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Cotton Science and Processing Technology - Gene, Ginning, Garment and Green Recycling  
Cotton Science and Processing Technology - Gene, Ginning, Garment and Green Recycling
von: Hua Wang, Hafeezullah Memon
Springer-Verlag, 2020
ISBN: 9789811591693
567 Seiten, Download: 24264 KB
 
Format:  PDF
geeignet für: Apple iPad, Android Tablet PC's Online-Lesen PC, MAC, Laptop

Typ: A (einfacher Zugriff)

 

 
eBook anfordern
Inhaltsverzeichnis

  Foreword 6  
  Preface 8  
  Contents 12  
  1 Introduction 14  
     1.1 History of Cotton 14  
     1.2 The Cotton Would Retain Its Importance Even in the Future 16  
     1.3 Global Trade History of Cotton 17  
     1.4 International Trade Disputes over Cotton 19  
        1.4.1 Global Trade Disputes over Cotton Are Continuing 19  
        1.4.2 WTO Agricultural Negotiation for Development 19  
        1.4.3 Dispute Settlement Mechanism to Promote Fairness (Brazil vs. US Cotton Subsidy Case) 20  
     1.5 Financial Attributes of Cotton 21  
     1.6 Conclusion 23  
     References 23  
  2 Status and Recent Progress in Determining the Genetic Diversity and Phylogeny of Cotton Crops 27  
     2.1 Introduction 28  
     2.2 Origin and Distribution 29  
     2.3 Adaptations for Natural Habitat 30  
     2.4 Evolutionary History 30  
     2.5 Gossypium Diversity 32  
        2.5.1 Assessment of Genetic Diversity in Crop Plants 32  
        2.5.2 Tools for Cotton Genetic Improvement 36  
     2.6 Markers and Methods 38  
     2.7 Taxonomic Assessment from Random Molecules to Appropriate Methods 39  
     2.8 Molecular Markers 39  
        2.8.1 DNA Markers Based on Restriction Enzyme 40  
        2.8.2 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)-Based Markers (Mostly SSRs) 40  
        2.8.3 Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) Markers 41  
     2.9 Mapping for Fiber-Related Traits in Cotton 42  
     2.10 Conclusions 45  
     References 45  
  3 Advancements in Cotton Cultivation 50  
     3.1 Introduction 51  
     3.2 Farming Technologies 52  
     3.3 Irrigation 55  
        3.3.1 Crop Water Management 56  
        3.3.2 Application of Herbicides, Nutrition, and Fertilizers with Irrigation Water 57  
     3.4 Land Preparation 57  
     3.5 Sowing Techniques of Cotton 57  
     3.6 Weeding 59  
     3.7 Pest and Disease Management 60  
     3.8 Testing of Cotton Fields 62  
     3.9 Consequences of Agricultural Parameters on Cotton 62  
        3.9.1 Cotton Plant Responses to Temperature 62  
        3.9.2 Cotton Plant Responses to Salinity 64  
     3.10 Cotton Harvesting 65  
        3.10.1 Manual Picking 65  
        3.10.2 Machine Picking 65  
     3.11 Conclusion 66  
     References 66  
  4 The Harvesting and Ginning of Cotton 71  
     4.1 Introduction 71  
     4.2 Graphical Cotton Elements Dictionary 72  
     4.3 Harvesting 72  
     4.4 Time for Harvesting 75  
     4.5 Harvesting Machines and Attachments 76  
     4.6 Fiber Quality 81  
     4.7 Harvesting Differences 83  
     4.8 The Moisture of Seed Cotton 84  
     4.9 Why Is Storage Essential? 85  
     4.10 Conclusion 85  
     References 86  
  5 Physical Structure, Properties and Quality of Cotton 89  
     5.1 Importance of Cotton Crop 90  
     5.2 World Cotton Production 90  
     5.3 Physical Structure of Cotton 91  
        5.3.1 Pima Cotton 92  
        5.3.2 Egyptian Cotton 92  
        5.3.3 Upland Cotton 92  
        5.3.4 Acala Cotton 92  
     5.4 Cotton Fiber Composition 93  
     5.5 Cotton Fiber Development 94  
