|
Foreword |
6 |
|
|
Preface |
8 |
|
|
Contents |
12 |
|
|
1 Introduction |
14 |
|
|
1.1 History of Cotton |
14 |
|
|
1.2 The Cotton Would Retain Its Importance Even in the Future |
16 |
|
|
1.3 Global Trade History of Cotton |
17 |
|
|
1.4 International Trade Disputes over Cotton |
19 |
|
|
1.4.1 Global Trade Disputes over Cotton Are Continuing |
19 |
|
|
1.4.2 WTO Agricultural Negotiation for Development |
19 |
|
|
1.4.3 Dispute Settlement Mechanism to Promote Fairness (Brazil vs. US Cotton Subsidy Case) |
20 |
|
|
1.5 Financial Attributes of Cotton |
21 |
|
|
1.6 Conclusion |
23 |
|
|
References |
23 |
|
|
2 Status and Recent Progress in Determining the Genetic Diversity and Phylogeny of Cotton Crops |
27 |
|
|
2.1 Introduction |
28 |
|
|
2.2 Origin and Distribution |
29 |
|
|
2.3 Adaptations for Natural Habitat |
30 |
|
|
2.4 Evolutionary History |
30 |
|
|
2.5 Gossypium Diversity |
32 |
|
|
2.5.1 Assessment of Genetic Diversity in Crop Plants |
32 |
|
|
2.5.2 Tools for Cotton Genetic Improvement |
36 |
|
|
2.6 Markers and Methods |
38 |
|
|
2.7 Taxonomic Assessment from Random Molecules to Appropriate Methods |
39 |
|
|
2.8 Molecular Markers |
39 |
|
|
2.8.1 DNA Markers Based on Restriction Enzyme |
40 |
|
|
2.8.2 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)-Based Markers (Mostly SSRs) |
40 |
|
|
2.8.3 Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) Markers |
41 |
|
|
2.9 Mapping for Fiber-Related Traits in Cotton |
42 |
|
|
2.10 Conclusions |
45 |
|
|
References |
45 |
|
|
3 Advancements in Cotton Cultivation |
50 |
|
|
3.1 Introduction |
51 |
|
|
3.2 Farming Technologies |
52 |
|
|
3.3 Irrigation |
55 |
|
|
3.3.1 Crop Water Management |
56 |
|
|
3.3.2 Application of Herbicides, Nutrition, and Fertilizers with Irrigation Water |
57 |
|
|
3.4 Land Preparation |
57 |
|
|
3.5 Sowing Techniques of Cotton |
57 |
|
|
3.6 Weeding |
59 |
|
|
3.7 Pest and Disease Management |
60 |
|
|
3.8 Testing of Cotton Fields |
62 |
|
|
3.9 Consequences of Agricultural Parameters on Cotton |
62 |
|
|
3.9.1 Cotton Plant Responses to Temperature |
62 |
|
|
3.9.2 Cotton Plant Responses to Salinity |
64 |
|
|
3.10 Cotton Harvesting |
65 |
|
|
3.10.1 Manual Picking |
65 |
|
|
3.10.2 Machine Picking |
65 |
|
|
3.11 Conclusion |
66 |
|
|
References |
66 |
|
|
4 The Harvesting and Ginning of Cotton |
71 |
|
|
4.1 Introduction |
71 |
|
|
4.2 Graphical Cotton Elements Dictionary |
72 |
|
|
4.3 Harvesting |
72 |
|
|
4.4 Time for Harvesting |
75 |
|
|
4.5 Harvesting Machines and Attachments |
76 |
|
|
4.6 Fiber Quality |
81 |
|
|
4.7 Harvesting Differences |
83 |
|
|
4.8 The Moisture of Seed Cotton |
84 |
|
|
4.9 Why Is Storage Essential? |
85 |
|
|
4.10 Conclusion |
85 |
|
|
References |
86 |
|
|
5 Physical Structure, Properties and Quality of Cotton |
89 |
|
|
5.1 Importance of Cotton Crop |
90 |
|
|
5.2 World Cotton Production |
90 |
|
|
5.3 Physical Structure of Cotton |
91 |
|
|
5.3.1 Pima Cotton |
92 |
|
|
5.3.2 Egyptian Cotton |
92 |
|
|
5.3.3 Upland Cotton |
92 |
|
|
5.3.4 Acala Cotton |
