Preface	5
	Contents	8
	Acronyms	21
	1 Building Information Modeling: Why? What? How?	24
	1.1 Building Information Modeling: Why?	25
	1.2 Building Information Modeling: What?	27
	1.2.1 BIM in the Design Development Phase	29
	1.2.2 BIM in the Construction Phase	32
	1.2.3 BIM in the Operation Phase	33
	1.2.4 Level of Development	33
	1.3 Building Information Modeling: How?	34
	1.3.1 Little BIM vs. BIG BIM, Closed BIM vs. Open BIM	34
	1.3.2 BIM Maturity Levels	36
	1.3.3 BIM Project Execution	38
	1.3.4 BIM Roles and Professions	39
	1.4 State of BIM Adoption	40
	1.5 Summary	43
	References	44
	Part I Technological Foundations	48
	2 Principles of Geometric Modeling	49
	2.1 Geometric Modeling in the Context of BIM	49
	2.2 Solid Modeling	51
	2.2.1 Explicit Modeling	51
	2.2.1.1 Boundary Representation Methods	51
	2.2.1.2 Triangulated Surface Modeling	53
	2.2.2 Implicit Modeling	54
	2.2.2.1 Constructive Solid Geometry	54
	2.2.2.2 Extrusion and Rotation Methods	55
	2.2.3 A Comparison of Explicit and Implicit Methods	56
	2.3 Parametric Modeling	57
	2.4 Freeform Curves and Surfaces	59
	2.4.1 Freeform Curves	59
	2.4.2 Freeform Surfaces	61
	2.5 Further Reading	62
	2.6 Summary	62
	References	63
	3 Data Modeling	64
	3.1 Introduction	64
	3.2 Workflow of Data Modeling	65
	3.3 Data Modeling Notations and Languages	66
	3.3.1 Entity Relationship Diagrams (ERD)	66
	3.3.2 Unified Modeling Language (UML)	67
	3.3.3 Extensible Markup Language (XML)	68
	3.4 Data Modeling Concepts	69
	3.4.1 Entities and Entity Types	69
	3.4.2 Attributes	70
	3.4.2.1 Relationship Modeling	71
	3.4.2.2 Object-Oriented Modeling	72
	3.4.2.3 XML Data Modeling	73
	3.4.3 Relations and Associations	74
	3.4.3.1 Entity Relationship Modeling	74
	3.4.3.2 Object-Oriented Modeling	75
	3.4.3.3 XML Data Modeling	77
	3.4.4 Aggregations and Compositions	77
	3.4.5 Specialization and Generalization (Inheritance)	79
	3.4.5.1 Object-Oriented Modeling	79
	3.4.5.2 XML Data Modeling	80
	3.5 Challenges of Data Modeling in AEC/FM	81
	3.6 Summary	82
	References	83
	4 Process Modeling	84
	4.1 Introduction	84
	4.2 Workflow Management	86
	4.3 Process Modeling	88
	4.3.1 Integration Definition for Function Modeling	89
	4.3.2 Business Process Modeling and Notation	90
	4.3.2.1 Flow Objects	90
	4.3.2.2 Pools and Swim Lanes	92
	4.3.2.3 Connecting Objects	93
	4.3.2.4 Artifacts	93
	4.4 Workflow Management Systems	95
	4.5 Execution Processes	96
	4.6 Summary	98
	References	98
	Part II Interoperability in AEC	100
	5 Industry Foundation Classes: A Standardized Data Model for the Vendor-Neutral Exchange of Digital Building Models	101
	5.1 Background	101
	5.2 History of the IFC Data Model	104
	5.3 EXPRESS: A Data Modeling Language for the IFC Standard	106
	5.4 Organization in Layers	108
	5.4.1 Core Layer	108
	5.4.2 Interoperability Layer	110
	5.4.3 Domain Layer	110
	5.4.4 Resource Layer	110
	5.5 Inheritance Hierarchy	111
	5.5.1 IfcRoot and Its Direct Subclasses	112
	5.5.2 IfcObject and Its Direct Subclasses	112
	5.5.3 IfcProduct and Its Direct Subclasses	113
	5.6 Object Relationships	113
	5.6.1 General Concept	113
	5.6.2 Spatial Aggregation Hierarchy	115
	5.6.3 Relationships Between Spaces and Their Bounding Elements	116
	5.6.4 Specifying Materials	118
	5.7 Geometric Representations	121
