|
Preface |
5 |
|
|
Acknowledgments |
8 |
|
|
Contents |
9 |
|
|
1 Prospecting and the Exploration Process |
14 |
|
|
1.1 Definition of Terms |
14 |
|
|
1.2 Generating New Projects and Prospects |
14 |
|
|
1.3 Some Ways of Generating New Exploration Ideas |
16 |
|
|
1.4 A Check-List of Negative Assumptions |
17 |
|
|
1.5 Stages in Prospect Exploration |
18 |
|
|
1.5.1 Target Generation |
18 |
|
|
1.5.2 Target Drilling |
19 |
|
|
1.5.3 Resource Evaluation Drilling |
19 |
|
|
1.5.4 Feasibility Study |
19 |
|
|
1.6 Maximizing Success in Exploration Programmes |
20 |
|
|
1.7 Different Types of Exploration Strategy |
22 |
|
|
1.8 Exploration Feedbacks |
22 |
|
|
1.9 Breaking Occam's Razor |
23 |
|
|
References |
24 |
|
|
2 Geological Mapping in Exploration |
26 |
|
|
2.1 General Considerations |
26 |
|
|
2.1.1 Why Make a Map? |
26 |
|
|
2.1.2 The Nature of a Geological Map |
27 |
|
|
2.1.3 Intelligent Mapping |
28 |
|
|
2.1.4 Choosing the Best Technique |
31 |
|
|
2.1.5 Choosing the Best Scale |
33 |
|
|
2.1.6 Measuring and Recording Structures |
35 |
|
|
2.1.7 Using Satellite Navigation (GPS) |
36 |
|
|
2.2 Mapping Using Reflectance Imagery as a Map Base |
38 |
|
|
2.2.1 General |
38 |
|
|
2.2.2 Acquiring Air Photographs |
39 |
|
|
2.2.3 Geological Interpretation |
39 |
|
|
2.2.4 Determining Scale |
40 |
|
|
2.2.5 Stereoscopic Image Pairs |
42 |
|
|
2.2.6 Image Handling Techniques |
44 |
|
|
2.2.7 Working with Enlarged Air Photographs |
47 |
|
|
2.2.8 Data Transfer to Base Map |
50 |
|
|
2.3 Mapping with a Plane Table |
51 |
|
|
2.4 Mapping on a Pegged Grid |
54 |
|
|
2.4.1 Requirements of the Grid |
54 |
|
|
2.4.2 Making the Map |
56 |
|
|
2.5 Mapping with Tape and Compass |
60 |
|
|
References |
62 |
|
|
3 Mine Mapping |
63 |
|
|
3.1 General |
63 |
|
|
3.2 Mapping in Open Cuts |
63 |
|
|
3.3 Mapping Underground Openings |
68 |
|
|
3.4 Safety in Mines |
72 |
|
|
Reference |
73 |
|
|
4 Trenching and Underground Development |
74 |
|
|
4.1 Preamble |
74 |
|
|
4.2 Pitting and Trenching |
74 |
|
|
4.3 Underground Development |
75 |
|
|
4.4 Safety and Logistics in Trenching |
76 |
|
|
4.5 Geological Mapping |
77 |
|
|
4.6 Geochemical Sampling |
80 |
|
|
4.7 Examples of Successful Exploration Programmes |
82 |
|
|
References |
83 |
|
|
5 Drilling: A General Discussion the Importance of Drilling |
85 |
|
|
5.1 Types of Drilling |
85 |
|
|
5.2 Choosing the Right Technique |
86 |
|
|
5.3 Targeting Holes |
89 |
|
|
5.4 Drilling on Section |
93 |
|
|
References |
94 |
|
|
6 Rotary Percussion Drilling |
95 |
|
|
6.1 Rotary Percussion Drilling |
95 |
|
|
6.1.1 Reverse Circulation Drilling (RC) |
95 |
|
|
6.1.1.1 Geological Logging |
96 |
|
|
6.1.1.2 Display and Storage of Cuttings |
98 |
|
|
6.1.1.3 Sampling |
100 |
|
|
6.1.1.4 Sampling Below the Water Table |