92 |
|
|
5.4 Cotton Fiber Composition |
93 |
|
|
5.5 Cotton Fiber Development |
94 |
|
|
5.6 Cotton Quality Parameters |
96 |
|
|
5.7 Best Management Practices for Cotton Crop |
99 |
|
|
5.8 Environmental Effects on Fiber Quality |
100 |
|
|
5.9 Better Cotton Initiative |
102 |
|
|
5.10 Organic Cotton |
102 |
|
|
5.11 Conclusion |
103 |
|
|
References |
103 |
|
|
6 Cotton Fiber Testing |
108 |
|
|
6.1 Introduction |
109 |
|
|
6.2 Fiber Length, Length Uniformity, and Short Fibers |
111 |
|
|
6.2.1 Length Measurement Through HVI |
111 |
|
|
6.2.2 Length Measurement Through AFIS |
112 |
|
|
6.2.3 Length Uniformity |
113 |
|
|
6.2.4 Short Fibers |
113 |
|
|
6.3 Fiber Fineness and Maturity |
115 |
|
|
6.4 Fiber Tenacity |
117 |
|
|
6.5 Fiber Color and Trash |
118 |
|
|
6.6 Fiber Neps |
119 |
|
|
6.7 Effect of Fiber Parameters on the Quality of Yarn |
120 |
|
|
6.7.1 Count Strength Product |
120 |
|
|
6.7.2 Yarn Elongation and Yarn Tenacity |
121 |
|
|
6.7.3 Fiber Maturity and Trash Content |
121 |
|
|
6.7.4 Yarn Evenness |
122 |
|
|
6.7.5 Yarn Hairiness |
122 |
|
|
6.8 Conclusion |
124 |
|
|
References |
124 |
|
|
7 Cotton Contamination |
129 |
|
|
7.1 Background |
129 |
|
|
7.1.1 Introduction |
129 |
|
|
7.1.2 What is Cotton Contamination? |
130 |
|
|
7.2 Origin and Kinds of Cotton Contamination |
133 |
|
|
7.2.1 Fibrous Contaminants |
135 |
|
|
7.2.2 Non-fibrous Contaminants |
136 |
|
|
7.3 Effect of Cotton Contamination on Cotton Processing |
136 |
|
|
7.4 Detection and Controlling Systems of Cotton Contamination |
137 |
|
|
7.4.1 Manual Vision Method |
138 |
|
|
7.4.2 Gravimetric Method |
139 |
|
|
7.4.3 Electro-optical Method |
139 |
|
|
7.4.4 Acoustic Sensor Combined with an Optical Reflective Sensor |
140 |
|
|
7.5 Cotton Contamination Measurement Systems |
140 |
|
|
7.5.1 The Visible Light with UV, Polarized Light, and Multiple Detectors Method |
140 |
|
|
7.5.2 Using Different Illumination Methods |
141 |
|
|
7.5.3 Optical Reflective Techniques |
142 |
|
|
7.5.4 Infrared and Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Technique |
142 |
|
|
7.5.5 Machine Vision Method |
143 |
|
|
7.5.6 Cotton Contamination Measurement Systems in the Laboratory |
145 |
|
|
7.6 Conclusion |
147 |
|
|
References |
148 |
|
|
8 Recent Advancements in Cotton Spinning |
150 |
|
|
8.1 Introduction |
150 |
|
|
8.2 Blowroom |
151 |
|
|
8.2.1 Difference Between Types of Plucking Roller of Automatic Bale Opener |
152 |
|
|
8.2.2 Rieter Automatic Bale Opener |
153 |
|
|
8.2.3 Trützschler Automatic Bale Opener (BLENDOMAT BO-A) |
153 |
|
|
8.2.4 Marzoli Automatic Bale Opener (Super Blender) |
153 |
|
|
8.2.5 Lakshmi Bale Plucking Machine |
154 |
|
|
8.2.6 Compact Blowroom Line |
154 |
|
|
8.2.7 Compact Blowroom Line of Trützschler |
154 |
|
|
8.2.8 Mote Knife with Suction in Place of Grid bar |
154 |
|
|
8.2.9 Mixing/Blending of Raw Material |
155 |
|
|
8.2.10 Color and Other Impurities Removal |
155 |
|
|
8.2.11 Barco Cotton Sorter for Detection and Removal of Contaminants in Raw Cotton |
