Dedication	5
	Foreword	6
	Preface	8
	Contents	11
	About the Editors	13
	Chapter 1: Biologically Renewable Resources of Energy: Potentials, Progress and Barriers	15
	1.1 Introduction	15
	1.1.1 Energy	15
	1.1.2 Energy Resources and Sustainable Development	16
	1.1.3 Current Scenario of World’s Energy Usage	16
	1.2 Renewable Energy Resources	18
	1.2.1 Potential of Biological Energy Resources	18
	1.2.2 Potential and Progress of Biomass Utilization as Biofuel	20
	1.2.3 Production of Ethanol from Biomass	21
	1.2.4 Production of Biodiesel from Biomass	24
	1.2.4.1 Production of Biodiesel from Microalgae	24
	1.2.4.2 Current Progress in Biodiesel Production	28
	1.2.4.3 Challenges with the Commercialization of Biodiesel	28
	Harvesting	29
	Drying	29
	1.2.5 Production of Biogas from Biomass	30
	1.3 Barriers of Utilization of Renewable Biological Energy Resources for Fuel Production	30
	1.4 Future Possibilities of Utilization of Renewable Biological Energy Resources for Fuel Production	31
	1.5 Concluding Remarks	31
	References	32
	Chapter 2: Microbial Fuel Cells: Fundamentals, Types, Significance and Limitations	37
	2.1 Introduction	37
	2.2 Basic Configuration and Mechanism of MFC	39
	2.2.1 Anode Chamber	39
	2.2.2 Cathode Chamber	42
	2.2.3 Separator Membrane	42
	2.3 Mechanism of Pre-Treatment for Increased Power Output	43
	2.3.1 Pre-Treatment of Electrode for Increased Power Output	44
	2.3.2 Pre-Treatment of Substrate for Increased Power Output	44
	2.3.2.1 Physical/Chemical Pre-Treatment	44
	2.3.2.2 Biological Treatment	45
	2.4 Classification	45
	2.4.1 Based on Mediator	45
	2.4.2 Based on Dependency of Microbial Nutrition	49
	2.4.2.1 Phototrophic MFC	49
	2.4.2.2 Heterotrophic MFC	50
	2.4.2.3 Mixotrophic MFC	50
	2.4.3 Based on Dependency of Light	51
	2.4.4 Based on Dependency of Temperature	51
	2.4.5 Based on Configuration	52
	2.5 Proposed Application of MFC	52
	2.6 Barriers and Challenges in MFC	54
	2.7 Conclusion	55
	References	55
	Chapter 3: Plant Microbial Fuel Cell Technology: Developments and Limitations	63
	3.1 Introduction	63
	3.2 General Architecture of a Plant Microbial Fuel Cell	64
	3.3 Anode Materials for Plant Microbial Fuel Cells	65
	3.4 Cathode Materials for Plant Microbial Fuel Cells	72
	3.5 Plants Used in MFC Systems	72
	3.6 Microbial Community Found in Plant Microbial Fuel Cells	73
	3.7 Improvements, Limitations, and Future Research for Plant Microbial Fuel Cells	73
	References	75
	Chapter 4: Current Advances in Paddy Plant Microbial Fuel Cells	80
	4.1 Introduction	80
	4.2 Test Materials and Methods	81
	4.3 Results and Discussion	85
	4.3.1 Experiment Using Bucket of 13 L with Carbon Fiber and Activated Bamboo Charcoal as Electrodes	85
	4.3.2 Experiment Using PET Bottle of 500 mL with Activated Bamboo Charcoal for Anode and Cathode	86
	4.4 Conclusions	90
	References	92
	Chapter 5: Algal Microbial Fuel Cells—Nature’s Perpetual Energy Resource	94
	5.1 Current Scenario	94
	5.1.1 Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs)	95