102 |
|
|
6.1.1.5 Capping and Marking the Hole Collar |
102 |
|
|
6.1.2 Air Core Drilling |
103 |
|
|
6.1.3 Rotary Air Blast (RAB) Drilling |
103 |
|
|
6.1.3.1 Drilling Technique |
103 |
|
|
6.1.3.2 Geological Logging |
104 |
|
|
6.1.3.3 Sampling |
105 |
|
|
6.2 Auger Drilling |
106 |
|
|
Reference |
107 |
|
|
7 Diamond Drilling |
108 |
|
|
7.1 Preamble |
108 |
|
|
7.2 Some Definitions |
109 |
|
|
7.3 Before You Begin |
111 |
|
|
7.4 Setting Up a Diamond Hole |
111 |
|
|
7.5 Geological Observation |
112 |
|
|
7.6 Recognizing and Interpreting Structures in Core |
113 |
|
|
7.6.1 Statement of the Problem |
113 |
|
|
7.6.2 Planar Structures |
113 |
|
|
7.6.3 Faults |
114 |
|
|
7.6.4 Linear Structures |
116 |
|
|
7.6.5 Folds |
118 |
|
|
7.6.6 The Scale Problem |
119 |
|
|
7.6.7 Vergence |
121 |
|
|
7.7 Measuring and Recording Structures in Core |
122 |
|
|
7.8 Core Logging Systems |
125 |
|
|
7.8.1 Prose Logging |
125 |
|
|
7.8.2 Graphical Scale Logging |
126 |
|
|
7.8.3 Analytical Spreadsheet Logging |
128 |
|
|
7.9 Down-Hole Surveying |
132 |
|
|
7.9.1 Procedure |
132 |
|
|
7.9.2 Using Down-Hole Survey Data to Plot Sections and Plans |
133 |
|
|
7.9.2.1 Plotting an Approximate Section |
135 |
|
|
7.9.2.2 Plotting an Exact Plan and Section |
135 |
|
|
7.10 When Should Core Be Oriented |
136 |
|
|
7.11 Sampling and Assaying |
136 |
|
|
7.12 Core Handling |
139 |
|
|
7.13 Core Photography |
144 |
|
|
References |
145 |
|
|
8 Satellite Imagery |
146 |
|
|
8.1 General Discussion |
146 |
|
|
8.2 How Earth Observation Satellites Work |
148 |
|
|
8.3 Display of Satellite Images |
149 |
|
|
8.4 Geological Interpretation |
149 |
|
|
8.5 Analysis of Reflectance Data |
151 |
|
|
References |
151 |
|
|
9 Geophysical and Geochemical Methods |
152 |
|
|
9.1 General Discussion |
152 |
|
|
9.2 Magnetic Surveys |
155 |
|
|
9.3 Gravity Surveys |
158 |
|
|
9.4 Radiometric Surveys |
159 |
|
|
9.5 Electromagnetic EM Surveys |
159 |
|
|
9.6 Electrical Surveys |
160 |
|
|
9.7 Hybrid Electrical and Magnetic Surveys |
161 |
|
|
9.8 Advances in Instrumentation and Data Modelling |
162 |
|
|
9.9 Stream Sediment Sampling |
164 |
|
|
9.10 Soil Sampling |
166 |
|
|
9.11 Heavy Mineral Concentrate HMC Sampling |
167 |
|
|
9.12 Rock Chip Sampling |
169 |
|
|
9.13 Laterite Sampling |
170 |
|
|
References |
171 |
|
|
10 Geographical Information Systems and Exploration Databases |
173 |
|
|
10.1 Definition |
173 |
|
|
10.2 The Need for Digital Exploration Databases |
173 |
|
|
10.3 GIS Storage of Map Data |
176 |
|
|
10.3.1 Digitised Line Format |
176 |
|
|
10.3.2 Polygon or Vector Format |
178 |
|
|
10.3.3 Raster Format |
178 |
|
|
10.4 Validation |
178 |
|
|
10.5 Georeferencing |
179 |
|
|
10.5.1 Geographical Coordinates |
179 |
|
|
10.5.2 Cartesian Coordinates |