155 |
|
|
8.2.12 Rieter Vision Shield, Metal Shield, Fire Shield, and the Combo Shield |
156 |
|
|
8.2.13 Loptex Optosonic Sorter |
156 |
|
|
8.2.14 Online Parameter Settings |
156 |
|
|
8.2.15 Trutzschler WASTECONTROL and CLEANCOMMANDER |
156 |
|
|
8.3 Carding |
157 |
|
|
8.3.1 Neps Removal Efficiency (%) and Neps % |
158 |
|
|
8.3.2 Web-Cleaning Device |
158 |
|
|
8.3.3 Nep Control Device |
158 |
|
|
8.4 Drawframe |
158 |
|
|
8.4.1 Auto Break Draft Setting |
159 |
|
|
8.4.2 Clean Coil |
160 |
|
|
8.4.3 Pneumatic Pressure Head |
160 |
|
|
8.4.4 Tension Measuring System |
160 |
|
|
8.4.5 Short Term Auto-Levelers |
160 |
|
|
8.4.6 Use a Camera to Monitor the Sliver Quality |
160 |
|
|
8.5 Simplex |
161 |
|
|
8.5.1 Flyer Speed |
161 |
|
|
8.5.2 Roving Bobbin Transport System |
162 |
|
|
8.5.3 Roving Stop Motions |
162 |
|
|
8.5.4 Electronic Driving System |
162 |
|
|
8.5.5 Computer Monitoring Device |
163 |
|
|
8.6 Ring-Spinning |
163 |
|
|
8.6.1 Compact Spinning |
164 |
|
|
8.6.2 Spinning Triangle |
164 |
|
|
8.6.3 Principle of Superconducting Magnetic Bearing |
164 |
|
|
8.7 Rotor Spinning |
165 |
|
|
8.7.1 Reduction of Power Consumption |
166 |
|
|
8.7.2 Rotor Speed and Diameter |
167 |
|
|
8.7.3 Advancement in Rotor Bearings |
167 |
|
|
8.7.4 Advancement in Suction System |
167 |
|
|
8.7.5 Advancement in the Driving Rotor |
167 |
|
|
8.7.6 Advancement in the Cooling System for Inverter |
168 |
|
|
8.7.7 Advancement in Online Quality Monitoring |
168 |
|
|
8.7.8 Advancement in Humidification |
168 |
|
|
8.7.9 Automation and Digitization |
168 |
|
|
8.7.10 Energy Saving |
168 |
|
|
8.8 Conclusion |
169 |
|
|
References |
169 |
|
|
9 Recent Advancements in Cotton Spinning Machineries |
172 |
|
|
9.1 Introduction |
172 |
|
|
9.2 Recent Advancements in Blowroom Machines |
173 |
|
|
9.2.1 Reciprocating Bale Plucker |
173 |
|
|
9.2.2 Heavy Particle Separators |
174 |
|
|
9.2.3 Opener |
175 |
|
|
9.2.4 Multimixer |
177 |
|
|
9.2.5 Cleaner |
178 |
|
|
9.2.6 Dedusters |
179 |
|
|
9.3 Recent Advancements in Carding Machine |
179 |
|
|
9.3.1 Chute Feeder |
179 |
|
|
9.3.2 Feeding System |
180 |
|
|
9.3.3 Carding System |
181 |
|
|
9.3.4 Flat Cleaning System |
182 |
|
|
9.3.5 Transfer System |
182 |
|
|
9.3.6 Dust Filter System |
184 |
|
|
9.3.7 Carding Coiler |
184 |
|
|
9.4 JWF1313—A Well-Developed Drawframe |
185 |
|
|
9.4.1 The New Experience of Dual-Drive Drafting |
186 |
|
|
9.4.2 A New Braking Device with Auto Can Change |
186 |
|
|
9.4.3 Independent Suction System |
187 |
|
|
9.4.4 Cleaning Monitoring to Guarantee Quality |
187 |
|
|
9.4.5 Structure Simplification for Energy Conservation and Environmental Protection |
188 |
|
|
9.5 JWF1316/JWF1316T—An Example of Advanced Drawframe |
189 |
|
|
9.5.1 Easy Operation |
190 |
|
|
9.5.2 Energy Conservation, Environmental Protection by Low Input and High Efficiency |
190 |
|
|
9.5.3 Simple and Convenient Maintenance |
190 |
|
|
9.5.4 Flexible Usage by the Auto-leveler System |
190 |
|
|
9.5.5 Continuous Production Without Care |
