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Foreword |
6 |
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Contents |
9 |
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Contributors |
12 |
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Introduction: Urban Transformations – Sustainable Urban Development Through Resource Efficiency, Quality of Life and Resilience |
16 |
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Motivation |
16 |
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Sustainability Through “Urban Transformations” |
18 |
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Our Approach and Understanding of Urban Transformations |
19 |
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Resource Efficiency |
20 |
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Quality of Life |
21 |
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Resilience |
22 |
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Synopsis |
23 |
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Purpose of the Volume |
23 |
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References |
25 |
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Part I: Conceptual Approaches of Sustainable Urban Transformations |
28 |
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Outline |
28 |
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Exploring the Extent, Selected Topics and Governance Modes of Urban Sustainability Transformations |
30 |
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1 Introduction |
30 |
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2 Extent of Urban Transformations: Transition Management and the Great Transformation |
31 |
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2.1 Transition Management |
32 |
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2.2 The Great Transformation |
34 |
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3 Topics of Urban Transformations |
37 |
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3.1 The Post-fossil City |
37 |
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3.2 The Resilient City |
39 |
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4 Goverance of Urban Transformations |
40 |
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4.1 Transformative Urban Governance – Illustrated by the WBGU Approach |
41 |
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4.2 Growth Machines and Urban Regimes – Illustrated by the Smart City Concept |
42 |
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5 Conclusion |
43 |
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References |
45 |
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Linking Transition Theories with Theories of Institutions – Implications for Sustainable Urban Infrastructures Between Flexibility and Stability |
48 |
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1 Introduction |
48 |
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2 Theoretical Concepts for the Transformation of Urban Infrastructures |
50 |
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2.1 Transforming Socio-Technical Systems |
51 |
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2.2 On the Steering of Socio-Technical Transformations |
52 |
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3 Socio-Technical Transformations as a Phenomenon of Institutional Change |
54 |
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3.1 The Importance of Institutions in the Urban Transformation Process |
54 |
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3.2 The Theory of Institutional Change |
55 |
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3.2.1 Mechanisms of Institutional Change |
55 |
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3.2.2 The Concept of Adaptive Efficiency |
57 |
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4 Transformation of Urban Infrastructure Systems: The Example of Urban Water Management |
58 |
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4.1 The Need for a Transformation of Urban Water Infrastructure Systems Towards Greater Sustainability |
58 |
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4.2 The Institutional Inertia in the Urban Water Sector as a Challenge |
59 |
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4.3 Starting Points for Steering Transformation in the Urban Water Sector |
62 |
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5 Conclusions |
66 |
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References |
67 |
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Efficiency-Equity-Trade-Off as a Challenge for Shaping Urban Transformations |
72 |
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1 Introduction |
72 |
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2 The Efficiency-Equity Trade-Offs – An Overview |
73 |
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2.1 Economics and the Idea of Efficiency and Trade-Offs |
73 |
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2.2 Social Sciences’ Concepts of Environmental Justice |
75 |
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3 Efficiency and Equity in Urban Transformations: Two Empirical Examples |
77 |
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3.1 Flood Risk Management in England and the Urban-Rural Divide |
77 |
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3.2 Sustainable Infrastructure: Pricing Water Services and the Efficiency-Equity Trade-Off |
80 |
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4 Conclusion |
84 |
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References |
85 |
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On the Connection Between Urban Sustainability Transformations and Multiple Societal Crises |
88 |
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1 Introduction |
88 |
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2 Theoretical Perspectives: Connections Between Transformation and Crises |
91 |
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3 Connection Between Urban Sustainability Transformation and Multiple Crises, Based on Empirical Evidence from Various Arenas of Urban Development |
95 |
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3.1 Introduction to the Urban Context and Examples |
95 |
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3.2 Examples of Crises’ Impacts on Urban Sustainable Development |
96 |
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3.2.1 Urban Water Infrastructure Crisis |
96 |
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3.2.2 Financial Crisis and Urban Austerity: Trade-Offs Between Environmental, Social, and Financial Sustainability |
97 |
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3.3 Cross-Case Assessment |
99 |
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4 Conclusion |
100 |
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References |
101 |
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How to Measure Progress Towards an Inclusive, Safe, Resilient and Sustainable City? Reflections on Applying the Indicators of Sustainable Development Goal 11 in Germany and India |
104 |
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1 Introduction |
104 |
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2 Aims and Approach |
107 |
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3 The Urban Dimension of the Sustainable Development Goals |
108 |
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4 Discussion |
108 |
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5 Outlook |
115 |
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References |
116 |