     5.6 Cotton Quality Parameters 96  
     5.7 Best Management Practices for Cotton Crop 99  
     5.8 Environmental Effects on Fiber Quality 100  
     5.9 Better Cotton Initiative 102  
     5.10 Organic Cotton 102  
     5.11 Conclusion 103  
     References 103  
  6 Cotton Fiber Testing 108  
     6.1 Introduction 109  
     6.2 Fiber Length, Length Uniformity, and Short Fibers 111  
        6.2.1 Length Measurement Through HVI 111  
        6.2.2 Length Measurement Through AFIS 112  
        6.2.3 Length Uniformity 113  
        6.2.4 Short Fibers 113  
     6.3 Fiber Fineness and Maturity 115  
     6.4 Fiber Tenacity 117  
     6.5 Fiber Color and Trash 118  
     6.6 Fiber Neps 119  
     6.7 Effect of Fiber Parameters on the Quality of Yarn 120  
        6.7.1 Count Strength Product 120  
        6.7.2 Yarn Elongation and Yarn Tenacity 121  
        6.7.3 Fiber Maturity and Trash Content 121  
        6.7.4 Yarn Evenness 122  
        6.7.5 Yarn Hairiness 122  
     6.8 Conclusion 124  
     References 124  
  7 Cotton Contamination 129  
     7.1 Background 129  
        7.1.1 Introduction 129  
        7.1.2 What is Cotton Contamination? 130  
     7.2 Origin and Kinds of Cotton Contamination 133  
        7.2.1 Fibrous Contaminants 135  
        7.2.2 Non-fibrous Contaminants 136  
     7.3 Effect of Cotton Contamination on Cotton Processing 136  
     7.4 Detection and Controlling Systems of Cotton Contamination 137  
        7.4.1 Manual Vision Method 138  
        7.4.2 Gravimetric Method 139  
        7.4.3 Electro-optical Method 139  
        7.4.4 Acoustic Sensor Combined with an Optical Reflective Sensor 140  
     7.5 Cotton Contamination Measurement Systems 140  
        7.5.1 The Visible Light with UV, Polarized Light, and Multiple Detectors Method 140  
        7.5.2 Using Different Illumination Methods 141  
        7.5.3 Optical Reflective Techniques 142  
        7.5.4 Infrared and Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Technique 142  
        7.5.5 Machine Vision Method 143  
        7.5.6 Cotton Contamination Measurement Systems in the Laboratory 145  
     7.6 Conclusion 147  
     References 148  
  8 Recent Advancements in Cotton Spinning 150  
     8.1 Introduction 150  
     8.2 Blowroom 151  
        8.2.1 Difference Between Types of Plucking Roller of Automatic Bale Opener 152  
        8.2.2 Rieter Automatic Bale Opener 153  
        8.2.3 Trützschler Automatic Bale Opener (BLENDOMAT BO-A) 153  
        8.2.4 Marzoli Automatic Bale Opener (Super Blender) 153  
        8.2.5 Lakshmi Bale Plucking Machine 154  
        8.2.6 Compact Blowroom Line 154  
        8.2.7 Compact Blowroom Line of Trützschler 154  
        8.2.8 Mote Knife with Suction in Place of Grid bar 154  
        8.2.9 Mixing/Blending of Raw Material 155  
        8.2.10 Color and Other Impurities Removal 155  
        8.2.11 Barco Cotton Sorter for Detection and Removal of Contaminants in Raw Cotton 155  
        8.2.12 Rieter Vision Shield, Metal Shield, Fire Shield, and the Combo Shield 156  
        8.2.13 Loptex Optosonic Sorter 156  
        8.2.14 Online Parameter Settings 156  
        8.2.15 Trutzschler WASTECONTROL and CLEANCOMMANDER 156  
     8.3 Carding 157  
        8.3.1 Neps Removal Efficiency (%) and Neps % 158  
        8.3.2 Web-Cleaning Device 158  
        8.3.3 Nep Control Device 158  
     8.4 Drawframe 158  
        8.4.1 Auto Break Draft Setting 159  
        8.4.2 Clean Coil 160  
        8.4.3 Pneumatic Pressure Head 160  
        8.4.4 Tension Measuring System 160  