191 |
|
|
9.5.6 Highly Efficient and Stable Drafting System |
191 |
|
|
9.5.7 The Driving System with Reliable Cleaning and Feeding |
192 |
|
|
9.6 Recent Advancements in the Ring Frame |
193 |
|
|
9.7 Conclusion |
194 |
|
|
References |
195 |
|
|
10 Cotton in Weaving Technology |
198 |
|
|
10.1 Introduction |
199 |
|
|
10.2 Warping |
199 |
|
|
10.2.1 Direct Warping |
200 |
|
|
10.2.2 Sectional Warping |
200 |
|
|
10.2.3 Different Sections of Warping Machine |
201 |
|
|
10.2.4 Commonly Used Parameters During Warping |
201 |
|
|
10.3 Technical Discussion on Cotton Warping |
202 |
|
|
10.3.1 Maintaining the Mechanical and Physical Properties of Cotton Yarn |
202 |
|
|
10.3.2 Maintaining Uniform Tension |
202 |
|
|
10.3.3 Circular Shape of the Warping Creel |
203 |
|
|
10.3.4 Optimum Warping Speed |
204 |
|
|
10.3.5 Beam Drum Pressure |
204 |
|
|
10.3.6 Density of Warp |
204 |
|
|
10.4 Sizing |
205 |
|
|
10.4.1 Requisite Properties of Size Material Used for Cotton |
205 |
|
|
10.4.2 Basic Size Ingredients |
206 |
|
|
10.4.3 Lubricant Used for Cotton Yarn Sizing |
206 |
|
|
10.4.4 Gelatinization Process of Starch Solution |
207 |
|
|
10.4.5 The Innovation of Biodegradable Textile Sizing Agent |
211 |
|
|
10.5 Sizing Machine |
211 |
|
|
10.5.1 Creel Zone |
211 |
|
|
10.5.2 Size Box Zone |
212 |
|
|
10.5.3 Drying Zone |
212 |
|
|
10.5.4 Splitting Zone |
215 |
|
|
10.5.5 Beaming Zone |
215 |
|
|
10.5.6 Stretch of Cotton Yarn During Sizing |
215 |
|
|
10.6 Looming |
216 |
|
|
10.7 The Relation Between the Drop Wire Densities and Yarn Count |
216 |
|
|
10.8 Shedding |
217 |
|
|
10.8.1 Cam Shedding |
218 |
|
|
10.8.2 Dobby Shedding |
218 |
|
|
10.8.3 Jacquard Shedding |
219 |
|
|
10.8.4 Pneumatic Shedding |
220 |
|
|
10.9 Shed Geometry |
220 |
|
|
10.10 Picking |
224 |
|
|
10.10.1 Classification of Picking Mechanism |
224 |
|
|
10.10.2 Loom Timing |
225 |
|
|
10.10.3 Conventional Picking Mechanism for Cotton |
225 |
|
|
10.10.4 Unconventional Picking Mechanism |
226 |
|
|
10.10.5 Cotton Fabric Density in Projectile |
228 |
|
|
10.10.6 Fully Guided Solid Carrier |
228 |
|
|
10.10.7 Fluid Carrier |
229 |
|
|
10.10.8 Energy Consumption of Different Picking Mechanism |
230 |
|
|
10.11 Beat-up |
231 |
|
|
10.11.1 Types of Beat-up |
231 |
|
|
10.11.2 Crank Beat-up |
231 |
|
|
10.11.3 Factors Affecting the Motion of the Sley |
231 |
|
|
10.11.4 Sley Eccentricity Ratio |
232 |
|
|
10.11.5 Cam Beat-up Mechanism |
233 |
|
|
10.12 Let-off |
233 |
|
|
10.12.1 Negative Let-off |
234 |
|
|
10.12.2 Semi Positive Let-off |
235 |
|
|
10.12.3 Positive Let-off |
235 |
|
|
10.12.4 Mechanically Controlled Let-off System |
235 |
|
|
10.12.5 Electronically Controlled Let-off System |
236 |
|
|
10.12.6 Mechatronic Let-off |
237 |
|
|
10.12.7 Back-Rest and Dropper Position and Its Effect on Warp Tension |
237 |
|
|
10.12.8 Eliminating Stop Marks or Startup Marks by Using Positive Let-off Motion |
238 |
|
|
10.12.9 Effect of Let-off Type on Fell of the Cloth and Crimp |
238 |
|
|
10.12.10 Let-off Motion Can Even Affect the Color |
