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Preface |
6 |
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Contents |
8 |
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1 Overview of Composite-Based Transmission Pylons |
13 |
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1.1 Introduction |
13 |
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1.2 Composite-Based Transmission Towers-State of the Art Review |
14 |
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1.2.1 Demand for New Overhead Lines |
14 |
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1.2.2 Aesthetical Overhead Transmission Pylons |
14 |
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1.2.3 Composite-Based Transmission Pylons |
17 |
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1.3 Introduction of Power Pylons of the Future Project |
18 |
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1.4 Challenges and Research Objectives |
20 |
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1.5 Outlines of Book |
23 |
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References |
24 |
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2 Fiber Reinforced Plastic (FRP) Composite Selection for the Composite Cross-Arm Core |
26 |
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2.1 Fiber Reinforced Plastic (FRP) Composites |
26 |
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2.1.1 Fibers |
26 |
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2.1.2 Polymers |
27 |
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2.1.3 Manufacturing Methods |
28 |
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2.2 Application of Fiber Reinforced Plastic (FRP) Composites to Transmission Towers |
29 |
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2.2.1 Composite Insulators |
29 |
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2.2.2 Composite Cross-Arms |
31 |
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2.2.3 Composite Tower Poles |
33 |
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2.3 Fiber Reinforced Plastic (FRP) Composites in the Fully Composite Pylon |
37 |
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2.3.1 Structure of the Composite Cross-Arm |
37 |
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2.3.2 Electrical and Mechanical Effects on the Fiber Reinforced Plastic (FRP) Core |
37 |
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2.3.3 Fiber Reinforced Plastic (FRP) Properties in Consideration |
40 |
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2.4 Electrical Test on Fiber Reinforced Plastic (FRP) Composites |
42 |
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2.4.1 Test Circuit and Setup |
42 |
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2.4.2 Electrical Test |
51 |
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2.4.3 Discussion |
60 |
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2.5 Electrical-Mechanical Combined Test on Fiber Reinforced Plastic (FRP) Composites |
63 |
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2.5.1 Combined Test Circuit and Setup |
64 |
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2.5.2 Combined Test |
67 |
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2.5.3 Test Results |
69 |
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2.5.4 Discussion |
72 |
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2.6 Summary |
73 |
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References |
74 |
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3 Air Clearances of Fully Composite Pylon |
77 |
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3.1 Introduction |
77 |
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3.2 Insulation Coordination |
78 |
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3.2.1 Overvoltages |
79 |
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3.2.2 Insulation Strength Characteristics |
79 |
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3.2.3 Failure Risk of Insulation |
81 |
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3.3 Insulation Coordination Procedure |
84 |
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3.4 Determination of Minimum Required Air Clearances |
84 |
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3.4.1 Internal and External Clearances at the Tower Top and Mid-Span |
89 |
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3.5 Summary |
90 |
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References |
91 |
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4 Electrical Design of Fully Composite Pylon |
92 |
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4.1 Introduction |
92 |
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4.2 Insulation Design |
92 |
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4.2.1 Creepage Distance |
92 |
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4.2.2 Shed Profile |
94 |
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4.3 Electric Field Considerations |
99 |
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4.3.1 Electric Field Criteria |
101 |
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4.4 Finite Element Analysis of Fully Composite Pylon |
102 |
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4.4.1 Basic Design of Fully Composite Pylon |
102 |
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4.4.2 Modifications in Fully Composite Pylon Design |
106 |
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4.4.3 Optimization of Corona Rings |
109 |
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4.5 Summary |
124 |
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References |
124 |
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5 Electric Field Verification by High Voltage Experiments on the Composite Cross-Arm |
127 |
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5.1 Introduction |
127 |
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5.1.1 Fundamental of Corona Discharge |
127 |
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5.1.2 Corona Discharge on the Surface of a Composite Insulator |
130 |
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5.1.3 Electric Field Distribution Around Composite Insulators |
131 |