	5.1.2 Algae	96
	5.1.3 Experimental Setup of MFCs	97
	5.2 Electrode Materials	98
	5.2.1 Properties of Electrode Materials	98
	5.3 Materials Used for the Anode	99
	5.4 Materials Used for the Cathode	100
	5.5 Membranes	101
	5.6 Integration of Algae in MFCs	101
	5.7 Different Types of PMFC Configurations	102
	5.8 Coupled PMFCs	103
	5.9 Single-Chambered PMFCs	105
	5.10 Dual-Chambered PMFCs	106
	5.11 Sediment MFCs (SMFCs)	112
	5.12 Twelve-Reactor Algal Fuel Cells	113
	5.13 Nine-Cascade Algal Fuel Cells	114
	5.14 Anode Assistance with Phototrophic Microorganisms	115
	5.15 Anode-Assisted Electrochemical Catalysis	115
	5.16 Substrates as End Products	117
	5.17 Cathode Assistance with Phototrophic Microorganisms	117
	5.18 Oxygen Production	117
	5.19 Carbon Dioxide Utilization	118
	5.20 Production of Biomass	119
	5.21 Treatment of Wastewater	120
	5.22 Illumination Effects	120
	5.23 Challenges and Prospects	121
	5.24 Future Perspectives of PMFCs	122
	5.25 Conclusion	123
	References	124
	Chapter 6: Fungal Fuel Cells: Nature’s Perpetual Energy Resource	130
	6.1 Microbial Fuel Cell: Brief Introduction	130
	6.2 Introduction to Fungal Microbial Fuel Cell	131
	6.3 Microbial Fuel Cell with Fungal Biofilm as Bio-anode	132
	6.4 Biodegradation Using Fungal MFC Yielding By-Products	134
	6.5 Fungi as Biocatalyst for Air-Cathode MFC	138
	6.6 Fungal Enzyme-Based MFC	139
	6.7 Microbial Fuel Cell with Fungal Biofilm as Bio-cathode	140
	6.8 Fungi-Bacteria-Assisted MFC for Bioenergy Production	142
	6.9 Liquid Fungal Cultures as Anolyte and Catholyte in MFC	144
	6.10 Fungal Microbial Fuel Cell for Bioenergy Production	144
	6.11 Future Perspectives and Challenges	145
	6.12 Conclusion	146
	References	146
	Chapter 7: Bioelectricity Generation in Soil Microbial Fuel Cells Using Organic Waste	149
	7.1 Introduction	149
	7.2 Test Materials and Methods	150
	7.3 Results and Discussion	151
	7.3.1 Influence of Leaf Mould	151
	7.3.2 Influence of Photosynthetic Bacteria	153
	7.3.3 Influences of Rice Bran	154
	7.3.4 Influences of Aerobic Condition	155
	7.3.5 Influence Due to the Distance Between the Electrodes	156
	7.3.6 Influence of Anode Modified with Iron Winding	158
	7.3.7 Power Generation	160
	7.4 Conclusions	161
	References	161
	Chapter 8: Microbial Fuel Cell Research Using Animal Waste: A Feebly-Explored Area to Others	163
	8.1 Introduction	163
	8.1.1 Microbial Fuel Cells in Waste Management	164
	8.2 Energy Production from Various Sources	165
	8.2.1 Sewage Sludge	166
	8.2.2 Domestic Waste	167
	8.2.2.1 Kitchen and Bamboo Waste	169
	8.2.3 Industrial Waste	169
	8.2.3.1 Winery Wastewater	170
	8.2.3.2 Brewery Wastewater	170
	8.2.3.3 Food Industry	170
	8.2.3.4 Potato-Processing Wastewater	171
	8.2.3.5 Dairy Industry	171
	8.2.4 Animal Waste	172
	8.2.4.1 Slaughterhouse Wastewater	172
	8.2.4.2 Swine Wastewater Treatment	173
	8.2.5 Agrowaste Industries	174
	8.2.6 Marine Sediments	174
	8.3 Rumen Waste in MFC	175
	8.3.1 Rumen Fluid as a Cheap Energy Source	175