239 |
|
|
10.12.11 Let-off Motion for Pile Fabric |
239 |
|
|
10.13 Take-up |
239 |
|
|
10.13.1 Different Arrangements of Take-up Rollers to Avoid Slippage |
240 |
|
|
10.13.2 Types of Take-up Motion |
240 |
|
|
10.13.3 Electronic Take-up Motion |
241 |
|
|
10.13.4 Role of Take-up Motion in Keeping a Constant Cloth Fell |
242 |
|
|
10.14 Creating Fancy Effects by Variable Pick Density |
242 |
|
|
10.15 Weaving Parameters |
242 |
|
|
10.16 Controlling Parameters of the Loom |
243 |
|
|
10.16.1 Warp Tension |
243 |
|
|
10.16.2 Loom RPM |
243 |
|
|
10.16.3 Shed Angle |
244 |
|
|
10.16.4 Back-Rest Position and Height |
244 |
|
|
10.16.5 Dropper Bar Position and Height |
245 |
|
|
10.16.6 Fabric Width Control |
246 |
|
|
10.16.7 Easing Motion |
247 |
|
|
10.16.8 Weft Density (PPI) |
248 |
|
|
10.17 Conclusion |
250 |
|
|
References |
250 |
|
|
11 Role of Cotton Fiber in Knitting Industry |
254 |
|
|
11.1 Introduction |
254 |
|
|
11.2 What Is the Knitting Industry, and What Is the Role of Cotton Fiber in the Industry? |
256 |
|
|
11.3 Basic Concepts and Definitions |
256 |
|
|
11.4 Principles of Interlooping (Knitting) Technology |
260 |
|
|
11.4.1 Principles of Hand Knitting |
260 |
|
|
11.4.2 Principles of Machine Knitting |
261 |
|
|
11.4.3 Interloping (Knitting) Elements |
263 |
|
|
11.4.4 The Methods of Forming Yarn into Needle Loops |
267 |
|
|
11.5 The Knitting (Interlooping) Processes on Knitting Machines |
270 |
|
|
11.5.1 Concept of Knitting Machines’ Classification |
270 |
|
|
11.5.2 Features of Knitting (Interlooping) Processes on Single Bed Knitting Machines |
271 |
|
|
11.5.3 Weft Knitting Machine. Knitting Process with Bearded Needles on the Circular Knitting Machine |
272 |
|
|
11.5.4 Weft Knitting Machine. Knitting Process with Latch Needles on the Circular Knitting Machine |
274 |
|
|
11.5.5 Knitting Process with Bearded Needles on the Warp Knitting Machine |
277 |
|
|
11.5.6 Knitting Process with Compound Needles on the Warp Knitting Machine |
280 |
|
|
11.5.7 Features of Knitting (Interloping) Processes on Double-Bed Knitting Machines |
280 |
|
|
11.5.8 Weft Knitting Machine. The Technology of Knitting with Latch Needles on Double-Bed Circular or Flat Knitting Machines |
280 |
|
|
11.5.9 Weft Knitting Machine. The Technology of Knitting with Latch Needles on Double-Bed Knitting Machines with the Distribution |
286 |
|
|
11.5.10 Warp Knitting Machine. The Technology of Knitting on the Double Bed Warp Knitting Machine by Warp Knitting Method |
288 |
|
|
11.6 Structures and Properties of Knitted Fabrics |
290 |
|
|
11.7 Features of the Structure and Properties of the Basic Weft Knitted Fabrics |
292 |
|
|
11.7.1 Single Weft Knitted Fabrics. Plain and Its Properties |
292 |
|
|
11.7.2 Double Weft Knitted Fabrics. Rib and Its Properties |
294 |
|
|
11.7.3 Double Weft Knitted Fabrics. Purl and Its Properties |
295 |
|
|
11.8 Features of the Structure and Properties of the Basic Warp Knitted Fabrics |
296 |
|
|
