Preface	6
	Contents	8
	Abbreviations	12
	Nomenclature	14
	1 The Generation of Elastic Acoustic Emission Waves Due to the Fracture of Solids	16
	1.1 Some Fracture Mechanics Criteria Under Quasi-Static Loading of Materials	16
	1.1.1 Energy Criteria	19
	1.1.2 Force Criteria	22
	1.1.3 Deformation Criteria	26
	1.2 Micro-Cracking of Solids	28
	1.3 Physical Grounds of AE Generation	29
	1.4 Basic Parameters of the AE Signals	32
	1.4.1 Cumulative Count [60]	33
	1.4.2 AE Count Rate [60]	33
	1.4.3 Amplitude Distribution of AES	34
	1.4.4 Spectral and Energy Distribution of AES	34
	1.4.5 Identification of AES by the Waveform Type	35
	1.5 Basic Analytical Dependences Between the Fracture Parameters and the AE Signals	35
	References	38
	2 Propagation of Elastic Waves in Solids	44
	2.1 Types of Elastic Waves	44
	2.1.1 Some General Ideas on Elastic Strain	44
	2.1.2 A Wave Equation for a Solid	46
	2.1.3 Main Ideas of the Wave Process	47
	2.1.4 Spatial Elastic Waves	50
	2.1.5 Rayleigh Surface Wave	53
	2.1.6 Head (Creeping) Wave	55
	2.1.7 Waves at an Interface of Two Media	56
	2.1.8 Waves in Layers and Plates	57
	2.1.9 Waves in Bars	61
	2.1.10 Other Types of Waves	62
	2.2 Some Basic Acoustic Properties of Media	65
	2.2.1 Impedance and Wave Resistance of a Medium	65
	2.2.2 Decay of Elastic Waves	66
	2.2.3 Diffraction of Elastic Waves	71
	2.2.4 Refraction of Elastic Waves	76
	2.3 AE Sources	76
	References	84
	3 Analysis of Acoustic Emission Caused by Internal Cracks	89
	3.1 Nucleation and Sub-critical CRACK Growth	90
	3.1.1 Nucleation of a Mode I Penny-Shaped Crack	90
	3.1.2 Nucleation of a Mode III Penny-Shaped Crack	97
	3.2 Modelling the Sub-critical Crack Growth at Local Areas of Its Contour as a Source of Acoustic Emission Signals	102
	3.3 The Effect of Body Boundaries on AE Signals Caused by the Growth of an Internal Defect	105
	3.4 The Waveguide Effect on the Change of the Parameters of AE Signals	109
	3.5 The Assessment of Surface Displacements Caused by an Internal AE Source	112
	References	117
	4 Some Methodological Foundations for Selecting and Processing AE Signals	120
	4.1 Some General Methodical Guidelines on the Use of the AE Method in the Mechanical Testing of Materials with Cracks	120
	4.2 Technical Aspects of Preparation for AE Tests	124
	4.3 Selection of Informative Parameters of AE Signals	126
	4.4 Simulation of AE Sources	127
	4.5 Simulation of AE Events at the AET Output	133
	4.6 Spectrum of the AE Signals During Macro-crack Growth	137
	4.7 Directional Diagram of AE Radiation During Macro-crack Growth	143
	4.8 Estimation of AE Signals Caused by Propagation of Internal Crack-like Defects	147
	4.9 Methods of the AET Mounting at IO	152
	4.10 Selection of Useful AES During AE Tests	154
	4.10.1 Selection of a Working Frequency Band of AE Facilities	155
	4.10.2 Filtration of AES by Instrumental Facilities	161
	4.10.3 Application of the “Dead Time” Mode	161
	4.10.4 The Kaiser Effect Application	163
	4.10.5 A Method of Spatial Selection of AES	164
	4.10.6 Other Methodical Approaches	166
	References	167
	5 Evaluation of Mechanical Characteristics and Static Crack Growth Resistance of Materials with the Use of Aes	173
	5.1 Identification of the AES Generated During Plastic Zone Growth	173
	5.2 A Method for Evaluating a Macro-Crack Start	177
	5.3 AE Estimation of the Stages of Sub-Critical Crack Propagation	183
	5.3.1 Types of Specimens and Modes of AE Signals Selection	183
	5.3.2 Interpretation of Investigation Results	186
	5.4 Estimation of a Macro-Crack Length Increment and SIF Increase Under Static Loading	190
	5.4.1 Some Theoretical Bases for AE Estimation of Macro-Crack Propagation Parameters	190
	5.4.2 Test Results	192
	5.5 AE Estimation of Strength Characteristics of Structural Materials	197
	5.5.1 Investigation of Concrete Hardening by AE Signals [31]	197
	5.5.2 AE Estimation of AES Amplitudes at a Fracture of Concrete in the Bridge Structure	206
	5.5.3 AE Estimation of Mechanical Characteristics of Steels	213
	5.5.4 AES Generation Under Reinforced Concrete Beam Bending	219
	References	223
	6 Some Aspects of Applying the Acoustic Emission Method	230
	6.1 Specific Features of Long-Term AE Testing of Industrial Objects	231
	6.1.1 Selection of a Frequency Band and AET Placing	231
	6.1.2 Calibration of an AE Testing System	233
	6.1.3 Analysis and Presentation of AE Test Results	233
	6.1.4 Stability of AE Parameters	234
	6.1.5 Classification of AE Sources by Their Activity	239
	6.2 Using the AE Methods for Testing the Offshore Platforms	244
	6.3 Using the AE for Testing the Nuclear Reactors	247
	6.4 Application of AE Method for Estimation of Strength of Pressure Vessels and Pipelines	251
	6.5 AE Inspection of Welded Joints	254
	6.5.1 Verification of Selection of Materials, the Type of Specimens, and an Investigation Method [21]	256
	6.5.2 Results of the AE Research of the Welded Joints and Their Interpretation	258
	6.6 Selective On-Line AE Hydraulic Testing of an Oil Storage Reservoir	266
	6.6.1 Some Methodological Features of AE Testing of a Reservoir	267
	6.6.2 Criteria for Classifying AE Sources	270
	6.6.3 Results of the AE Testing and Their Interpretation	273
	6.7 AE Testing and Diagnostics of Building Structures	275
	6.8 The AE Inspection of Bridges in Ukraine	278
	6.9 Prospects for Further AE Application	287
	References	289