	8.3.1.1 Pros and Cons of Using Animal Waste	175
	8.4 Conclusion	176
	References	176
	Chapter 9: Electricigens: Role and Prominence in Microbial Fuel Cell Performance	181
	9.1 Introduction	181
	9.2 Electricigens	182
	9.2.1 Electron Transport Mechanism	182
	9.2.2 Etymology of Microbes in Microbial Fuel Cell	182
	9.3 Pioneering Microbes	185
	9.3.1 Geobacter sp. and Shewanella sp.	186
	9.3.2 Pseudomonas sp.	186
	9.3.3  Clostridium sp.	187
	9.3.4 Enterobacter Species	187
	9.3.5 Aeromonas Species	188
	9.3.6 Saccharomyces cerevisiae	188
	9.3.7 Other Microbes	189
	9.4 Characterization of Biofilm	189
	9.4.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy	189
	9.4.2 Atomic Force Spectroscopy	190
	9.4.3 Confocal Scanning Laser Microscopy	191
	9.4.4 Thermogravimetric Analysis	191
	9.4.5 DGGE and Sequence Analysis	192
	9.5 Summary and Conclusion	192
	References	193
	Chapter 10: Rumen Fluid Microbes for Bioelectricity Production: A Novel Approach	198
	10.1 Introduction	198
	10.1.1 Optimization of Parameters for the Increased Electricity Production by the Microbial Fuel Cell Using Rumen Fluid	199
	10.1.1.1 Scale-Up of MFC with Rumen Fluid	201
	10.1.2 Comparative Analysis of Power Production of Pure, Co-culture, and Mixed Culture in Microbial Fuel Cell	202
	10.1.2.1 Bacterial Strains	202
	10.1.2.2 Brief Pure Culture Study in Terms of Voltage Production and Cyclic Voltammogram	203
	10.1.2.3 Co-culture and Mixed Culture Studies	206
	10.1.2.4 SEM Analysis	207
	10.1.2.5 Production of Bioelectricity in MFC by Pseudomonas fragi DRR-2 (Psychrophilic) Isolated from Goat Rumen Fluid	208
	10.1.2.6 Growth Curve and Protein Content of Pseudomonas fragi DRR-2 at Different Temperatures	209
	Power Production of the Bacterium Under Different Temperatures Using Salt Bridge and Nafion 117	209
	Cyclic Voltammogram of the Strain in Low Temperatures	210
	10.1.3 Performance of Paracoccus homiensis DRR-3 in Microbial Fuel Cell with Membranes	210
	10.1.3.1 Power Production of Paracoccus homiensis DRR-3 with Nafion 117 in MFC	210
	10.1.3.2 Power Production of Paracoccus homiensis DRR-3 with PVDF and PCZ in MFC	212
	10.1.4 Membranes, Their Performance, Electrochemical Analysis in MFC	213
	10.1.4.1 Cyclic Voltammogram of P. homiensis Using Membranes	213
	10.1.4.2 Impedance Spectra of P. homiensis Using Membranes	213
	10.1.5 Applications of Rumen Fluid MFC	215
	10.2 Summary and Conclusion	216
	References	217
	Chapter 11: Advances in Concurrent Bioelectricity Generation and Bioremediation Through Microbial Fuel Cells	221
	11.1 Introduction	221
	11.2 Improvement in the Microbial Fuel Cell Technology for Bioremediation	222
	11.3 Design of Microbial Fuel Cell	223
	11.4 Electrode Materials	224
	11.4.1 Anode Materials	225
	11.4.1.1 Role of Anode in Bioremediation	228
	11.4.2 Cathode Materials	228
	11.4.2.1 Role of Cathode in Bioremediation	231
	11.4.3 Membrane Material	231
	11.5 Types of Waste Materials Used as Substrates in MFC	231
	11.6 Types of Microbial Fuel Cell for Bioremediation of Pollutants	235