        8.4.5 Short Term Auto-Levelers 160  
        8.4.6 Use a Camera to Monitor the Sliver Quality 160  
     8.5 Simplex 161  
        8.5.1 Flyer Speed 161  
        8.5.2 Roving Bobbin Transport System 162  
        8.5.3 Roving Stop Motions 162  
        8.5.4 Electronic Driving System 162  
        8.5.5 Computer Monitoring Device 163  
     8.6 Ring-Spinning 163  
        8.6.1 Compact Spinning 164  
        8.6.2 Spinning Triangle 164  
        8.6.3 Principle of Superconducting Magnetic Bearing 164  
     8.7 Rotor Spinning 165  
        8.7.1 Reduction of Power Consumption 166  
        8.7.2 Rotor Speed and Diameter 167  
        8.7.3 Advancement in Rotor Bearings 167  
        8.7.4 Advancement in Suction System 167  
        8.7.5 Advancement in the Driving Rotor 167  
        8.7.6 Advancement in the Cooling System for Inverter 168  
        8.7.7 Advancement in Online Quality Monitoring 168  
        8.7.8 Advancement in Humidification 168  
        8.7.9 Automation and Digitization 168  
        8.7.10 Energy Saving 168  
     8.8 Conclusion 169  
     References 169  
  9 Recent Advancements in Cotton Spinning Machineries 172  
     9.1 Introduction 172  
     9.2 Recent Advancements in Blowroom Machines 173  
        9.2.1 Reciprocating Bale Plucker 173  
        9.2.2 Heavy Particle Separators 174  
        9.2.3 Opener 175  
        9.2.4 Multimixer 177  
        9.2.5 Cleaner 178  
        9.2.6 Dedusters 179  
     9.3 Recent Advancements in Carding Machine 179  
        9.3.1 Chute Feeder 179  
        9.3.2 Feeding System 180  
        9.3.3 Carding System 181  
        9.3.4 Flat Cleaning System 182  
        9.3.5 Transfer System 182  
        9.3.6 Dust Filter System 184  
        9.3.7 Carding Coiler 184  
     9.4 JWF1313—A Well-Developed Drawframe 185  
        9.4.1 The New Experience of Dual-Drive Drafting 186  
        9.4.2 A New Braking Device with Auto Can Change 186  
        9.4.3 Independent Suction System 187  
        9.4.4 Cleaning Monitoring to Guarantee Quality 187  
        9.4.5 Structure Simplification for Energy Conservation and Environmental Protection 188  
     9.5 JWF1316/JWF1316T—An Example of Advanced Drawframe 189  
        9.5.1 Easy Operation 190  
        9.5.2 Energy Conservation, Environmental Protection by Low Input and High Efficiency 190  
        9.5.3 Simple and Convenient Maintenance 190  
        9.5.4 Flexible Usage by the Auto-leveler System 190  
        9.5.5 Continuous Production Without Care 191  
        9.5.6 Highly Efficient and Stable Drafting System 191  
        9.5.7 The Driving System with Reliable Cleaning and Feeding 192  
     9.6 Recent Advancements in the Ring Frame 193  
     9.7 Conclusion 194  
     References 195  
  10 Cotton in Weaving Technology 198  
     10.1 Introduction 199  
     10.2 Warping 199  
        10.2.1 Direct Warping 200  
        10.2.2 Sectional Warping 200  
        10.2.3 Different Sections of Warping Machine 201  
        10.2.4 Commonly Used Parameters During Warping 201  
     10.3 Technical Discussion on Cotton Warping 202  
        10.3.1 Maintaining the Mechanical and Physical Properties of Cotton Yarn 202  
        10.3.2 Maintaining Uniform Tension 202  
        10.3.3 Circular Shape of the Warping Creel 203  
        10.3.4 Optimum Warping Speed 204  
        10.3.5 Beam Drum Pressure 204  
        10.3.6 Density of Warp 204  
     10.4 Sizing 205  
        10.4.1 Requisite Properties of Size Material Used for Cotton 205  
        10.4.2 Basic Size Ingredients 206  
        10.4.3 Lubricant Used for Cotton Yarn Sizing 206  