11.8.1 Single Warp Knitted Fabrics. The Single Pillar Stitch and Its Properties |
297 |
|
|
11.8.2 Single Warp Knitted Fabrics. Tricot Lap and Its Properties |
298 |
|
|
11.8.3 Single Warp Knitted Fabrics. Atlas Lap and Its Properties |
299 |
|
|
11.8.4 Double Warp Knitted Fabrics. Double Pillar Stitches and Its Properties |
300 |
|
|
11.8.5 Double Warp Knitted Fabrics. Double Tricot Lap and Its Properties |
301 |
|
|
11.8.6 Double Warp Knitted Fabrics. Double Atlas Lap and Its Properties |
302 |
|
|
11.9 Features of the Structure and Properties Group of Derivative (Variation of the Basic Group) Weft Knitted Fabrics |
303 |
|
|
11.9.1 Single Derivative Weft Knitted Fabrics. Float and Its Properties |
303 |
|
|
11.9.2 Double Derivative Weft Knitted Fabrics. Double Rib (Interlock) and Its Properties |
304 |
|
|
11.10 Features of the Structure and Properties Group of Derivative (Variation of the Basic Group) Warp Knitted Fabrics |
306 |
|
|
11.10.1 Single Derivative Knit Structures of Tricot (Cord and Satin) and Atlas Lap. Their Properties |
306 |
|
|
11.11 Conclusion |
307 |
|
|
References |
308 |
|
|
12 Cotton in Nonwoven Products |
311 |
|
|
12.1 Introduction |
311 |
|
|
12.2 Cotton in Nonwoven Personal Care Products |
313 |
|
|
12.2.1 Pain Relief |
315 |
|
|
12.2.2 Nursing Pads |
315 |
|
|
12.2.3 Adhesive Dental Sponge |
315 |
|
|
12.2.4 Nasal Strip |
316 |
|
|
12.2.5 Diapers |
316 |
|
|
12.2.6 Cotton in Nonwoven Feminine Hygiene Products |
318 |
|
|
12.3 Cotton in Nonwoven Medicals and Surgery |
319 |
|
|
12.3.1 Transdermal Drug Delivery |
320 |
|
|
12.3.2 Underpads |
321 |
|
|
12.3.3 Surgical Disposable Caps, Gowns, Masks, and Shoe Covers |
321 |
|
|
12.3.4 Surgical Drapes, Wraps and Packs |
321 |
|
|
12.3.5 Surgical Dressing |
321 |
|
|
12.4 Cotton in Nonwoven Apparel |
322 |
|
|
12.4.1 Cotton Interlining and Interfacing |
322 |
|
|
12.4.2 Military Apparel |
323 |
|
|
12.4.3 Contamination Control Gown/Examination Gowns |
323 |
|
|
12.5 Cotton in Nonwoven Home Textile and Upholstery |
324 |
|
|
12.5.1 Bedding |
326 |
|
|
12.5.2 Mattresses |
326 |
|
|
12.5.3 Curtains |
326 |
|
|
12.5.4 Wallcovering |
326 |
|
|
12.5.5 Carpets |
327 |
|
|
12.6 Cotton in Nonwoven Wipes |
327 |
|
|
12.6.1 Personal Care Wipes |
329 |
|
|
12.6.2 Personal Hygiene |
329 |
|
|
12.6.3 Medical or Surgical Wipes |
329 |
|
|
12.6.4 Baby Wipes |
330 |
|
|
12.6.5 Cleansing Pads |
330 |
|
|
12.6.6 Cosmetic Pads |
330 |
|
|
12.6.7 Pet Care |
330 |
|
|
12.6.8 Household and Home Cleaning Wipes |
331 |
|
|
12.6.9 Industrial Wipes |
331 |
|
|
12.7 Cotton in Nonwoven Industrial and Technical Textiles |
332 |
|
|
12.7.1 Filtration Textiles |
332 |
|
|
12.7.2 Geotextiles |
334 |
|
|
12.7.3 Packaging Textiles |
334 |
|
|
12.7.4 Functional Nonwoven Textiles |
334 |
|
|
12.8 Future Trend of Nonwoven Cotton |
335 |
|
|
12.9 Conclusion |
336 |
|
|
References |
336 |
|
|
13 Pretreatment of Cotton |
339 |
|
|
13.1 Introduction |
340 |
|
|
13.2 Cotton Pretreatment Processes |
341 |
|
|
13.2.1 Singeing |
341 |
|
|
13.2.2 Desizing |
343 |
|
|
13.2.3 Scouring |
