Foreword	6
	Contents	9
	Contributors	12
	Introduction: Urban Transformations – Sustainable Urban Development Through Resource Efficiency, Quality of Life and Resilience	16
	Motivation	16
	Sustainability Through “Urban Transformations”	18
	Our Approach and Understanding of Urban Transformations	19
	Resource Efficiency	20
	Quality of Life	21
	Resilience	22
	Synopsis	23
	Purpose of the Volume	23
	References	25
	Part I: Conceptual Approaches of Sustainable Urban Transformations	28
	Outline	28
	Exploring the Extent, Selected Topics and Governance Modes of Urban Sustainability Transformations	30
	1 Introduction	30
	2 Extent of Urban Transformations: Transition Management and the Great Transformation	31
	2.1 Transition Management	32
	2.2 The Great Transformation	34
	3 Topics of Urban Transformations	37
	3.1 The Post-fossil City	37
	3.2 The Resilient City	39
	4 Goverance of Urban Transformations	40
	4.1 Transformative Urban Governance – Illustrated by the WBGU Approach	41
	4.2 Growth Machines and Urban Regimes – Illustrated by the Smart City Concept	42
	5 Conclusion	43
	References	45
	Linking Transition Theories with Theories of Institutions – Implications for Sustainable Urban Infrastructures Between Flexibility and Stability	48
	1 Introduction	48
	2 Theoretical Concepts for the Transformation of Urban Infrastructures	50
	2.1 Transforming Socio-Technical Systems	51
	2.2 On the Steering of Socio-Technical Transformations	52
	3 Socio-Technical Transformations as a Phenomenon of Institutional Change	54
	3.1 The Importance of Institutions in the Urban Transformation Process	54
	3.2 The Theory of Institutional Change	55
	3.2.1 Mechanisms of Institutional Change	55
	3.2.2 The Concept of Adaptive Efficiency	57
	4 Transformation of Urban Infrastructure Systems: The Example of Urban Water Management	58
	4.1 The Need for a Transformation of Urban Water Infrastructure Systems Towards Greater Sustainability	58
	4.2 The Institutional Inertia in the Urban Water Sector as a Challenge	59
	4.3 Starting Points for Steering Transformation in the Urban Water Sector	62
	5 Conclusions	66
	References	67
	Efficiency-Equity-Trade-Off as a Challenge for Shaping Urban Transformations	72
	1 Introduction	72
	2 The Efficiency-Equity Trade-Offs – An Overview	73
	2.1 Economics and the Idea of Efficiency and Trade-Offs	73
	2.2 Social Sciences’ Concepts of Environmental Justice	75
	3 Efficiency and Equity in Urban Transformations: Two Empirical Examples	77
	3.1 Flood Risk Management in England and the Urban-Rural Divide	77
	3.2 Sustainable Infrastructure: Pricing Water Services and the Efficiency-Equity Trade-Off	80
	4 Conclusion	84
	References	85
	On the Connection Between Urban Sustainability Transformations and Multiple Societal Crises	88
	1 Introduction	88
	2 Theoretical Perspectives: Connections Between Transformation and Crises	91
	3 Connection Between Urban Sustainability Transformation and Multiple Crises, Based on Empirical Evidence from Various Arenas of Urban Development	95
	3.1 Introduction to the Urban Context and Examples	95
	3.2 Examples of Crises’ Impacts on Urban Sustainable Development	96
	3.2.1 Urban Water Infrastructure Crisis	96
	3.2.2 Financial Crisis and Urban Austerity: Trade-Offs Between Environmental, Social, and Financial Sustainability	97
	3.3 Cross-Case Assessment	99
	4 Conclusion	100
	References	101
	How to Measure Progress Towards an Inclusive, Safe, Resilient and Sustainable City? Reflections on Applying the Indicators of Sustainable Development Goal 11 in Germany and India	104
	1 Introduction	104
	2 Aims and Approach	107
	3 The Urban Dimension of the Sustainable Development Goals	108
	4 Discussion	108
	5 Outlook	115
	References	116
	Part II: Urban Resources and Governance	118
	Outline	118