	5.7.1 Division Between Semantic Description and Geometric Representation	121
	5.7.2 Forms of Geometric Description	121
	5.7.2.1 Points, Vectors, Directions	122
	5.7.2.2 Curves in 2D and 3D	122
	5.7.2.3 Bounding Box	122
	5.7.2.4 Surface Model	122
	5.7.2.5 Triangulated Surface Descriptions/Tessellation	123
	5.7.2.6 Solid Modeling	124
	5.7.2.7 Boundary Representation	125
	5.7.2.8 Constructive Solid Geometry	127
	5.7.2.9 Clipping	128
	5.7.2.10 Rotation, Extrusion and Swept Solids	128
	5.7.3 Relative Positioning	130
	5.8 Extension Mechanisms: Property Sets and Proxies	132
	5.9 Typification of Building Elements	134
	5.10 Example: HelloWall.ifc	136
	5.11 ifcXML	142
	5.12 Summary	143
	References	145
	6 Process-Based Definition of Model Content	147
	6.1 Overview	147
	6.2 Information Delivery Manuals and Model View Definitions	148
	6.2.1 Process Maps	151
	6.2.2 Exchange Requirements	152
	6.2.3 Model View Definitions	152
	6.2.4 Level of Development	156
	6.3 Summary	157
	References	158
	7 IFC Certification of BIM Software	159
	7.1 The Aims of buildingSMART Software Certification	159
	7.2 Expectations of Software Certification	160
	7.3 The Principles of IFC Software Certification	163
	7.3.1 IDM and MVD	163
	7.3.2 Test Descriptions and Calibration Files	164
	7.3.3 GTDS Web Platform	165
	7.4 The Process of Software Certification	167
	7.4.1 Export Certification	167
	7.4.2 Import Certification	168
	7.5 Further Aspects of Software Certification	168
	7.5.1 Costs	168
	7.5.2 Transparency and Reproducibility	168
	7.5.3 The Role of mvdXML	169
	7.5.4 The Importance of Software Certification for BIM	169
	7.6 Outlook	169
	7.7 Summary	172
	References	173
	8 Structured Vocabularies in Construction: Classifications, Taxonomies and Ontologies	174
	8.1 Introduction	174
	8.2 Applications of Structured Vocabularies	175
	8.3 Foundations of Structured Vocabularies	177
	8.3.1 Shared Dictionaries	177
	8.3.2 Classification Systems	178
	8.3.3 Ontologies	179
	8.4 Technical Implementations of Structured Vocabularies	179
	8.4.1 Classification Tables	179
	8.4.2 ISO 12006 and bSDD	180
	8.4.3 Semantic Web and Linked Data	180
	8.5 Summary	183
	References	184
	9 COBie: A Specification for the Construction Operations Building Information Exchange	185
	9.1 Introduction	185
	9.2 Information Exchange Projects in the NBIMS	187
	9.3 Workflows and Technologies Behind COBie	187
	9.3.1 Identify Requirements	187
	9.3.2 COBie File Formats	189
	9.3.3 Workflow of Data Transfer	190
	9.3.4 Content of a COBie Spreadsheet File	192
	9.3.5 File Format COBieLite	194
	9.3.6 Structure and Content of a COBieLite File	195
	9.4 Implementation Status	196
	9.5 Summary	197
	References	198
	10 Linked Data	199
	10.1 Introduction	199
	10.2 Concepts of Linked Data and the Semantic Web	200
	10.3 Technology: The Semantic Web Stack	202
	10.4 Linked Data in AEC/FM	204
	10.5 Multiple Interlinked Models	206
	10.6 Dynamic, Semantic Model Extensions	209
	10.7 Querying and Reasoning	212
	10.8 Summary	213
	References	214
	11 Modeling Cities and Landscapes in 3D with CityGML	216
	11.1 Introduction	216
	11.2 What Is CityGML? A Short Introduction	218
	11.2.1 Implementation	218
	11.2.2 Geometry	219
	11.3 LoD in CityGML	219
	11.4 Validation of CityGML Datasets	221