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Part II: Urban Resources and Governance |
118 |
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Outline |
118 |
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Sustainable Transformation of Urban Water Infrastructure in Amman, Jordan – Meeting Residential Water Demand in the Face of Deficient Public Supply and Alternative Private Water Markets |
120 |
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1 Introduction: Transforming Urban Water Infrastructure |
120 |
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2 Institutional Settings in Amman |
123 |
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3 Governance Challenges for Residential Water Supply |
126 |
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3.1 Sustainability Problems |
126 |
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3.2 Sustainable Urban Water Supply – The Economic Perspective |
128 |
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3.3 The Transformation Conundrum |
129 |
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3.3.1 Four Obstacles to Sustainably Transforming Amman’s Water Supply Sector |
129 |
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3.3.2 Interdependencies Between the Four Obstacles |
130 |
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4 Governance Implications: Water Demand Policy Is Key |
131 |
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4.1 Overview: Governance Options for Sustainable Water Policy |
131 |
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4.2 Water Pricing |
132 |
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4.2.1 Effectiveness of Pricing |
132 |
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4.2.2 Pricing and Equity Considerations |
133 |
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4.2.3 Acceptance: The Willingness to Pay for Higher Quality |
134 |
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4.2.4 Political Feasibility |
135 |
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4.3 Fighting Illegal Abstractions |
136 |
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4.4 Funding Infrastructure Improvements: Curing Revenue Deficits |
137 |
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4.5 Implementation Strategy |
137 |
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5 Conclusion |
138 |
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References |
140 |
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The TEEB Approach Towards Sustainable Urban Transformations: Demonstrating and Capturing Ecosystem Service Values |
143 |
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1 Introduction |
143 |
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2 Urban Green and Its Services for Human Health and Well-Being |
145 |
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3 Demonstrating the Value of Urban Green |
147 |
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3.1 Which Values Are Covered by the Economic Approach? |
147 |
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3.2 Methodological Approaches to Demonstrating Values of Urban Green |
149 |
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4 Capturing Urban Green in Decision-Making |
149 |
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4.1 Delivering Information |
150 |
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4.2 Enhancing Cooperation and Creating New Alliances |
151 |
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4.3 Strengthening Ecosystem Service Perspectives in Urban and Land Use Planning |
153 |
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4.4 Providing Economic Incentives |
153 |
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5 Concluding Remarks |
154 |
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References |
155 |
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Green Infrastructure for Increased Resource Efficiency in Urban Water Management |
159 |
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1 Introduction |
159 |
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2 Graywater |
160 |
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3 Rainwater and Surface Runoff |
162 |
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4 Wastewater |
163 |
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5 Outlook |
166 |
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References |
168 |
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Sustainable Urban Water Governance – Main Aims, Challenges and Institutional Approaches in Germany and Beyond |
170 |
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1 Introduction |
170 |
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2 Seminal Challenges for Urban Water Infrastructure Development |
171 |
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2.1 Widespread Reinvestment Gaps and Obsolescence of Existing Waste Water Structures |
172 |
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2.2 Demographic Change (Shrinkage/Growth/Aging) |
172 |
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2.3 New and Stricter Environmental Standards |
172 |
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2.4 Increasing Risk of Urban Flash Floods as a Result of Land-Use Change and Climate Change |
173 |
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2.5 Increasingly Dry Summer Seasons and Drought Periods as a Result of Climate Change |
173 |
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2.6 Strong Call for More Energy and Resource Efficiency |
174 |
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2.7 Increasing and Highly Diverging Water Prices |
174 |
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2.8 The Liberalization Question |
174 |
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3 Towards Sustainability: Essential Aims and Requirements of Sustainable Water Infrastructure Development |
175 |
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4 Institutional Foundations for Sustainable Urban Water Infrastructure |
189 |
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4.1 State-Sponsored vs. Competitive Fulfilment of Infrastructure Tasks |
189 |
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4.2 The Regulatory Framework |
190 |
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4.3 Incentives |
191 |
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4.4 Organization |
191 |
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4.5 Planning |
192 |
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5 Conclusion |
192 |
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References |
193 |
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Transitioning the Heat Supply System – Challenges with Special Focus on Bioenergy in the Context of Urban Areas |
197 |
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1 Background and Challenges |
197 |
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2 Heat Supply in Urban Areas |
199 |
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3 Biogenic Urban Sources of Heat Supply |
202 |
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4 Criteria for Promising Supply Systems in Urban Areas for Heat from Biomass |
204 |
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5 Future Technologies for Heat from Biomass |
207 |
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5.1 Heating Technologies Based on Solid Biomass |
208 |
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5.2 Solid Biomass for Production Purposes |
209 |
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5.3 Heating Technologies Based on Gaseous Biofuels |