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5.1.4 Water Induced Corona Discharge |
133 |
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5.2 Water Induced Corona Test Circuit and Setup |
136 |
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5.2.1 Schematic of the Test Circuit |
137 |
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5.2.2 Test Setup |
139 |
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5.3 Electric Field Distribution on the the Composite Cross-Arm |
148 |
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5.3.1 Electric Field on the Cross-Arm Surface with Initial Design |
148 |
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5.3.2 Electric Field on the Cross-Arm Segment in the Test |
149 |
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5.4 Water Induced Corona Discharge Test |
150 |
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5.4.1 Test Procedure |
150 |
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5.4.2 Test Results |
151 |
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5.4.3 Effects of Inclined Angles |
154 |
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5.5 Discussion |
158 |
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5.5.1 Criterion for Allowable Electric Field Magnitude on the Cross-Arm Surface |
158 |
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5.5.2 Effects of Inclined Angles on Water Induced Corona Activities |
159 |
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5.6 Summary |
161 |
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References |
162 |
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6 Lightning Shielding Performance of Fully Composite Pylon |
164 |
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6.1 Introduction |
164 |
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6.2 Shielding Angle |
164 |
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6.3 Shielding Analysis Using Electro-Geometric Method (EGM) |
168 |
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6.4 Fully Composite Pylon with -60° Shielding Angle |
171 |
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6.5 Shielding Analysis Using Rolling Sphere Method (RSM) |
177 |
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6.5.1 Protected Areas and Striking Distances in Rolling Sphere Method |
179 |
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6.5.2 Application of Rolling Sphere Method for Fully Composite Pylon |
181 |
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6.6 Summary |
185 |
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References |
186 |
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7 Lightning Shielding Failure Investigation by High Voltage Experiments |
187 |
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7.1 Introduction |
187 |
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7.1.1 Electro-Geometric Model (EGM) |
187 |
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7.1.2 Scale Model Test |
188 |
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7.2 Shielding Performance Evaluated by Electro-Geometric Model (EGM) of the Fully Composite Pylon |
192 |
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7.3 Scale Model Test for the Fully Composite Pylon |
193 |
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7.3.1 Experimental Setup |
193 |
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7.3.2 Test Progress |
197 |
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7.3.3 Test Results and Analysis |
199 |
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7.4 Comparison of Electro-Geometric Model (EGM) and Scale Model Test Results |
203 |
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7.4.1 Shielding Failure Zone |
203 |
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7.4.2 Maximum Shielding Failure Current |
204 |
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7.4.3 Shielding Failure Rate (SFR) and Shielding Failure Flashover Rate (SFFOR) |
206 |
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7.4.4 Effects of the Cross-Arm Inclined Angle |
207 |
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7.5 Summary |
208 |
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References |
209 |
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8 Environmental Effects of Fully Composite Pylon |
211 |
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8.1 Introduction |
211 |
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8.2 Surface Gradient on Phase Conductors |
212 |
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8.3 Audible Noise |
216 |
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8.3.1 Audible Noise Results and Discussions |
217 |
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8.3.2 Acoustic Performance of an Overhead Line Composed of Fully Composite Pylons |
221 |
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8.4 Radio Noise |
222 |
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8.4.1 Radio Noise Results and Discussions |
224 |
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8.4.2 Radio Noise Performance of Line |
227 |
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8.5 Corona Loss |
228 |
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8.5.1 Calculated Corona Losses and Discussion |
229 |
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8.6 Electromagnetic Emissions |
230 |
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8.6.1 Phase Conductor Arrangements |
231 |
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8.6.2 Analytical and Finite Element Method Results and Comparison |
232 |
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8.6.3 Determination of Right-of-Way (ROW) Width |
235 |
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8.7 Summary |
236 |
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References |
237 |
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9 Conclusion |
239 |
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9.1 Conclusions |
239 |
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9.2 Future Challenges |
245 |
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A |
247 |
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B |
250 |
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