348 |
|
|
13.2.4 Bleaching |
349 |
|
|
13.2.5 Bio-Polishing |
350 |
|
|
13.2.6 Mercerization |
350 |
|
|
13.3 Advancements in Pretreatment of Cotton Textiles |
351 |
|
|
13.3.1 Enzymatic Processing |
352 |
|
|
13.3.2 Integrated Enzymatic Processing |
354 |
|
|
13.3.3 Plasma Technology |
354 |
|
|
13.3.4 Electrochemical Technique |
355 |
|
|
13.3.5 Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Processing |
356 |
|
|
13.4 Conclusion |
356 |
|
|
References |
357 |
|
|
14 Cotton Fiber and Yarn Dyeing |
360 |
|
|
14.1 History of Cotton Dyeing |
360 |
|
|
14.2 Theory of Dyeing |
361 |
|
|
14.2.1 Physical Theory |
362 |
|
|
14.2.2 Chemical Theory |
362 |
|
|
14.2.3 Physical-Chemical Theory |
363 |
|
|
14.2.4 Fiber Complex Theory |
363 |
|
|
14.2.5 Solid Solution Theory |
364 |
|
|
14.2.6 Mechanical and Pigment Theory |
364 |
|
|
14.3 Dyes Used for Cotton |
364 |
|
|
14.3.1 Reactive Dyes |
364 |
|
|
14.3.2 Sulfur Dye |
366 |
|
|
14.3.3 Azoic(Naphthol) Dye |
367 |
|
|
14.3.4 Basic Dye |
368 |
|
|
14.3.5 Indigo Dye |
369 |
|
|
14.3.6 Vat Dye |
369 |
|
|
14.3.7 Direct Dye |
370 |
|
|
14.3.8 Natural Dyes |
371 |
|
|
14.4 Dyeing Process |
371 |
|
|
14.5 Different Principles Involved in Dyeing |
372 |
|
|
14.6 Factors Influencing the Dyeing Process |
372 |
|
|
14.7 Preparation for Medium |
372 |
|
|
14.8 Preparation for the Dyeing Process |
373 |
|
|
14.9 Cotton Fiber Dyeing Method |
373 |
|
|
14.10 Yarn Dyeing Methods |
373 |
|
|
14.10.1 Batch Dyeing |
374 |
|
|
14.10.2 Hank Dyeing |
374 |
|
|
14.10.3 Beam Dyeing Method |
374 |
|
|
14.11 Continuous Dyeing Method |
375 |
|
|
14.11.1 Rope Dyeing Method |
375 |
|
|
14.11.2 Slasher Dyeing Method |
375 |
|
|
14.12 Machinery Used for Dyeing |
375 |
|
|
14.12.1 Dyeing Machine for Loose Cotton Fiber and Sliver |
375 |
|
|
14.12.2 Machines for Dyeing Cotton Yarn |
376 |
|
|
14.13 Conclusion |
377 |
|
|
References |
378 |
|
|
15 Cotton Based Clothing |
381 |
|
|
15.1 Introduction |
381 |
|
|
15.2 Classification of Cotton-Based Clothing |
382 |
|
|
15.3 Market Share of Cotton-Based Apparel |
383 |
|
|
15.4 Comfort Properties of Cotton-Based Clothing |
387 |
|
|
15.4.1 Softness |
388 |
|
|
15.4.2 Drapability |
388 |
|
|
15.4.3 Thermal Comfort |
388 |
|
|
15.4.4 Thermal Conductivity |
389 |
|
|
15.4.5 Moisture Vapor Transmission |
389 |
|
|
15.4.6 Air Permeability |
390 |
|
|
15.5 The Durability of Cotton-Based Clothing |
390 |
|
|
15.6 Value-Added Product |
391 |
|
|
15.6.1 Cotton and High-Performance Fibers Blends |
391 |
|
|
15.6.2 Cotton/Jute Blend |
391 |
|
|
15.6.3 Cotton Blends with Other Technical Fibers |
392 |
|
|
15.7 Conclusion |
392 |
|
|
References |
393 |
|
|
16 Biomedical Application of Cotton and Its Derivatives |
396 |
|
|
16.1 Introduction |
397 |
|
|
16.2 Wound Dressing |
399 |
|
|
16.2.1 The Traditional Cotton-Based Wound Dressing |
400 |
|
|
16.2.2 The Advanced Cotton-Based Wound Dressing |
400 |
|
|
16.3 Physical Modification |
401 |
|
|
16.4 Chemical Modification |
403 |
|
|
16.4.1 Etherification |
403 |
|
|
16.4.2 Oxidization |
