Front Cover	1
	Ambient Assisted Living and Enhanced Living Environments	4
	Copyright	5
	Dedications	6
	Contents	8
	Contributors	14
	Biographies	20
	Preface	38
	Introduction	38
	The Overall Objective of the Book	39
	Organization of the book	40
	Acknowledgments	42
	Glossary	44
	Acronyms	46
	1 Introduction to the AAL and ELE Systems	54
	1.1 Introduction	54
	1.2 AAL/ELE Systems and Applications	57
	1.3 A Vision for Ambient Assisted Living	60
	1.4 Challenges and Research Opportunities	64
	1.5 Conclusions	67
	References	68
	2 Implanted Wireless Body Area Networks: Energy Management, Specific Absorption Rate and Safety Aspects	70
	2.1 Introduction to WBAN	70
	2.1.1 Overview	70
	2.1.2 Background	71
	2.2 Applications of WBAN	71
	2.3 Use of Ultra Wideband (UWB) in WBAN Applications	72
	2.3.1 Technology	73
	2.3.2 Effects of IR-UWB on Human Body	74
	2.4 Design of Implanted Sensor Nodes	74
	2.4.1 Components of Sensor Node	74
	2.4.2 Design Challenges	76
	2.5 Implant Power Constraints and Battery Considerations	76
	2.5.1 Energy Harvesting	77
	2.6 Energy Management	78
	2.6.1 Issues	78
	2.6.2 Solutions	79
	2.7 Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) and Safety Aspects	80
	2.8 Energy Efficient Routing in WBAN	81
	2.8.1 How BAN Routing Is Different from Conventional Routing Algorithm	82
	2.8.2 Challenges in Designing Energy Efficient Routing Algorithm for WBAN	82
	2.9 Adaptive Thermal-Aware Energy Efficient Routing	83
	2.9.1 WBAN Routing Constraints	84
	2.9.2 Issues with Adaptive Thermal Aware Routing Protocols	84
	2.10 Conclusion	85
	References	86
	3 Energy Efficient Communication in Ambient Assisted Living	90
	3.1 Introduction/Motivation	90
	3.2 Background and Related Work	93
	3.2.1 Energy Efficient Architectures	93
	3.2.2 Energy Efficient Protocols	97
	3.3 Problem Description	99
	3.4 Experimental Results	103
	3.4.1 Simulation Setup	103
	3.4.2 Simulation Results and Discussion	104
	3.5 Summary	110
	Acknowledgement	111
	References	111
	4 The Human Factor in the Design of Successful Ambient Assisted Living Technologies	114
	4.1 Introduction	114
	4.2 The Human Centric Approach	115
	4.2.1 The User Driven Design	116
	4.3 Information and Communication Technologies in AAL	125
	4.4 Technology and Users in AAL: Practical Experiences	132
	4.5 Lessons Learned	137
	4.6 Conclusion	138
	Acknowledgement	138
	References	138
	5 Matching Requirements for Ambient Assisted Living and Enhanced Living Environments with Networking Technologies	144
	5.1 Introduction	144
	5.2 Classification of AAL/ELE Domains and Applications	145
	5.2.1 Involved Domains and Key Attributes	149
	5.2.2 Closed Loop Healthcare as Typical AAL/ELE Application	152
	5.3 Communication Services to Support AAL/ELE Infrastructure	154
	5.4 Requirements of AAL/ELE Applications	156
	Requirement 1 (SLA): AAL/ELE Need Dedicated Service Level Agreements (SLA) Between Actors and Network Service Provider	157
	Requirement 2 (Costs): Low Upfront Infrastructure Investments for the User's Premises Equipment	158
	Requirement 3 (Usability): Intuitive User Interfaces, Enhanced Usability Due to Self-* Capabilities and Easy Operation/Configuration of the Service	159
	Requirement 4 (Security): Privacy and Data Security to Implement Different Security Levels for AAL/ELE Services	159
	Requirement 5 (Sensor Interoperability): Sensors - Interoperability for Data Collection	159
	Requirement 6 (Data Characteristics): Sensors - Data Transmission Characteristics	160
	Requirement 7 (Application Interoperability): Interoperability at Application Level Between Sensor Devices and Back End Systems	160
	5.5 Networking Technologies and Their Impact on the AAL/ELE Requirements	161