	Sustainable Transformation of Urban Water Infrastructure in Amman, Jordan – Meeting Residential Water Demand in the Face of Deficient Public Supply and Alternative Private Water Markets	120
	1 Introduction: Transforming Urban Water Infrastructure	120
	2 Institutional Settings in Amman	123
	3 Governance Challenges for Residential Water Supply	126
	3.1 Sustainability Problems	126
	3.2 Sustainable Urban Water Supply – The Economic Perspective	128
	3.3 The Transformation Conundrum	129
	3.3.1 Four Obstacles to Sustainably Transforming Amman’s Water Supply Sector	129
	3.3.2 Interdependencies Between the Four Obstacles	130
	4 Governance Implications: Water Demand Policy Is Key	131
	4.1 Overview: Governance Options for Sustainable Water Policy	131
	4.2 Water Pricing	132
	4.2.1 Effectiveness of Pricing	132
	4.2.2 Pricing and Equity Considerations	133
	4.2.3 Acceptance: The Willingness to Pay for Higher Quality	134
	4.2.4 Political Feasibility	135
	4.3 Fighting Illegal Abstractions	136
	4.4 Funding Infrastructure Improvements: Curing Revenue Deficits	137
	4.5 Implementation Strategy	137
	5 Conclusion	138
	References	140
	The TEEB Approach Towards Sustainable Urban Transformations: Demonstrating and Capturing Ecosystem Service Values	143
	1 Introduction	143
	2 Urban Green and Its Services for Human Health and Well-Being	145
	3 Demonstrating the Value of Urban Green	147
	3.1 Which Values Are Covered by the Economic Approach?	147
	3.2 Methodological Approaches to Demonstrating Values of Urban Green	149
	4 Capturing Urban Green in Decision-Making	149
	4.1 Delivering Information	150
	4.2 Enhancing Cooperation and Creating New Alliances	151
	4.3 Strengthening Ecosystem Service Perspectives in Urban and Land Use Planning	153
	4.4 Providing Economic Incentives	153
	5 Concluding Remarks	154
	References	155
	Green Infrastructure for Increased Resource Efficiency in Urban Water Management	159
	1 Introduction	159
	2 Graywater	160
	3 Rainwater and Surface Runoff	162
	4 Wastewater	163
	5 Outlook	166
	References	168
	Sustainable Urban Water Governance – Main Aims, Challenges and Institutional Approaches in Germany and Beyond	170
	1 Introduction	170
	2 Seminal Challenges for Urban Water Infrastructure Development	171
	2.1 Widespread Reinvestment Gaps and Obsolescence of Existing Waste Water Structures	172
	2.2 Demographic Change (Shrinkage/Growth/Aging)	172
	2.3 New and Stricter Environmental Standards	172
	2.4 Increasing Risk of Urban Flash Floods as a Result of Land-Use Change and Climate Change	173
	2.5 Increasingly Dry Summer Seasons and Drought Periods as a Result of Climate Change	173
	2.6 Strong Call for More Energy and Resource Efficiency	174
	2.7 Increasing and Highly Diverging Water Prices	174
	2.8 The Liberalization Question	174
	3 Towards Sustainability: Essential Aims and Requirements of Sustainable Water Infrastructure Development	175
	4 Institutional Foundations for Sustainable Urban Water Infrastructure	189
	4.1 State-Sponsored vs. Competitive Fulfilment of Infrastructure Tasks	189
	4.2 The Regulatory Framework	190
	4.3 Incentives	191
	4.4 Organization	191
	4.5 Planning	192
	5 Conclusion	192
	References	193
	Transitioning the Heat Supply System – Challenges with Special Focus on Bioenergy in the Context of Urban Areas	197
	1 Background and Challenges	197
	2 Heat Supply in Urban Areas	199
	3 Biogenic Urban Sources of Heat Supply	202
	4 Criteria for Promising Supply Systems in Urban Areas for Heat from Biomass	204
	5 Future Technologies for Heat from Biomass	207
	5.1 Heating Technologies Based on Solid Biomass	208
	5.2 Solid Biomass for Production Purposes	209
	5.3 Heating Technologies Based on Gaseous Biofuels	210
	6 Change Management – Integrating People and Processes	215
	7 The Path Ahead for Biogenic Urban Heat Supply	217
	References	219