	11.5 Viewing CityGML Data Over the Web	223
	11.6 Applications of 3D City Models	225
	11.7 BIM and 3D GIS Integrations: IFC and CityGML	226
	11.8 BIM and 3D GIS: BIM gbXML and CityGML	228
	11.9 Summary	229
	References	230
	12 BIM Programming	233
	12.1 Introduction	233
	12.2 Procedures for Accessing Data in the STEP Format	234
	12.2.1 Early Binding	234
	12.2.2 Late Binding	236
	12.3 Accessing XML Encoded IFC Data	238
	12.4 Interpretation of IFC Geometry Information	239
	12.5 Add-In Development for Commercial BIM Applications	242
	12.6 Cloud-Based Platforms	243
	12.7 Visual Programming	244
	12.8 Summary	246
	References	247
	Part III BIM-Based Collaboration	248
	13 BIM Project Management	249
	13.1 Introduction	249
	13.2 Participants and Perspectives	251
	13.3 Information Requirements and Models	252
	13.3.1 Organizational Information Requirements	253
	13.3.2 Project Information Requirements/Model	253
	13.3.3 Asset Information Requirements/Model	254
	13.3.4 Exchange Information Requirements	254
	13.3.5 Information Requirements Over the Asset LifeCycle	254
	13.3.6 BIM Execution Plan	255
	13.3.7 Task Information Delivery Plan	256
	13.3.8 Master Information Delivery Plan	257
	13.4 Collaborative Production of Information	257
	13.4.1 Information Management in the Project DeliveryPhase	257
	13.4.2 Roles During the Production of Information	260
	13.5 Container-Based Collaboration	262
	13.6 Summary	263
	References	263
	14 Collaborative Data Management	264
	14.1 Introduction	265
	14.2 BIM Information Resources	266
	14.2.1 Metadata	266
	14.2.2 Level of Aggregation	267
	14.2.3 Digital Building Models	267
	14.2.4 Information in Model Coordination and Model Management	270
	14.3 The Requirements of Cooperative Data Management	272
	14.4 Communication and Cooperation	273
	14.4.1 Concurrency Control	275
	14.4.2 Roles and Rights	277
	14.4.3 Versioning	278
	14.4.4 Approval and Archiving	280
	14.5 Software Systems for Collaborative Work Using BIM Data	281
	14.5.1 Common File Repository	281
	14.5.2 Document Management Systems	282
	14.5.3 Internet-Based Project Platforms	283
	14.5.4 Product Data Management Systems	284
	14.5.5 Proprietary BIM Servers	285
	14.5.6 Product Model Servers	286
	14.6 Summary	288
	References	289
	15 Common Data Environment	291
	15.1 Introduction	292
	15.2 Basic Technical Aspects	293
	15.2.1 Data Repository	294
	15.2.2 Data Structuring	295
	15.2.3 Access Rights Administration	298
	15.2.4 Workflows and Information Delivery	298
	15.2.5 Version and Documentation Management	299
	15.2.6 Status Management	299
	15.2.7 Filtering	300
	15.2.8 Project Communication	301
	15.2.9 Quality Checks and Maintaining Model Quality	301
	15.3 Summary	303
	References	303
	16 BIM Manager	304
	16.1 BIM Manager: A New Role	304
	16.2 The BIM Manager as a Key to Success	306
	16.3 Tasks of a BIM Manager	307
	16.4 Competences of a BIM Manager	309
	16.5 Distinction Between BIM Manager and Other BIM Functions	309
	16.6 The BIM Manager's Place in the Project Organization	310
	16.7 Summary	312
	References	313
	17 Integrating BIM in Construction Contracts	314
	17.1 Introduction	314
	17.2 Contract Systems	315
	17.3 Work Organisation and Process Details	317
	17.4 Rights to Data	319
	17.5 Liability	320
	17.6 BIM Management	322