	Drawbacks of Current Networking Infrastructures	161
	Dynamic Software Frameworks (DSFs) to Support AAL/ELE	163
	Network Virtualization	165
	Software-Defined Networking	166
	Application-Aware Networking	168
	Cloudification/Network Function Virtualization (NFV)	169
	5.6 Key Derivations	170
	5.7 Conclusion	171
	Acknowledgements	171
	References	171
	6 Recent Advances in Remote Assisted Medical Operations	176
	6.1 Introduction	176
	6.2 The Development and Historical Background of Current Systems	177
	6.3 Telepresence and Telesurgery	179
	6.4 Telesurgery in Extreme Environments	183
	6.4.1 Remote Surgery in Space and Beyond	184
	6.4.2 Bringing the Operating Table to the Battlefield	187
	6.5 The Ethical and Legal Considerations of Telepresence	190
	6.6 Is Robotic Surgery Viable? - Advantages, Disadvantages and Future Directions	192
	6.7 Robotic Surgery as a Training Tool	194
	6.8 Conclusion	196
	Acknowledgements	196
	References	197
	7 Cloud Based Smart Living System Prototype	200
	7.1 Introduction	200
	7.2 State of the Art	203
	7.2.1 Assistive Technology Architectures	203
	7.2.2 Assistive E-medical Services	204
	7.2.3 Wireless Sensor Networks Related Systems	205
	7.2.4 Smart Home and Health Monitoring Systems	207
	7.3 General Architecture of a System for Assisted Living	208
	7.3.1 Data Retrieval in AAL Systems	208
	7.3.2 Data Processing in AAL Systems	209
	7.3.3 Logical Architecture of a System for Assisted Living	211
	7.3.4 Physical Architecture of AAL System	212
	7.3.5 Security Issues	213
	7.3.6 Validity of Information	214
	7.3.7 Cloud Implementation	214
	7.3.8 Information Integration Aspects	216
	7.4 Use-Case Scenarios	217
	7.5 Conclusions	219
	Acknowledgements	220
	References	220
	8 AAL and ELE Platform Architecture	224
	8.1 Introduction	224
	8.2 State of the Art	226
	8.3 AAL/ELE Services	228
	8.4 Requirements Analysis	230
	8.5 Hierarchical Model Design	236
	8.6 Sensor Networks. Dew, Fog and Cloud Computing	239
	8.7 Traffic Patterns, QoS and QoE Requirements	242
	8.8 Applied Technologies	245
	8.9 Implementations, Use-Case Scenarios	249
	8.10 Conclusion and Future Work	253
	Acknowledgements	254
	References	254
	9 Developing Embedded Platforms for Ambient Assisted Living	264
	9.1 Introduction	264
	9.2 Ongoing Research	266
	9.3 Ambient Assisted Living Challenges and Applications	268
	9.4 Proposal Approach	270
	9.4.1 Sensors and Data Acquisition Systems	271
	9.4.2 Platforms	272
	9.4.3 Connectivity	273
	9.4.4 System Architecture	274
	9.5 Implementation and Evaluation	276
	9.5.1 Home Automation	277
	9.5.2 Health System	283
	9.5.3 Fixed and Mobile Nodes	284
	9.6 Design Considerations	287
	9.7 Conclusion	296
	References	296
	10 Wearable Electronics for Elderly Health Monitoring and Active Living	300
	10.1 Introduction	300
	10.1.1 Scientific Perspective	302
	10.1.2 Future Market perspective	303
	10.2 Background	304
	10.3 Health Monitoring by Using Wearable Devices	306
	10.3.1 Definitions	306
	10.3.2 Physiological Parameters Monitoring	307
	10.3.3 Solution Analysis for Elderly Healthcare Monitoring	309
	10.3.4 Wearable Electronic Devices Integrated in Garment	310
	10.4 Software System Architecture	313
	10.5 Conclusions	318
	10.6 Future Work	321
	Acknowledgements	321
	References	321
	11 Cloud-Oriented Domain for AAL	324
	11.1 IoT and Cloud Computing in AAL	324
	11.2 What IoT Cloud Systems Have to Offer	326
	11.2.1 Features of IoT	326
	11.2.2 Features of Cloud Computing	326
	11.2.3 Remote Monitoring (Telemonitoring)	328
	11.3 Wearable Technology in AAL	332
	11.3.1 Wireless Body Area Network	332
	11.3.2 IoT Cloud Systems in WBANs	333
	11.3.3 Influence of Wearable Technology	334