	From Shrinkage to Regrowth: The Nexus Between Urban Dynamics, Land Use Change and Ecosystem Service Provision	221
	1 Introduction	221
	2 Urban Shrinkage and Regrowth	222
	2.1 The Nexus Between Urban Dynamics and Land Use Changes and the Provision of UES	224
	2.2 Examples for the Interplay of Urban Dynamics, Land Use Changes, and the Provision of UES	226
	2.2.1 Shrinkage	226
	2.2.2 Regrowth	228
	3 Which Challenges Can Be Identified from the Interplay of Urban Dynamics, Land Use Change, and UES Provision?	236
	4 How Do Actors, Policies, and Governance Respond to These Challenges?	238
	5 Conclusions	240
	References	242
	Potentials of Urban Brownfields for Improving the Quality of Urban Space	244
	1 Urban Brownfields as Land Resources	244
	2 The Potential Re-Use of Urban Brownfields	245
	2.1 Revitalisation	246
	2.2 Renaturation	247
	2.3 Multifunctional Land Use Options	247
	3 Potential Spaces for Regrowing Cities – The Case of Leipzig, Germany	249
	4 Leeway in Decision-Making	252
	References	253
	Part III: Quality of Life and Ecosystem Services	256
	Outline	256
	Local Residential Quality from an Interdisciplinary Perspective: Combining Individual Perception and Micrometeorological Factors	258
	1 Introduction	258
	2 Conceptual Framework for Local Residential Quality (LRQ)	260
	2.1 Social Science Perspective to Grasp the Individual Perception	261
	2.2 Micrometeorological Factors Characterizing Local Exposure	262
	2.3 Influences of Urban Landscape Features on Environmental Stressors	264
	3 Methodological Design	265
	3.1 The Case Study: Leipzig and Its Large Housing Estate Grünau	265
	3.2 The Methods Used: Household Survey, Air Quality Measurements and Micrometeorological Simulations	266
	4 Empirical Findings and Their Synopsis	267
	4.1 Survey Findings	267
	4.1.1 Estate Scale: Perceptions of Local Residential Quality	267
	4.1.2 District Scale: Perceptions of Local Residential Quality	269
	4.2 ENVI-met Model Findings	271
	4.3 Synopsis of the Results and Discussion	274
	5 Conclusions	274
	References	276
	Socio-Spatial Distribution of Airborne Outdoor Exposures – An Indicator for Environmental Quality, Quality of Life, and Environmental Justice: The Case Study of Berlin	279
	1 Introduction	279
	2 Effects of Airborne Outdoor Exposure on Human Health and Well-Being	280
	3 Airborne Outdoor Exposures Studied from three Perspectives: Environmental Quality, Quality of Life, and Environmental Justice	281
	4 Aims of the Study	284
	5 Material and Methods	285
	5.1 Study Area	285
	5.2 Data	286
	5.3 Methods to Determine PM2.5 and NO2 Concentrations as well as Social Status	287
	5.3.1 Calculation of PM2.5 and NO2 Concentrations	287
	5.3.2 Social Status Index of the Population	288
	6 Empirical Findings	289
	7 Conclusion	294
	References	296
	What Really Matters in Green Infrastructure for the Urban Quality of Life? Santiago de Chile as a Showcase City	302
	1 Introduction	302
	2 Tackling Questions of Green Infrastructure as a Major Component of Urban Land Use	303
	3 Methodological Considerations	305
	3.1 GI from Different Spatial Perspectives	305
	3.2 Santiago de Chile as a Showcase City	306
	3.3 Elaborated Methods	307
	4 Results: GI Analysis at Multiple Scales	308
	4.1 Mirroring Urban with Suburban Municipalities Auditing Dichotomy and Similarities	308
	4.2 Inter-Municipal Inequalities in the Supply of Green Spaces	310
	4.3 The Benefits of Green Spaces for Different Neighbourhoods	314
	4.3.1 The Perception of Safety	314
	4.3.2 Socially Explicit Usage Categories	315
	4.3.3 Perception of Ecosystem Services by Residents	315
	4.4 The Importance of GI in Neighbourhoods of Newly Constructed Suburban Areas	315
	5 Conclusions	317
	References	318
	Do Urban Biodiversity and Urban Ecosystem Services Go Hand in Hand, or Do We Just Hope It Is That Easy?	322