	17.7 Summary	323
	References	324
	Part IV BIM Use Cases	326
	18 BIM-Based Design Coordination	327
	18.1 Model Support in Coordination	327
	18.2 Clash Detection	328
	18.3 4D Construction Process Animation	332
	18.4 Model Checking	336
	18.5 Summary	337
	19 BIM for Structural Engineering	338
	19.1 Introduction	338
	19.2 Geometric and Analytical Model	338
	19.3 Structural Engineering Workflow	339
	19.3.1 Advance Planning, Structural Engineering Drafting	339
	19.3.2 Permitting Planning	340
	19.3.3 Construction Planning	342
	19.3.3.1 Formwork Drawings	342
	19.3.3.2 Reinforcement Model	342
	19.3.3.3 Reinforcement Drawings	343
	19.4 Summary	344
	20 BIM for Energy Analysis	346
	20.1 Problem Description and Definition	346
	20.2 Energy Demand Calculation and Building ServicesEngineering	347
	20.3 Data Exchange and Software-Support	348
	20.3.1 Formats for the Exchange of Energy-Related Building and Facility Data Using BIM	348
	20.3.2 Required Definitions	349
	20.3.3 Software-Support for the Tasks of Dimensioning, Energy Demand Calculation, and Building Simulation	350
	20.4 Process Chain: Use of BIM for the Tasks of Energy Demand Calculation and Building Simulation	352
	20.5 Summary	354
	References	355
	21 BIM for Construction Safety and Health	357
	21.1 Introduction	357
	21.2 Accident Statistics and Root Causes	358
	21.3 Legal Obligations and Responsibilities Differ by Country	360
	21.4 Problems in the State-of-the-Art Safety Planning	361
	21.5 Integrating BIM in the Safety Planning Process	363
	21.6 Safety and BIM in the Project Lifecycle	364
	21.7 Safety Rule Checking in BIM	365
	21.8 Real World Applications of Safety Rule Checking in BIM	367
	21.9 Return on Investment	369
	21.10 The Future Role of BIM in Safety and Health Planning	370
	21.11 Summary	371
	References	372
	22 BIM-Based Code Compliance Checking	374
	22.1 Introduction	374
	22.2 Challenges of Automated Code Compliance Checking	376
	22.3 Formal and Content-Related Correctness of Building Models	378
	22.4 Selected Software Products	379
	22.4.1 CORENET	380
	22.4.2 Jotne Express Data Manager	381
	22.4.3 BIM Assure	382
	22.4.4 Solibri Model Checker	382
	22.5 Current Research	384
	22.6 Summary	386
	References	387
	23 BIM-Based Quantity Take-Off	389
	23.1 Introduction	389
	23.2 Work Breakdown Structure	390
	23.3 Modeling Guidelines for QTO	391
	23.4 Data Modeling for QTO	393
	23.5 Work Flow of BIM-Based QTO	394
	23.6 Summary	396
	References	397
	24 Building Surveying for As-Built Modeling	398
	24.1 Introduction	398
	24.2 Coordinate System	400
	24.3 Manual Surveying	402
	24.4 Tacheometry	404
	24.5 Photogrammetry	406
	24.5.1 Single Image Photogrammetry	406
	24.5.2 Multi-image Photogrammetry	407
	24.5.3 Stereo Photogrammetry	408
	24.5.4 UAV Photogrammetry	410
	24.6 Terrestrial Laser Scanning	411
	24.6.1 Laser Scanning in Combinationwith Photogrammetry	414
	24.7 Summary	415
	References	416
	25 BIM in Industrial Prefabrication for Construction	417
	25.1 Industrial Production in the Building Sector	417
	25.2 Production Models for Digital Production Methods	419
	25.2.1 CAD-CAM Process Schema	419
	25.2.2 Requirements for Production Models	420
	25.3 Object-Oriented CAD Systems in Manufacturing	420
	25.4 Further Aspects of Industrial Prefabrication	422
