geotextiles	165
	13.1 Specification of Different Types of JGT Vis-à-Vis Application	171
	13.2 Type 1: Open Weave Jute Geotextile	171
	13.3 Type 2: Nonwoven Jute Geotextile	171
	13.4 Type 3: Woven JGT	172
	13.5 Comparative Assessment of JGT with Man-Made Geotextiles	173
	13.6 Property-Wise Advantages of JGT Over Other Geotextiles	174
	References	177
	Chapter 14: Transportation, Storage, and Handling of JGT	178
	14.1 Acceptance of JGT at the Site	178
	14.2 Storage	179
	14.3 Unloading at the Site	179
	Reference	180
	Chapter 15: Prospective Applications of JGT and Its Variants	181
	15.1 Bituminized Jute Paving Fabric (BJPF)	183
	15.2 Jute Fiber-Reinforced Concrete	185
	15.3 Jute Agrotextiles (JAT)	186
	15.4 Open Weave JGT for Wind-Induced Erosion Control in Deserts	186
	References	187
	Chapter 16: Economical and Environmental Advantages of JGT	189
	16.1 Economical Advantages of JGT in Different Applications	189
	16.1.1 Economical Aspects of Using JGT in Low-Volume Road Construction	189
	16.1.2 Environmental Aspects of Using JGT in Low-Volume Road Construction	190
	16.1.3 Economical Aspects of Using JGT in Riverbank Protection	191
	16.1.4 Economical and Environmental Aspects of Using JGT in Slope Management	192
	Reference	193
	Chapter 17: Application of JGT and a Few Case Studies	194
	17.1 Potential Areas of Application of JGT	195
	17.2 International Projects on JGT	196
	17.3 Case Studies	197
	17.3.1 Case Study 1	197
	17.3.1.1 Results and Discussion	199
	17.3.2 Case Study 2	201
	17.3.2.1 Note on Treatment of JGT	207
	17.3.3 Case Study 3	208
	17.3.4 Case Study 4	212
	17.3.5 Case Study 5	220
	17.3.5.1 Results and Discussion	221
	References	224
	Chapter 18: Future of Jute Geotextile	225
	References	227
	Index	228