210 |
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6 Change Management – Integrating People and Processes |
215 |
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7 The Path Ahead for Biogenic Urban Heat Supply |
217 |
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References |
219 |
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From Shrinkage to Regrowth: The Nexus Between Urban Dynamics, Land Use Change and Ecosystem Service Provision |
221 |
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1 Introduction |
221 |
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2 Urban Shrinkage and Regrowth |
222 |
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2.1 The Nexus Between Urban Dynamics and Land Use Changes and the Provision of UES |
224 |
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2.2 Examples for the Interplay of Urban Dynamics, Land Use Changes, and the Provision of UES |
226 |
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2.2.1 Shrinkage |
226 |
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2.2.2 Regrowth |
228 |
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3 Which Challenges Can Be Identified from the Interplay of Urban Dynamics, Land Use Change, and UES Provision? |
236 |
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4 How Do Actors, Policies, and Governance Respond to These Challenges? |
238 |
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5 Conclusions |
240 |
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References |
242 |
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Potentials of Urban Brownfields for Improving the Quality of Urban Space |
244 |
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1 Urban Brownfields as Land Resources |
244 |
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2 The Potential Re-Use of Urban Brownfields |
245 |
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2.1 Revitalisation |
246 |
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2.2 Renaturation |
247 |
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2.3 Multifunctional Land Use Options |
247 |
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3 Potential Spaces for Regrowing Cities – The Case of Leipzig, Germany |
249 |
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4 Leeway in Decision-Making |
252 |
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References |
253 |
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Part III: Quality of Life and Ecosystem Services |
256 |
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Outline |
256 |
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Local Residential Quality from an Interdisciplinary Perspective: Combining Individual Perception and Micrometeorological Factors |
258 |
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1 Introduction |
258 |
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2 Conceptual Framework for Local Residential Quality (LRQ) |
260 |
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2.1 Social Science Perspective to Grasp the Individual Perception |
261 |
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2.2 Micrometeorological Factors Characterizing Local Exposure |
262 |
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2.3 Influences of Urban Landscape Features on Environmental Stressors |
264 |
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3 Methodological Design |
265 |
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3.1 The Case Study: Leipzig and Its Large Housing Estate Grünau |
265 |
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3.2 The Methods Used: Household Survey, Air Quality Measurements and Micrometeorological Simulations |
266 |
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4 Empirical Findings and Their Synopsis |
267 |
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4.1 Survey Findings |
267 |
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4.1.1 Estate Scale: Perceptions of Local Residential Quality |
267 |
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4.1.2 District Scale: Perceptions of Local Residential Quality |
269 |
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4.2 ENVI-met Model Findings |
271 |
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4.3 Synopsis of the Results and Discussion |
274 |
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5 Conclusions |
274 |
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References |
276 |
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Socio-Spatial Distribution of Airborne Outdoor Exposures – An Indicator for Environmental Quality, Quality of Life, and Environmental Justice: The Case Study of Berlin |
279 |
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1 Introduction |
279 |
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2 Effects of Airborne Outdoor Exposure on Human Health and Well-Being |
280 |
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3 Airborne Outdoor Exposures Studied from three Perspectives: Environmental Quality, Quality of Life, and Environmental Justice |
281 |
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4 Aims of the Study |
284 |
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5 Material and Methods |
285 |
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5.1 Study Area |
285 |
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5.2 Data |
286 |
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5.3 Methods to Determine PM2.5 and NO2 Concentrations as well as Social Status |
287 |
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5.3.1 Calculation of PM2.5 and NO2 Concentrations |
287 |
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5.3.2 Social Status Index of the Population |
288 |
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6 Empirical Findings |
289 |
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7 Conclusion |
294 |
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References |
296 |
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What Really Matters in Green Infrastructure for the Urban Quality of Life? Santiago de Chile as a Showcase City |
302 |
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1 Introduction |
302 |
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2 Tackling Questions of Green Infrastructure as a Major Component of Urban Land Use |
303 |
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3 Methodological Considerations |
305 |
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3.1 GI from Different Spatial Perspectives |
305 |
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3.2 Santiago de Chile as a Showcase City |
306 |
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3.3 Elaborated Methods |
307 |
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4 Results: GI Analysis at Multiple Scales |
308 |
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4.1 Mirroring Urban with Suburban Municipalities Auditing Dichotomy and Similarities |
308 |
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4.2 Inter-Municipal Inequalities in the Supply of Green Spaces |
310 |
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4.3 The Benefits of Green Spaces for Different Neighbourhoods |
314 |
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4.3.1 The Perception of Safety |
314 |
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4.3.2 Socially Explicit Usage Categories |
315 |
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4.3.3 Perception of Ecosystem Services by Residents |
315 |
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4.4 The Importance of GI in Neighbourhoods of Newly Constructed Suburban Areas |
