Preface	6
	Contents	8
	Part I Demand Response and Distribution Grids	10
	An Evolutionary Algorithm for the Optimization of Residential Energy Resources	11
	1 Introduction	12
	2 Methodology	13
	3 Simulation Results	18
	4 Conclusion	23
	References	24
	Comparison of Control Strategies for Electric Vehicles on a Low Voltage Level Electrical Distribution Grid	25
	1 Introduction	26
	2 Network Model and Load Profiles	27
	3 Control Strategies	28
	3.1 Direct Control with a Central Aggregator	28
	3.2 Indirect Control via a Static Time of Use (TOU) Tariff	30
	3.3 Autonomous Control Implementing Reactive Power to Voltage Control	31
	4 Results and Discussion	32
	4.1 Without Connected Plug-In Electric Vehicles (PEVs)	33
	4.2 Direct Control with Perfect Foresight	34
	4.3 Indirect Control via a Single Time of Use (TOU) Tariff	34
	4.4 Autonomous Control via Reactive Power to Voltage Control	34
	5 Conclusion	35
	References	35
	Part II Optimizing Transmission Grid Operation	37
	Optimal Storage Operation with Model Predictive Control in the German Transmission Grid	38
	1 Introduction	39
	2 Problem Formulation	39
	2.1 Time-Constrained Optimal Power Flow	40
	2.2 Model Constraints	42
	2.3 Solving the Problem	42
	3 The German Transmission Grid	43
	3.1 Costs	43
	4 Reference Solution	46
	4.1 Computation	46
	4.2 Results	46
	5 Model Predictive Control	47
	5.1 Computation	47
	5.2 Scenarios	48
	5.3 Results	48
	6 Critical Review	49
	7 Conclusion	50
	8 Outlook	51
	References	51
	Security-Constrained Optimization Framework for Large-Scale Power Systems Including Post-contingency Remedial Actions and Inter-temporal Constraints	53
	1 Introduction	53
	2 Modeling	54
	2.1 Area Definitions	54
	2.2 Power Flows	54
	2.3 Constraints	54
	2.4 Degrees of Freedom	56
	2.5 Objective Function	58
	3 Solution Methodology	60
	3.1 Successive Linear Algorithms for OPF Problems	60
	3.2 Linearization of Variable Quadripole Parameters	61
	3.3 Optimization Problem Speed-Up	62
	4 Exemplary Results	66
	5 Critical Review	67
	6 Conclusions	68
	References	68
	Part III Flexibility, Storage and Uncertainty Quantification	70
	Dispatch of Flexibility Options, Grid Infrastructure and Integration of Renewable Energies Within a Decentralized Electricity System	71
	1 Introduction	72
	2 Scenario Definition and Methodology of the Two Case Studies	73
	2.1 Consideration of Grid Restricitons in Electricity System Modeling	73
	2.2 Methodology of the Dispatch Model PowerFlex-Grid	74
	2.3 Description of the BMBF Project ``Transparency of Transmission Grid Planning'' and Scenario Definition	75
	2.4 Description of the BMWi Project ``D-Flex'' and Scenario Definition	77
	3 Results of the Two Case Studies	81
	3.1 Results of the BMBF Project ``Transparency of Transmission Grid Planning''	81
	3.2 Results of the BMWi Project ``D-Flex''	86
	4 Critical Review	87
	5 Conclusions	88
	6 Outlook	89
	References	89
	Dynamic Decision Making in Energy Systems with Storage and Renewable Energy Sources	91
	1 Introduction	91
	2 Problem Formulation	93
	2.1 State and Exogenous Information	93
	2.2 Decisions	94
	2.3 State Transition	95
	2.4 Objective	96
	3 Fundamental Classes of Policies	96
	4 The Competing Policies	98
	4.1 Policy Function Approximation	98
	4.2 Cost Function Approximation	98
	4.3 Value Function Approximation	98
	4.4 Lookahead Policy	99
	5 Selecting the Best Policy	100
	5.1 Problem Variations	100
	5.2 Computational Results	101
	6 Conclusions	104
	References	105
	Part IV Challenges in Microgrids	106
	An Optimal Investment Model for Battery Energy Storage Systems in Isolated Microgrids	107
	1 Introduction	109
	2 BESS Investment Framework	110
	2.1 Model I: Optimal BESS Investment	112
	2.2 Model II: Optimal Microgrid Operation	118
	3 Results and Analysis	119
	3.1 Microgrid Test System	119
	3.2 Optimal BESS Investment	120
	3.3 Optimal BESS and Microgrid Operations Schedule	121
	4 Conclusions	122
	References	123
	A Dynamic Programming Approach to Multi-period Planning of Isolated Microgrids	124
	1 Introduction	125
	2 State of the Art	125
	3 Problem Definition	126
	3.1 Graph Formulation of the Problem	126
	3.2 Objective Function and Constraints	127
	3.3 Input Data	128
	4 Problem Decomposition and Tool Structure	129