        10.4.4 Gelatinization Process of Starch Solution 207  
        10.4.5 The Innovation of Biodegradable Textile Sizing Agent 211  
     10.5 Sizing Machine 211  
        10.5.1 Creel Zone 211  
        10.5.2 Size Box Zone 212  
        10.5.3 Drying Zone 212  
        10.5.4 Splitting Zone 215  
        10.5.5 Beaming Zone 215  
        10.5.6 Stretch of Cotton Yarn During Sizing 215  
     10.6 Looming 216  
     10.7 The Relation Between the Drop Wire Densities and Yarn Count 216  
     10.8 Shedding 217  
        10.8.1 Cam Shedding 218  
        10.8.2 Dobby Shedding 218  
        10.8.3 Jacquard Shedding 219  
        10.8.4 Pneumatic Shedding 220  
     10.9 Shed Geometry 220  
     10.10 Picking 224  
        10.10.1 Classification of Picking Mechanism 224  
        10.10.2 Loom Timing 225  
        10.10.3 Conventional Picking Mechanism for Cotton 225  
        10.10.4 Unconventional Picking Mechanism 226  
        10.10.5 Cotton Fabric Density in Projectile 228  
        10.10.6 Fully Guided Solid Carrier 228  
        10.10.7 Fluid Carrier 229  
        10.10.8 Energy Consumption of Different Picking Mechanism 230  
     10.11 Beat-up 231  
        10.11.1 Types of Beat-up 231  
        10.11.2 Crank Beat-up 231  
        10.11.3 Factors Affecting the Motion of the Sley 231  
        10.11.4 Sley Eccentricity Ratio 232  
        10.11.5 Cam Beat-up Mechanism 233  
     10.12 Let-off 233  
        10.12.1 Negative Let-off 234  
        10.12.2 Semi Positive Let-off 235  
        10.12.3 Positive Let-off 235  
        10.12.4 Mechanically Controlled Let-off System 235  
        10.12.5 Electronically Controlled Let-off System 236  
        10.12.6 Mechatronic Let-off 237  
        10.12.7 Back-Rest and Dropper Position and Its Effect on Warp Tension 237  
        10.12.8 Eliminating Stop Marks or Startup Marks by Using Positive Let-off Motion 238  
        10.12.9 Effect of Let-off Type on Fell of the Cloth and Crimp 238  
        10.12.10 Let-off Motion Can Even Affect the Color 239  
        10.12.11 Let-off Motion for Pile Fabric 239  
     10.13 Take-up 239  
        10.13.1 Different Arrangements of Take-up Rollers to Avoid Slippage 240  
        10.13.2 Types of Take-up Motion 240  
        10.13.3 Electronic Take-up Motion 241  
        10.13.4 Role of Take-up Motion in Keeping a Constant Cloth Fell 242  
     10.14 Creating Fancy Effects by Variable Pick Density 242  
     10.15 Weaving Parameters 242  
     10.16 Controlling Parameters of the Loom 243  
        10.16.1 Warp Tension 243  
        10.16.2 Loom RPM 243  
        10.16.3 Shed Angle 244  
        10.16.4 Back-Rest Position and Height 244  
        10.16.5 Dropper Bar Position and Height 245  
        10.16.6 Fabric Width Control 246  
        10.16.7 Easing Motion 247  
        10.16.8 Weft Density (PPI) 248  
     10.17 Conclusion 250  
     References 250  
  11 Role of Cotton Fiber in Knitting Industry 254  
     11.1 Introduction 254  
     11.2 What Is the Knitting Industry, and What Is the Role of Cotton Fiber in the Industry? 256  
     11.3 Basic Concepts and Definitions 256  
     11.4 Principles of Interlooping (Knitting) Technology 260  
        11.4.1 Principles of Hand Knitting 260  
        11.4.2 Principles of Machine Knitting 261  
        11.4.3 Interloping (Knitting) Elements 263  
        11.4.4 The Methods of Forming Yarn into Needle Loops 267  
     11.5 The Knitting (Interlooping) Processes on Knitting Machines 270  
        11.5.1 Concept of Knitting Machines’ Classification 270  