	25.4.1 Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) Systems	423
	25.4.2 Computer-Aided Quality (CAQ) Management	423
	25.4.3 Additive Manufacturing (AM) Techniques	423
	25.5 Summary	424
	References	424
	26 BIM for 3D Printing in Construction	425
	26.1 Introduction	426
	26.2 Background on 3D Printing	427
	26.2.1 Principles of 3D Printing	427
	26.2.1.1 Stereolithography (SLA)	427
	26.2.1.2 Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)	428
	26.2.1.3 Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM)	429
	26.2.1.4 Powder Bed and Inkjet Head 3D Printing	429
	26.2.2 Cost of 3D Printing	430
	26.2.3 Direct and Indirect Use of 3D Printing	431
	26.2.4 Techniques in Construction Applications	431
	26.2.5 Ongoing Research Activities	433
	26.3 Methods	435
	26.3.1 Interdisciplinary Team Building for Setting Goals and Work Steps	435
	26.3.2 Automated 3D Printing Technology and Process in a Factory Setting	436
	26.4 Experiments and Results	438
	26.4.1 ``Stuttgart 21'' Main Central Station	438
	26.4.2 Small Scale Testing	439
	26.4.3 Large Scale Testing	439
	26.5 The Role of BIM and Robots in the 3D Printing Process	440
	26.5.1 General Requirements for 3D Printing	443
	26.5.2 3D Printing with Robots	444
	26.6 Summary	447
	References	448
	27 BIM-Based Production Systems	451
	27.1 Production Systems in the Building Sector	452
	27.2 Software Systems Supporting Production Systems	453
	27.3 Data Communication on the Project	454
	27.4 System Structure and Components	456
	27.4.1 Software Provision and Data Storage	456
	27.4.2 Web Portal	457
	27.4.3 Document Management	457
	27.4.4 Mobile Devices	458
	27.4.5 3D BIM Viewer	459
	27.4.6 Geographic Information System (GIS)	460
	27.4.7 Management Dashboard and Reporting	461
	27.4.8 Schedule	461
	27.4.9 Further Modules	463
	27.5 Application in a Construction Project	463
	27.5.1 Users and Project Stages	463
	27.5.2 Implementation in the Project	464
	27.5.3 Summary	465
	28 BIM-Based Progress Monitoring	466
	28.1 Introduction	466
	28.2 State of the Art	467
	28.3 Concept	470
	28.4 Data Acquisition and Point Cloud Generation	470
	28.4.1 Handheld Camera	471
	28.4.2 UAV	472
	28.4.3 Crane Camera	472
	28.4.4 Conclusion	473
	28.5 As-Planned vs. As-Built Comparison	473
	28.5.1 Enhancing Detection Rates	474
	28.5.2 Process Comparison	477
	28.6 Case Studies	477
	28.7 Summary	478
	References	478
	29 BIM in the Operation of Buildings	480
	29.1 Introduction	480
	29.2 Property Portfolios	482
	29.3 Work Stages During the Operation Phase	483
	29.3.1 Requirements Management	484
	29.3.2 Preparation for Commissioning	486
	29.3.3 Commissioning	487
	29.3.4 Ongoing Operation	488
	29.3.5 Change of Owner/Operator	489
	29.3.6 Data Acquisition for Existing Buildings	490
	29.4 Software Systems for the Operation of Buildings	492
	29.5 Summary	493
	References	494
	Part V Industrial Practice	495
	30 BIM at HOCHTIEF Solutions	496
	30.1 BIM History Within HOCHTIEF Solutions	496
	30.2 From 2D to BIM	497
	30.3 Examples of Completed and Ongoing Projects	499
	30.3.1 Barwa Commercial Avenue, Qatar	499
	30.3.2 Elbe Philharmonic Hall, Hamburg	502
	30.3.2.1 Building Statics Do Not Allow for Adding Openings at a Later Time	503
	30.3.2.2 From Areas to Structures	505
	30.4 BIM Benefits	506