	11.4 Challenges and Issues of IoT Cloud Systems in AAL	334
	11.4.1 Security and Privacy	335
	11.4.2 Large Datasets and Device Interoperability	336
	References	336
	12 Adaptive Workspace Interface for Facilitating the Knowledge Transfer from Retired Elders to Start-up Companies	340
	12.1 Introduction	340
	12.2 Related Work	343
	12.3 Adaptive Workspace Architecture	345
	12.4 Workspace Adaptation Features	346
	12.5 Sensor Data Collection and Limitations Profile	348
	12.6 Adaptation Decision Making	352
	12.7 Usage Scenario and Results	354
	12.8 Conclusions	358
	Acknowledgements	360
	References	360
	13 Telemonitoring as a Core Component to Enforce Remote Biofeedback Control Systems	364
	13.1 Introduction	364
	13.2 Background	367
	13.2.1 Dynamic Systems Control	367
	13.2.2 Conceptual Maps	370
	13.3 Telemonitoring State-of-the-Art	370
	13.3.1 Telemonitoring Applications	371
	13.3.2 Limitations and Opportunities	382
	13.4 Remote Biofeedback Control Systems: Ontological Design	387
	13.4.1 Concepts and Relationships	387
	13.4.2 Conceptual Mapping	388
	13.5 Discussion	390
	13.5.1 Technological Constraints	390
	13.5.2 Ethical & Social Aspects	390
	13.6 Conclusions and Future Work	391
	Acknowledgements	392
	References	392
	14 The Role of Smart Homes in Intelligent Homecare and Healthcare Environments	398
	14.1 Introduction	398
	14.2 The Smart Home Concept	399
	14.3 Telehealth Scenario in Smart Home	401
	14.3.1 Telecare	402
	14.3.2 Telemedicine	404
	14.3.3 Monitoring in Telehealth Scenarios	405
	14.4 Telehealth in Smart Home: Main Components	405
	14.5 Middleware Tools	408
	14.6 Home Automation Technologies and Sensors	409
	14.6.1 System Elements	410
	14.6.2 Transmission Media	412
	14.6.3 Network Topology	414
	14.6.4 Open, Proprietary or Heterogeneous System	415
	14.6.5 Popular Home Automation Technologies	415
	14.6.6 Sensors	415
	14.7 Acquisition Context	419
	14.8 Knowledge Base	420
	14.8.1 Context Definition	421
	14.8.2 Context Modeling and Reasoning	423
	14.9 Reasoning	428
	14.10 Learning	429
	14.11 Big Data, Cloud Computing and the Internet of Things	431
	14.12 Challenges	434
	14.13 Conclusion	440
	Acknowledgements	441
	References	441
	15 Visual Information-Based Activity Recognition and Fall Detection for Assisted Living and eHealthCare	448
	15.1 Introduction	448
	15.2 Existing Methods on Visual Activity Recognition for Assisted Living	450
	15.3 Visual Activity Recognition Using Manifold-Based Approaches	452
	15.3.1 Riemannian Geometry	452
	15.3.2 Activity Recognition Methods by Exploiting Riemannian Manifolds	455
	15.4 Experimental Results	463
	15.4.1 Publicly Available Datasets for Visual Activity Recognition	463
	15.4.2 Results and Comparisons	468
	15.5 Discussion	472
	15.6 Conclusion	473
	References	473
	16 End-Users Testing of Enhanced Living Environment Platform and Services	480
	16.1 Introduction	480
	16.2 State of the Art and Living Labs Experience	481
	16.3 AALaaS and ELEaaS Platform	482
	16.4 Stakeholders as Testers	484
	16.5 Platform and Application Testing	486
	16.6 Conclusion and Future Work	489
	Acknowledgement	490
	References	490
	17 M2M Communications and Their Role in AAL	494
	17.1 Introduction	494
	17.2 M2M Communications and Architectures	495
	17.2.1 M2M Architectures	497
	17.2.2 Characteristics of M2M Applications	508
	17.3 M2M as an Enabling Technology for AAL - State of the Art	510
	17.3.1 The Role of M2M as an Enabling Technology for eHealthcare Applications	510
	17.3.2 The Concept of Ambient Assisted Living	514
	17.3.3 M2M Based Applications for AAL - State of the Art	516
	17.4 Conclusion	534
	References	537
	Index	542
	Back Cover	554