        11.5.2 Features of Knitting (Interlooping) Processes on Single Bed Knitting Machines 271  
        11.5.3 Weft Knitting Machine. Knitting Process with Bearded Needles on the Circular Knitting Machine 272  
        11.5.4 Weft Knitting Machine. Knitting Process with Latch Needles on the Circular Knitting Machine 274  
        11.5.5 Knitting Process with Bearded Needles on the Warp Knitting Machine 277  
        11.5.6 Knitting Process with Compound Needles on the Warp Knitting Machine 280  
        11.5.7 Features of Knitting (Interloping) Processes on Double-Bed Knitting Machines 280  
        11.5.8 Weft Knitting Machine. The Technology of Knitting with Latch Needles on Double-Bed Circular or Flat Knitting Machines 280  
        11.5.9 Weft Knitting Machine. The Technology of Knitting with Latch Needles on Double-Bed Knitting Machines with the Distribution 286  
        11.5.10 Warp Knitting Machine. The Technology of Knitting on the Double Bed Warp Knitting Machine by Warp Knitting Method 288  
     11.6 Structures and Properties of Knitted Fabrics 290  
     11.7 Features of the Structure and Properties of the Basic Weft Knitted Fabrics 292  
        11.7.1 Single Weft Knitted Fabrics. Plain and Its Properties 292  
        11.7.2 Double Weft Knitted Fabrics. Rib and Its Properties 294  
        11.7.3 Double Weft Knitted Fabrics. Purl and Its Properties 295  
     11.8 Features of the Structure and Properties of the Basic Warp Knitted Fabrics 296  
        11.8.1 Single Warp Knitted Fabrics. The Single Pillar Stitch and Its Properties 297  
        11.8.2 Single Warp Knitted Fabrics. Tricot Lap and Its Properties 298  
        11.8.3 Single Warp Knitted Fabrics. Atlas Lap and Its Properties 299  
        11.8.4 Double Warp Knitted Fabrics. Double Pillar Stitches and Its Properties 300  
        11.8.5 Double Warp Knitted Fabrics. Double Tricot Lap and Its Properties 301  
        11.8.6 Double Warp Knitted Fabrics. Double Atlas Lap and Its Properties 302  
     11.9 Features of the Structure and Properties Group of Derivative (Variation of the Basic Group) Weft Knitted Fabrics 303  
        11.9.1 Single Derivative Weft Knitted Fabrics. Float and Its Properties 303  
        11.9.2 Double Derivative Weft Knitted Fabrics. Double Rib (Interlock) and Its Properties 304  
     11.10 Features of the Structure and Properties Group of Derivative (Variation of the Basic Group) Warp Knitted Fabrics 306  
        11.10.1 Single Derivative Knit Structures of Tricot (Cord and Satin) and Atlas Lap. Their Properties 306  
     11.11 Conclusion 307  
     References 308  
  12 Cotton in Nonwoven Products 311  
     12.1 Introduction 311  
     12.2 Cotton in Nonwoven Personal Care Products 313  
        12.2.1 Pain Relief 315  
        12.2.2 Nursing Pads 315  
        12.2.3 Adhesive Dental Sponge 315  
        12.2.4 Nasal Strip 316  
        12.2.5 Diapers 316  
        12.2.6 Cotton in Nonwoven Feminine Hygiene Products 318  
     12.3 Cotton in Nonwoven Medicals and Surgery 319  
        12.3.1 Transdermal Drug Delivery 320  
        12.3.2 Underpads 321  
        12.3.3 Surgical Disposable Caps, Gowns, Masks, and Shoe Covers 321  
        12.3.4 Surgical Drapes, Wraps and Packs 321  
        12.3.5 Surgical Dressing 321  
     12.4 Cotton in Nonwoven Apparel 322  
        12.4.1 Cotton Interlining and Interfacing 322  
        12.4.2 Military Apparel 323  
        12.4.3 Contamination Control Gown/Examination Gowns 323  
     12.5 Cotton in Nonwoven Home Textile and Upholstery 324  
        12.5.1 Bedding 326  