404 |
|
|
16.4.3 Phosphorylation |
407 |
|
|
16.5 Drug Delivery |
408 |
|
|
16.5.1 Non-responsive Drug Delivery |
408 |
|
|
16.5.2 Stimulation Responsive Drug Delivery |
409 |
|
|
16.6 Surgical Purpose |
410 |
|
|
16.6.1 Cotton Roll |
410 |
|
|
16.6.2 Surgical Sutures |
411 |
|
|
16.7 Dental Use of Cotton: Iced Cotton Bud as a Pre-Cooling Method for Palatal Anaesthesia |
411 |
|
|
16.8 Tissue Engineering |
412 |
|
|
16.9 Conclusion |
413 |
|
|
References |
413 |
|
|
17 Chemical Structure and Modification of Cotton |
420 |
|
|
17.1 Introduction |
420 |
|
|
17.2 Chemical Structure of Cotton |
422 |
|
|
17.3 Mechanisms of Modification of Cotton Fiber and Fabric |
424 |
|
|
17.4 Conclusion |
426 |
|
|
References |
427 |
|
|
18 Advanced Physical Applications of Modified Cotton |
436 |
|
|
18.1 Introduction |
438 |
|
|
18.2 Superhydrophobicity |
438 |
|
|
18.3 Flame Retardancy |
458 |
|
|
18.4 Conclusion Remarks, Challenges, and Prospects |
461 |
|
|
References |
462 |
|
|
19 Advanced Biological Applications of Modified Cotton |
476 |
|
|
19.1 Antimicrobial |
477 |
|
|
19.2 Medical |
489 |
|
|
19.3 Insecticide |
492 |
|
|
19.3.1 Conclusion and Prospects |
493 |
|
|
References |
494 |
|
|
20 Advanced Chemical Applications of Modified Cotton |
504 |
|
|
20.1 Electrical Conductivity, Sensitivity, and EMI Shielding |
506 |
|
|
20.2 Chemical Detoxification and Photocatalysis |
511 |
|
|
20.3 Multi-advanced Applications |
516 |
|
|
20.4 Conclusion |
522 |
|
|
References |
523 |
|
|
21 Recycled Cotton Fibers for Melange Yarn Manufacturing |
531 |
|
|
21.1 Introduction |
532 |
|
|
21.2 Fiber Preparation Methods |
533 |
|
|
21.2.1 Dyeing of Virgin Cotton |
533 |
|
|
21.2.2 Recycled Fibers as a Raw Material for Mélange Yarn |
534 |
|
|
21.3 Fiber Mixing and Blending |
537 |
|
|
21.3.1 Blend Shade in Blow Room |
539 |
|
|
21.3.2 Sliver Blending |
540 |
|
|
21.4 Mélange Yarn Spinning |
540 |
|
|
21.5 Factors Affecting Spinning Mélange Yarn |
542 |
|
|
21.6 Classification of Mélange Yarn |
542 |
|
|
21.6.1 Blended |
543 |
|
|
21.6.2 Non?Blended |
543 |
|
|
21.7 Pros and Cons of Mélange Yarn |
543 |
|
|
21.7.1 Advantages of Mélange Yarn |
543 |
|
|
21.7.2 Significant Problems in Manufacturing Mélange Yarn |
544 |
|
|
21.8 Application of Mélange Yarn |
546 |
|
|
21.9 Conclusion |
546 |
|
|
References |
547 |
|
|
22 Cotton Melange Yarn and Image Processing |
549 |
|
|
22.1 Introduction |
549 |
|
|
22.2 Importance of This Technology |
551 |
|
|
22.3 Development in Fiber and Yarn Image Processing During the Last Century |
552 |
|
|
22.4 Possible and Practical Software Approaches in the Melange Yarn Industry |
553 |
|
|
22.5 Melange Yarn Inspection |
555 |
|
|
22.5.1 Analysis of Visual Inspection and it’s Quality Control |
555 |
|
|
22.5.2 Computerized Inspection Model and System with Quality Controlling |
557 |
|
|
22.5.3 Differences and Advantages of the Proposed Computerized Inspection Approach |
561 |
|
|
22.6 Future Perspectives |
562 |
|
|
22.7 Conclusion |
563 |
|
|
References |
564 |
|