179 |
|
|
10.5.3 Map Datums |
180 |
|
|
10.5.4 Map Registering |
181 |
|
|
10.6 Manipulation of GIS Data |
181 |
|
|
10.7 Presentation of GIS Data |
182 |
|
|
Appendix A Notes on the Use of Graphical Scale Logging |
186 |
|
|
A.1 Column 1 (Hole Depth) |
187 |
|
|
A.2 Column 2 (Core Recovery) |
187 |
|
|
A.3 Column 3 (Core Quality) |
187 |
|
|
A.4 Column 4 (Sample No.) |
187 |
|
|
A.5 Column 5 (Assay Results) |
187 |
|
|
A.6 Column 6 (Mapping Logs) |
187 |
|
|
A.7 Column 7 (Histogram Logs) |
188 |
|
|
A.8 Column 8 (Geology Notes) |
189 |
|
|
A.9 Column 9 (Summary Log) |
189 |
|
|
A.10 Remarks Area |
189 |
|
|
Appendix B Oriented Drill Core: Techniques and Procedures |
190 |
|
|
B.1 Techniques for Orienting Drill Core |
190 |
|
|
B.1.1 Non-mechanical Means |
190 |
|
|
B.1.2 Mechanical Means |
190 |
|
|
B.2 How toHandle Oriented Core |
195 |
|
|
B.3 How to Measure Structures in Oriented Core |
197 |
|
|
B.3.1 Before You Measure |
197 |
|
|
B.3.2 How Many Measurements Are Needed? |
198 |
|
|
B.3.3 Using a Core Frame |
199 |
|
|
B.3.4 Using Internal Core Angles |
202 |
|
|
B.3.4.1 The Angles that Define Planar Structure |
202 |
|
|
B.3.4.2 The Angles that Define Linear Structure |
203 |
|
|
B.3.4.3 How to Measure Internal Core Angles |
204 |
|
|
B.3.4.4 Converting Internal Core Angles to Strike and Dip Measurements |
206 |
|
|
B.3.4.5 Mathematical Reduction |
207 |
|
|
B.3.4.6 Reduction Using Stereonet |
207 |
|
|
B.3.4.7 Problems with the Internal Core Angle Method |
207 |
|
|
B.3.5 Discussion on the Best Measuring Technique |
208 |
|
|
B.3.6 Plotting Structure Measurements on Drill Section |
209 |
|
|
References |
211 |
|
|
Appendix C Calculating Strike and Dip from Multiple Diamond Drill Holes |
212 |
|
|
C.1 The Three Point Problem |
212 |
|
|
C.2 Solution Using Structure Contours |
212 |
|
|
C.3 Solution Using a Stereonet |
213 |
|
|
C.4 An Elegant Solution to Determining the Attitude of Planes in Non-oriented Core |
215 |
|
|
References |
217 |
|
|
Appendix D How to Use a Stereo Net to Convert Internal Core Angles to Geographic Coordinates |
218 |
|
|
D.1 The Solution for Planar Structures |
218 |
|
|
D.2 The Solution for Linear Structures |
220 |
|
|
Appendix E Practical Field Techniques |
222 |
|
|
E.1 Choosing the Right Compass |
222 |
|
|
E.2 Understanding Your Compass |
222 |
|
|
E.3 Measuring the Strike and Dip of Planes |
224 |
|
|
E.4 Measuring the Trend and Plunge of Lineations |
225 |
|
|
Appendix F Suggested Further Reading |
229 |
|
|
General |
229 |
|
|
Chapter 1 |
229 |
|
|
Chapter 2 |
230 |
|
|
Chapter 4 |
231 |
|
|
Chapter 5 |
231 |
|
|
Chapter 6 |
232 |
|
|
Chapter 7 |
232 |
|
|
Chapter 8 |
232 |
|
|
Chapter 9 |
233 |
|
|
Chapter 10 |
234 |
|
|
Acronyms and Abbreviations |
235 |
|
|
Color Plate |
237 |
|
|
Index |
238 |
|