	1 Introduction	322
	2 Biodiversity	324
	3 Effects of Urbanization on Biodiversity	324
	4 Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services	326
	5 The Relationship Between Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services in Urban Areas	327
	6 Conclusions: Developing Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services in the Face of Urban Transformations	329
	References	330
	Part IV: Urban Risks and Resilience	334
	Outline	334
	Resilience, Adaptation and Transformation: Conceptual and Empirical Insights from Two Case Studies in Germany and Chile	336
	1 Introduction	336
	2 Resilience, Adaptation, and Transformation – A Clarification	337
	3 Two Empirical Examples	338
	3.1 Resilience, Transformation and the Experience of Repeated Flood Events in Germany	339
	3.1.1 The Phase from 2002 to 2013: Bouncing Back and Adapting to Future Flood Risks	339
	3.1.2 After the 2013 Flood: Initiation of Transformative Processes?	341
	3.2 Adaptation to Flood Hazard in the Urban Area of Santiago de Chile	342
	3.2.1 From Adaptation to Transformation?	344
	4 Discussion and Conclusion	345
	References	346
	Adapting Built-Up Areas to Climate Change: Assessment of Effects and Feasibility of Adaptation Measures on Heat Hazard	348
	1 Introduction	348
	2 Green and White Adaptation – Urban Responses to Climate Change in the Light of Urban Transformations?	349
	3 The Urban Area of Santiago de Chile	350
	4 Methodological Approach to Assess Green and White Adaptation	352
	5 Current Climate Situation and Residents’ Perception of Heat Hazard in the Study Area	353
	6 Effects of Green and White Adaptation in Built-Up Areas on Heat Hazard	354
	7 Conclusion	357
	References	358
	Climate Proofing of Urban Development: Regulatory Challenges and Approaches in Europe, Germany, and Beyond	360
	1 Introduction	360
	2 Climate Change Impacts in the Urban Context	361
	2.1 Floods: An Increased Risk of Flooding, Rising Sea Levels, and Heavy Rainfall	361
	2.2 Aridity	362
	2.3 Summer Heat	362
	2.4 Changes in Nature and Loss of Biodiversity	363
	3 Climate Proofing as an Administrative and Regulatory Challenge	363
	4 General Challenges of Including Climate Proofing in Urban Development Law	366
	5 Climate Proofing of Urban Development in German and European Law	368
	5.1 Integrated Urban Development: Urban Planning Law	368
	5.2 Riverine Floods: The EU Floods Directive (FD) and the Federal Water Act (WHG)	369
	5.3 Extreme Rainfall and Urban Flash Floods: Water Law and Urban Planning Law	371
	5.4 Heat Waves – Urban Planning and Nature Conservation Law	372
	5.5 Aridity and Water Shortage: Water Law and Urban Planning Law	373
	5.6 Urban Nature and Ecosystem Changes: Nature Conservation Law and Landscape Planning	374
	5.7 Interim Conclusions	375
	6 Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) – An Effective Climate Proofing Instrument for Urban Planning?	376
	7 Special “Climate Adaptation Plans” as a Regulatory Option	378
	8 Conclusion	379
	References	380
	Decision Support on Flood Management in Complex Urban Settings. Is Risk Assessment the Right Approach or Do We Need Decision Heuristics?	383
	1 Managing Flood Hazards in Urban Areas – from Hazard Protection to Risk Management	383
	2 Drawbacks of the Risk-Management Approach	386
	3 Decision Support Approaches that Consider Uncertainties	387
	4 Are Heuristics Ecologically Rational for Flood Management Decisions? Hypotheses and Research Outline	389
	References	391
	Reflections	394
	The Acknowledgement of a Variety of Urban Transformation Approaches	395
	The Concept of Urban Transformations as an Umbrella Term	395
	The Inter- and Transdisciplinary Benefits	396
	The Special Feature of Our Urban Transformation Approach	397
	The Merits of Our Approach	397
	A Final Note	398
	Index	399