        12.5.2 Mattresses 326  
        12.5.3 Curtains 326  
        12.5.4 Wallcovering 326  
        12.5.5 Carpets 327  
     12.6 Cotton in Nonwoven Wipes 327  
        12.6.1 Personal Care Wipes 329  
        12.6.2 Personal Hygiene 329  
        12.6.3 Medical or Surgical Wipes 329  
        12.6.4 Baby Wipes 330  
        12.6.5 Cleansing Pads 330  
        12.6.6 Cosmetic Pads 330  
        12.6.7 Pet Care 330  
        12.6.8 Household and Home Cleaning Wipes 331  
        12.6.9 Industrial Wipes 331  
     12.7 Cotton in Nonwoven Industrial and Technical Textiles 332  
        12.7.1 Filtration Textiles 332  
        12.7.2 Geotextiles 334  
        12.7.3 Packaging Textiles 334  
        12.7.4 Functional Nonwoven Textiles 334  
     12.8 Future Trend of Nonwoven Cotton 335  
     12.9 Conclusion 336  
     References 336  
  13 Pretreatment of Cotton 339  
     13.1 Introduction 340  
     13.2 Cotton Pretreatment Processes 341  
        13.2.1 Singeing 341  
        13.2.2 Desizing 343  
        13.2.3 Scouring 348  
        13.2.4 Bleaching 349  
        13.2.5 Bio-Polishing 350  
        13.2.6 Mercerization 350  
     13.3 Advancements in Pretreatment of Cotton Textiles 351  
        13.3.1 Enzymatic Processing 352  
        13.3.2 Integrated Enzymatic Processing 354  
        13.3.3 Plasma Technology 354  
        13.3.4 Electrochemical Technique 355  
        13.3.5 Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Processing 356  
     13.4 Conclusion 356  
     References 357  
  14 Cotton Fiber and Yarn Dyeing 360  
     14.1 History of Cotton Dyeing 360  
     14.2 Theory of Dyeing 361  
        14.2.1 Physical Theory 362  
        14.2.2 Chemical Theory 362  
        14.2.3 Physical-Chemical Theory 363  
        14.2.4 Fiber Complex Theory 363  
        14.2.5 Solid Solution Theory 364  
        14.2.6 Mechanical and Pigment Theory 364  
     14.3 Dyes Used for Cotton 364  
        14.3.1 Reactive Dyes 364  
        14.3.2 Sulfur Dye 366  
        14.3.3 Azoic(Naphthol) Dye 367  
        14.3.4 Basic Dye 368  
        14.3.5 Indigo Dye 369  
        14.3.6 Vat Dye 369  
        14.3.7 Direct Dye 370  
        14.3.8 Natural Dyes 371  
     14.4 Dyeing Process 371  
     14.5 Different Principles Involved in Dyeing 372  
     14.6 Factors Influencing the Dyeing Process 372  
     14.7 Preparation for Medium 372  
     14.8 Preparation for the Dyeing Process 373  
     14.9 Cotton Fiber Dyeing Method 373  
     14.10 Yarn Dyeing Methods 373  
        14.10.1 Batch Dyeing 374  
        14.10.2 Hank Dyeing 374  
        14.10.3 Beam Dyeing Method 374  
     14.11 Continuous Dyeing Method 375  
        14.11.1 Rope Dyeing Method 375  
        14.11.2 Slasher Dyeing Method 375  
     14.12 Machinery Used for Dyeing 375  
        14.12.1 Dyeing Machine for Loose Cotton Fiber and Sliver 375  
        14.12.2 Machines for Dyeing Cotton Yarn 376  
     14.13 Conclusion 377  
     References 378  
  15 Cotton Based Clothing 381  
     15.1 Introduction 381  
     15.2 Classification of Cotton-Based Clothing 382  
     15.3 Market Share of Cotton-Based Apparel 383  
     15.4 Comfort Properties of Cotton-Based Clothing 387  
        15.4.1 Softness 388  
        15.4.2 Drapability 388  
        15.4.3 Thermal Comfort 388  
        15.4.4 Thermal Conductivity 389  
        15.4.5 Moisture Vapor Transmission 389  
        15.4.6 Air Permeability 390  
     15.5 The Durability of Cotton-Based Clothing 390  
     15.6 Value-Added Product 391  
        15.6.1 Cotton and High-Performance Fibers Blends 391  