	4.1 Network Routing	129
	4.2 Network Sizing	130
	4.3 Constraints Verification and Transition Costs	130
	4.4 Investment Timing with Dynamic Programming	131
	4.5 Global Structure of the Planning Tool	132
	5 Case-Study	132
	6 Discussion	136
	7 Conclusion	136
	References	137
	Part V Renewable Energy and Power Grid Expansion Planning	139
	Curtailing Renewable Feed-In Peaks and Its Impact on Power Grid Extensions in Germany for the Year 2030	140
	1 Introduction	140
	2 Input Data and Scenarios	141
	2.1 Scenarios of Different RES Integration	141
	2.2 Inputdata	142
	3 Optimal Transmission Extensions Using Benders Decomposition	144
	3.1 Sequential Transmission Capacity Increase	144
	3.2 Configuration of the Global Model	144
	3.3 Benders Decomposition (BD)	147
	3.4 Karush--Kuhn--Tucker-System (KKT-system) for Derivation of the Marginals	149
	3.5 Parallel SP for Determing the KKT-marginals	150
	3.6 Installation of New HVDC Lines	152
	4 Impact of Curtailing Different RES Technologies on Grid Extensions, Overall Costs and Curtailed Energy	152
	5 Critical Appraisal	154
	6 Conclusion	155
	7 Nomenclature	156
	References	157
	Simulation of Distribution Grid Expansion Costs and the Impact of Load Shifting	159
	1 Introduction	159
	2 Simulation of the Distribution Grid System in Baden-Württemberg	160
	2.1 Regions	161
	2.2 Grid Topology	162
	2.3 Electricity Demand and Generation	163
	2.4 Load Flow	163
	2.5 Line Extensions	165
	2.6 Use of Load Shifting to Prevent Line Extension	166
	3 Scenarios	166
	4 Required Line Extension	166
	5 Costs of the Grid Extension	168
	6 Critical Review	168
	7 Conclusion and Outlook	170
	References	170
	Part VI Data Provision for Power Grid Modeling	172
	Structure Analysis of the German Transmission Network Using the Open Source Model SciGRID	173
	1 Introduction	174
	2 Power Data in OSM and the SciGRID Model	175
	2.1 OpenStreetMap	175
	2.2 The SciGRID Model	176
	2.3 The German Transmission Network	176
	3 Structure of the German Transmission Grid	177
	3.1 Complexity Reduction	179
	3.2 Discussion	181
	4 Conclusions	183
	References	183
	Modeling of the Transmission Grid Using Geo Allocation and Generalized Processes	185
	1 Introduction	185
	2 Public Grid Data Sets	186
	2.1 Data Sets of Existing Transmission Lines	187
	2.2 Future Grid Projects	188
	2.3 Geo Allocation and Merging into Standardized Lists	189
	3 Process Model	190
	3.1 Definition of a Generalized Process	190
	3.2 General Approach	191
	3.3 Modification for the Integration of Grid Processes	191
	3.4 Assumptions for Grid Processes	192
	3.5 Implementation in a Database Environment	193
	4 Integration of Grid Data in Energy System Models	193
	4.1 Nodal Allocation of Load and Production Data	194
	4.2 Virtual Network in Peripheral Regions	195
	5 Resulting Transmission Grid Model	197
	6 Critical Review	199
	7 Conclusion and Outlook	199
	References	200
	Regionalizing Input Data for Generation and Transmission Expansion Planning Models	201
	1 Introduction	202
	2 Selected Approaches in Power Generation and Transmission Planning and Their Handling of Regionalized Input Data	203
	3 The Developed Approach for a Dynamic Assignment of Generation and Load Data to Varying Topologies of the Transmission Grid	204
	4 Case Study: Regionalization of Input Data for the Transmission Network Planning in Germany	207
	5 Conclusions and Outlook	211
	References	212
	Part VII Convex Versus Nonconvex Approaches for Power Flow Analysis	214
	Convexity/Nonconvexity Certificates for Power Flow Analysis	215
	1 Introduction	215
	2 Convexity of Quadratic Transformations	216
	3 Certificates of Convexity/Nonconvexity	217
	4 Numerical Results	219
	5 Conclusions and Future Work	223
	References	223
	A Convex Model for the Optimization of Distribution Systems with Distributed Generation	225
	1 Introduction	225
	2 Steady-State Representation of PDS	227
	2.1 Representation of Voltage Violation	227
	2.2 Representation of Power Losses	228
	2.3 Representation of Generators	229
	3 Optimization Model	230
	3.1 Constraints	231
	4 Tests and Results	232
	4.1 DG as a PV Bus	234
	4.2 DG as a PQ Bus	235
	4.3 Determination of the DG Operation Point	236
	5 Conclusions	237
	References	239