	11.6.1 Anaerobic Microbial Fuel Cell (ANMFC)	235
	11.6.2 Sediment Microbial Fuel Cell (SMFC)	235
	11.6.3 Benthic Microbial Fuel Cells (BMFC)	236
	11.6.4 Enzyme-Based Microbial Fuel Cells (EBC)	236
	11.6.5 Air-Breathing Cathode-Based Microbial Fuel Cells (ABC-MFC)	237
	11.6.6 Constructed Wetland Microbial Fuel Cells (CW-MFC)	238
	11.6.7 Thermophilic Microbial Fuel Cells (TMFC)	238
	11.7 Commercial Application of MFC and Economic Feasibility	239
	11.8 Future Prospects and Directions	239
	References	240
	Chapter 12: Microbial Desalination Cells: A Boon for Future Generations	250
	12.1 Introduction	250
	12.1.1 Microbial Desalination Cell	251
	12.1.1.1 Materials: Electrodes, Anolyte, Separating Membrane	252
	12.1.1.2 Substrate/Anolyte/Catholyte	252
	12.1.2 MDC Designs	254
	12.1.2.1 Biocathode MDC	254
	12.1.2.2 Photosynthetic MDC	254
	12.1.2.3 Stacked MDC	255
	12.1.2.4 Supercapacitive MDC	255
	12.1.3 Pros and Cons of MDC	255
	12.1.4 Future of MDC	256
	12.2 Summary and Conclusion	256
	References	256
	Chapter 13: The Performance of Microbial Fuel Cells in Field Trials from a Global Perspective	259
	13.1 Microbial Fuel Cells (MFC): A Sustainable Solution for Energy Demand	259
	13.2 Why Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs)?	260
	13.3 From Laboratory to Pilot Scale: In Nutshell	261
	13.4 Qualities of MFCs	262
	13.5 Source of Green Energy	263
	13.6 Generating Power While Treating Wastes	263
	13.7 Reactor Design for Pilot-Scale Process	265
	13.7.1 Single-Chamber MFCs	266
	13.7.2 Two-Chamber MFCs	268
	13.7.3 Vertical or Upflow Chamber MFCs	269
	13.7.4 Stacked MFCs	270
	13.7.5 Flat-Plate Microbial Fuel Cells (FPMFCs)	273
	13.8 Field Trials of MFCs	275
	13.8.1 Application of MFC for Wastewater Treatment	275
	13.8.2 Constructed Wetlands	276
	13.8.3 Small Island	277
	13.8.4 Domestic Wastewater	279
	13.8.5 Brewery and Winery Industries	280
	13.8.6 Agro-Food and Dairy Industries	281
	13.9 Problems Associated with Pilot-Scale Studies	282
	13.10 Solutions at Laboratory Level	282
	13.11 Future Perspectives	285
	References	285
	Chapter 14: Future Perspectives on Cost-Effective Microbial Fuel Cells in Rural Areas	291
	14.1 Introduction	291
	14.2 MFC and its Types (at Pilot Scale)	292
	14.2.1 Benthic MFC	295
	14.2.2 Submersible MFC	296
	14.2.3 Photosynthetic (Plant and Algal) MFC	296
	14.2.4 Stacked and Multi-electrode MFC	297
	14.2.5 Other Hybrid MFCs	298
	14.3 Cost-Effective Resources for MFC Technology	299
	14.4 Scaling Up for Commercialization	300
	14.4.1 Enhanced Power Generation	300
	14.4.2 Low Input Costs	301
	14.4.3 Long-term Stability	301
	14.4.4 Power Output Management	302
	14.5 Integrated Centralized MFC System	302
	14.6 Implementation in Rural Areas	303
	14.6.1 Loan from Banks and Easy Return Agreement	305
	14.6.2 Government Schemes and Subsidies	305
	14.7 Conclusion	306
	References	306
	Correction to: Future Perspectives on Cost-Effective Microbial Fuel Cells in Rural Areas	311
	Index	312