        15.6.2 Cotton/Jute Blend 391  
        15.6.3 Cotton Blends with Other Technical Fibers 392  
     15.7 Conclusion 392  
     References 393  
  16 Biomedical Application of Cotton and Its Derivatives 396  
     16.1 Introduction 397  
     16.2 Wound Dressing 399  
        16.2.1 The Traditional Cotton-Based Wound Dressing 400  
        16.2.2 The Advanced Cotton-Based Wound Dressing 400  
     16.3 Physical Modification 401  
     16.4 Chemical Modification 403  
        16.4.1 Etherification 403  
        16.4.2 Oxidization 404  
        16.4.3 Phosphorylation 407  
     16.5 Drug Delivery 408  
        16.5.1 Non-responsive Drug Delivery 408  
        16.5.2 Stimulation Responsive Drug Delivery 409  
     16.6 Surgical Purpose 410  
        16.6.1 Cotton Roll 410  
        16.6.2 Surgical Sutures 411  
     16.7 Dental Use of Cotton: Iced Cotton Bud as a Pre-Cooling Method for Palatal Anaesthesia 411  
     16.8 Tissue Engineering 412  
     16.9 Conclusion 413  
     References 413  
  17 Chemical Structure and Modification of Cotton 420  
     17.1 Introduction 420  
     17.2 Chemical Structure of Cotton 422  
     17.3 Mechanisms of Modification of Cotton Fiber and Fabric 424  
     17.4 Conclusion 426  
     References 427  
  18 Advanced Physical Applications of Modified Cotton 436  
     18.1 Introduction 438  
     18.2 Superhydrophobicity 438  
     18.3 Flame Retardancy 458  
     18.4 Conclusion Remarks, Challenges, and Prospects 461  
     References 462  
  19 Advanced Biological Applications of Modified Cotton 476  
     19.1 Antimicrobial 477  
     19.2 Medical 489  
     19.3 Insecticide 492  
        19.3.1 Conclusion and Prospects 493  
     References 494  
  20 Advanced Chemical Applications of Modified Cotton 504  
     20.1 Electrical Conductivity, Sensitivity, and EMI Shielding 506  
     20.2 Chemical Detoxification and Photocatalysis 511  
     20.3 Multi-advanced Applications 516  
     20.4 Conclusion 522  
     References 523  
  21 Recycled Cotton Fibers for Melange Yarn Manufacturing 531  
     21.1 Introduction 532  
     21.2 Fiber Preparation Methods 533  
        21.2.1 Dyeing of Virgin Cotton 533  
        21.2.2 Recycled Fibers as a Raw Material for Mélange Yarn 534  
     21.3 Fiber Mixing and Blending 537  
        21.3.1 Blend Shade in Blow Room 539  
        21.3.2 Sliver Blending 540  
     21.4 Mélange Yarn Spinning 540  
     21.5 Factors Affecting Spinning Mélange Yarn 542  
     21.6 Classification of Mélange Yarn 542  
        21.6.1 Blended 543  
        21.6.2 Non?Blended 543  
     21.7 Pros and Cons of Mélange Yarn 543  
        21.7.1 Advantages of Mélange Yarn 543  
        21.7.2 Significant Problems in Manufacturing Mélange Yarn 544  
     21.8 Application of Mélange Yarn 546  
     21.9 Conclusion 546  
     References 547  
  22 Cotton Melange Yarn and Image Processing 549  
     22.1 Introduction 549  
     22.2 Importance of This Technology 551  
     22.3 Development in Fiber and Yarn Image Processing During the Last Century 552  
     22.4 Possible and Practical Software Approaches in the Melange Yarn Industry 553  
     22.5 Melange Yarn Inspection 555  
        22.5.1 Analysis of Visual Inspection and it’s Quality Control 555  
        22.5.2 Computerized Inspection Model and System with Quality Controlling 557  
        22.5.3 Differences and Advantages of the Proposed Computerized Inspection Approach 561  
     22.6 Future Perspectives 562  
     22.7 Conclusion 563  
     References 564  


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