315 |
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5 Conclusions |
317 |
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References |
318 |
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Do Urban Biodiversity and Urban Ecosystem Services Go Hand in Hand, or Do We Just Hope It Is That Easy? |
322 |
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1 Introduction |
322 |
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2 Biodiversity |
324 |
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3 Effects of Urbanization on Biodiversity |
324 |
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4 Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services |
326 |
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5 The Relationship Between Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services in Urban Areas |
327 |
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6 Conclusions: Developing Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services in the Face of Urban Transformations |
329 |
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References |
330 |
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Part IV: Urban Risks and Resilience |
334 |
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Outline |
334 |
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Resilience, Adaptation and Transformation: Conceptual and Empirical Insights from Two Case Studies in Germany and Chile |
336 |
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1 Introduction |
336 |
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2 Resilience, Adaptation, and Transformation – A Clarification |
337 |
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3 Two Empirical Examples |
338 |
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3.1 Resilience, Transformation and the Experience of Repeated Flood Events in Germany |
339 |
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3.1.1 The Phase from 2002 to 2013: Bouncing Back and Adapting to Future Flood Risks |
339 |
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3.1.2 After the 2013 Flood: Initiation of Transformative Processes? |
341 |
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3.2 Adaptation to Flood Hazard in the Urban Area of Santiago de Chile |
342 |
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3.2.1 From Adaptation to Transformation? |
344 |
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4 Discussion and Conclusion |
345 |
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References |
346 |
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Adapting Built-Up Areas to Climate Change: Assessment of Effects and Feasibility of Adaptation Measures on Heat Hazard |
348 |
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1 Introduction |
348 |
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2 Green and White Adaptation – Urban Responses to Climate Change in the Light of Urban Transformations? |
349 |
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3 The Urban Area of Santiago de Chile |
350 |
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4 Methodological Approach to Assess Green and White Adaptation |
352 |
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5 Current Climate Situation and Residents’ Perception of Heat Hazard in the Study Area |
353 |
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6 Effects of Green and White Adaptation in Built-Up Areas on Heat Hazard |
354 |
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7 Conclusion |
357 |
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References |
358 |
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Climate Proofing of Urban Development: Regulatory Challenges and Approaches in Europe, Germany, and Beyond |
360 |
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1 Introduction |
360 |
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2 Climate Change Impacts in the Urban Context |
361 |
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2.1 Floods: An Increased Risk of Flooding, Rising Sea Levels, and Heavy Rainfall |
361 |
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2.2 Aridity |
362 |
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2.3 Summer Heat |
362 |
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2.4 Changes in Nature and Loss of Biodiversity |
363 |
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3 Climate Proofing as an Administrative and Regulatory Challenge |
363 |
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4 General Challenges of Including Climate Proofing in Urban Development Law |
366 |
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5 Climate Proofing of Urban Development in German and European Law |
368 |
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5.1 Integrated Urban Development: Urban Planning Law |
368 |
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5.2 Riverine Floods: The EU Floods Directive (FD) and the Federal Water Act (WHG) |
369 |
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5.3 Extreme Rainfall and Urban Flash Floods: Water Law and Urban Planning Law |
371 |
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5.4 Heat Waves – Urban Planning and Nature Conservation Law |
372 |
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5.5 Aridity and Water Shortage: Water Law and Urban Planning Law |
373 |
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5.6 Urban Nature and Ecosystem Changes: Nature Conservation Law and Landscape Planning |
374 |
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5.7 Interim Conclusions |
375 |
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6 Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) – An Effective Climate Proofing Instrument for Urban Planning? |
376 |
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7 Special “Climate Adaptation Plans” as a Regulatory Option |
378 |
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8 Conclusion |
379 |
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References |
380 |
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Decision Support on Flood Management in Complex Urban Settings. Is Risk Assessment the Right Approach or Do We Need Decision Heuristics? |
383 |
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1 Managing Flood Hazards in Urban Areas – from Hazard Protection to Risk Management |
383 |
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2 Drawbacks of the Risk-Management Approach |
386 |
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3 Decision Support Approaches that Consider Uncertainties |
387 |
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4 Are Heuristics Ecologically Rational for Flood Management Decisions? Hypotheses and Research Outline |
389 |
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References |
391 |
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Reflections |
394 |
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The Acknowledgement of a Variety of Urban Transformation Approaches |
395 |
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The Concept of Urban Transformations as an Umbrella Term |
395 |
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The Inter- and Transdisciplinary Benefits |
396 |
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The Special Feature of Our Urban Transformation Approach |
397 |
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The Merits of Our Approach |
397 |
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A Final Note |
398 |
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Index |
399 |
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