	30.5 Summary	507
	31 Arup's Digital Future: The Path to BIM	509
	31.1 Introduction to Arup	509
	31.2 Arup's Global BIM Strategy: Phase 1	510
	31.2.1 Drivers for BIM in Arup	511
	31.2.2 Aim of the BIM Strategy	512
	31.2.3 Mission Statement	512
	31.2.4 Implementing BIM: The Risks	513
	31.3 Managing the Transition	513
	31.3.1 Incentives	514
	31.3.2 Action Plan	516
	31.3.3 Skills	517
	31.3.4 Resources	518
	31.3.5 Measuring Success: The BIM Maturity Measure	518
	31.4 Implementation Activities	519
	31.4.1 Activity Area 1: Governance and Leadership	519
	31.4.1.1 Tasks and Objectives	520
	31.4.1.2 Activity Example: Global Benchmarking Heat Map	520
	31.4.2 Activity Area 2: People and Skills	520
	31.4.2.1 Tasks and Objectives	520
	31.4.2.2 Activity Example: BIM for Leaders	522
	31.4.3 Activity Area 3: Marketing and Communication	522
	31.4.3.1 Tasks and Objectives	522
	31.4.3.2 Activity Example: Marketing and Communication	523
	31.4.4 Activity Area 4: Processes	523
	31.4.4.1 Tasks and Objectives	524
	31.4.4.2 Activity Example Processes: The Arup BIM Maturity Measure	524
	31.4.5 Activity Area 5: Technology	526
	31.4.5.1 Tasks and Objectives	526
	31.4.5.2 Activity Example: Technology	527
	31.4.6 Activity Area 6: Research and Development	527
	31.4.6.1 Tasks and Objectives	527
	31.4.6.2 Activity Example: Research and Development	528
	31.4.7 Activity Area 7: Business Development and Project Support	529
	31.4.7.1 Tasks and Objectives	529
	31.4.7.2 Activity Example: Business Development and Project Support	530
	31.5 Hand-Back to the Business	531
	31.6 How Are We Doing?	531
	31.6.1 Maturity Measurement	532
	31.6.1.1 Analysis and Insight	532
	31.6.1.2 Further Developments	532
	31.6.1.3 Encouraging BIM Across the Industry	533
	31.7 Arup's Global BIM Strategy: Phase 2	533
	31.8 Summary	533
	Reference	534
	32 BIM at OBERMEYER Planen + Beraten	535
	32.1 Technical Background and History	535
	32.2 The Importance of BIM from a Company Perspective	536
	32.3 BIM Development	537
	32.4 Project Examples	538
	32.4.1 Second Principal Rapid Transit Line in Munich, Germany	538
	32.4.2 BIM Pilot Project Auenbach Viaduct, Germany	541
	32.4.3 Al Ain Hospital, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates	543
	32.5 Summary	547
	33 BIM at Hilti	548
	33.1 Introduction and General Approach	548
	33.2 Hilti BIM Solution: Design	550
	33.2.1 PROFIS Anchor	550
	33.2.2 PROFIS Installation	550
	33.2.3 Hilti BIM/CAD-Library	551
	33.2.4 Hilti Button for Firestop	551
	33.3 Hilti BIM Solution: Execution	552
	33.4 Hilti BIM Solution: Operation	553
	33.5 Summary	553
	34 BIM at STRABAG	554
	34.1 Overview	555
	34.2 Motivation for BIM	556
	34.3 BIM.5D® Development and Applications	557
	34.3.1 Definitions	558
	34.3.2 Roadmap	559
	34.3.3 Use Cases	559
	34.4 Examples of BIM.5D® Applications	561
	34.4.1 Applications in the Design, Planning and Construction Phases	561
	34.4.2 Object-Oriented Foundation and Infrastructure Modeling	562
	34.4.3 Quantity Estimation, Cost Calculation, Construction Scheduling	565
	34.4.4 From Digital Planning to Automated Production	565
	34.4.5 As-Built Documentation and Facility Management	566
	34.5 Summary	567
	References	567
	Part VI Summary and Outlook	568
	35 Conclusions and Outlook	569
	Glossary	573
	Index	577