Editorial	6
	Contents	8
	Part A New Approaches for Efficient Production and Assembly Planning	14
	Agile Hybrid Assembly Systems: Bridging the Gap Between Line and Matrix Configurations	15
	1 Introduction	16
	2 Theoretical Background	16
	3 A Framework for Agile Hybrid Assembly Systems	17
	4 Use Case Development	20
	5 Conclusion	21
	References	22
	Economic Feasibility of Highly Adaptable Production Systems	24
	1 Introduction and Motivation	24
	2 State of the Art	24
	3 Approach	25
	4 Example of Application	27
	5 Discussion and Evaluation	29
	6 Summary and Outlook	30
	References	30
	Reconfiguration of Production Equipment of Matrix Manufacturing Systems	32
	1 Introduction and Motivation	32
	2 Changeability of Matrix Manufacturing Systems	33
	3 Continuous Adaption of Production Entities	35
	4 Approach to Reconfigure MMS	36
	5 Conclusion and Outlook	37
	References	38
	A User-friendly Planning Tool for Assembly Sequence Optimization	40
	1 Introduction and Fundamentals	40
	1.1 Graph-based Design Languages	40
	1.2 Representation of Assembly Systems	41
	1.3 Petri Nets	41
	2 Implementation	43
	2.1 Graphical User Interface	43
	2.2 Graph-based Design Language for Assembly Planning	44
	2.3 Workflow	45
	3 Application Example	46
	4 Summary and Discussion	47
	References	48
	Fluid Manufacturing Systems (FLMS)	49
	1 Introduction and Motivation	49
	2 State of the Art	50
	3 Definition of Fluid Manufacturing Systems (FLMS)	52
	4 Conclusion	55
	References	56
	Automated Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) via Asset Administration Shell	57
	1 Introduction	57
	2 State of the Art	58
	2.1 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Within Enterprises	58
	2.2 Usage of AAS	59
	2.3 AAS in the Context of EIA	59
	3 Implementation of the AAS for EIA	60
	4 Result	60
	5 Discussion	61
	6 Summary and Outlook	62
	References	63
	Business Model Innovation in Manufacturing Equipment Companies	65
	1 Introduction	65
	2 Approaches to Business Model Innovation	66
	2.1 Need for Business Model Innovation	66
	2.2 Screening of Business Model Patterns	67
	2.3 Requirements of Reconfigurable Production Systems	68
	2.4 Problem-Solution Fit	70
	3 Feedback Within ARENA2036 and Final Discussion	71
	4 Summary	72
	References	72
	Identification of Reconfiguration Demand and Generation of Alternative Configurations for Cyber-Physical Production Systems	75
	1 Introduction	75
	1.1 Requirements for the Self-organized Reconfiguration Management	76
	1.2 Basic Concept and Focus of this Contribution	77
	2 Related Work	77
	3 Identification of Reconfiguration Demand and Generation of Alternative Configurations	78
	3.1 Identification of Reconfiguration Demand	78
	3.2 Generation of Alternative Configurations	79
	4 Proof of Concept	80
	5 Conclusion and Future Work	81
	References	81
	Method for Data-Driven Assembly Sequence Planning	83
	1 Introduction	83
	2 Approaches in the Field of Automatic Assembly Planning	84
	3 Method to Generate Optimized Assembly Sequences from Actual Data	85
	3.1 Context	85
	3.2 Data Analysis	85
	3.3 Example	88
	4 Conclusion and Outlook	89
	References	91
	Evaluation of Material Supply Strategies in Matrix Manufacturing Systems	92
	1 Introduction	92
	2 State of the Art	93
	2.1 Material Supply	93
	2.2 Matrix Manufacturing System	93
	3 Material Supply in the Context of MMS	95
	3.1 Challenges to Material Supply	95
	3.2 Methodology of Evaluating the Suitability	95
	3.3 Evaluations	96
	4 Findings	98
	5 Conclusions & Outlook	99
	References	99
	Smart Factory and the Unique Digital Order Twin	101
	1 The Idea of a Digital Order Twin	101
	2 Repository – Main Databases for the Digital Order Twin	103
	2.1 Production and Material Flow Structure of a Smart Factory	103
	2.2 Product Structure and Bill-Of-Material in a Smart Factory	103
	2.3 Unique BoM and Semantic Product Memory of Final Products	104
	3 Regulation and Ordering of Final Product and Components	105
	3.1 The Role of ‘Order-Entry Point’ in a Smart Factory	105
	4 Conclusion and Short Outlook	106
	References	107
	Developing Technology Strategies for Flexible Automotive Products and Processes	109
	1 Introduction	109
	2 Theoretical Background	110
	3 Approach and Methodology	111
	3.1 Assessing Latent User Needs of Future Product Functions	113
	3.2 Estimating Technology Dynamics	113
	4 Application and Results	114
	5 Discussion and Conclusion	116
	References	117
	Structured Information Processing as Enabler of Versatile, Flexible Manufacturing Concepts	120
	1 Introduction	120
	2 State of the Art and Related Work	121
	2.1 Efforts Towards Implementing Alternative Manufacturing Concepts for Modern Production Systems in the Automotive Industry	121
	2.2 Distributed Information Processing as Requirement for Implementing Modular Production Systems	122
	3 Concept for Information Processing in Alternative Versatile Manufacturing Systems Implementation	122
	3.1 Requirements for Information Processing in Modular Production Systems	123
	3.2 Structuring of the Information Flow of Entities	124
	4 Discussion and Conclusion	126
	References	127
	A Novel Approach to Generate Assembly Instructions Automatically from CAD Models	129
	1 Introduction	129
	2 State of the Art in the Generation of Assembly Instructions	130
	3 Interface to CAD Model	131
	4 Assembly Sequence Generation	132
	5 Generation of Assembly Instructions	133
	6 Validation	134
	7 Conclusion	136
	References	136
	Selective Assembly Strategy for Quality Optimization in a Laser Welding Process	138
	1 Introduction and Problem Setting	138
	1.1 State of the Art of SA and Deficits of Current Approaches	139
	1.2 Objectives and Scope of this Paper	141
	1.3 Description of the Use Case and Problem Setting	141
	2 Experimental Realization of the Selective Assembly	142
	2.1 Mathematical Statement of the Optimization Problem	142
	2.2 Optimization Settings and Parameter Study	143
	2.3 Results	144
	3 Conclusion and Outlook	144
	References	145
	FlexPress – An Implementation of Energy Flexibility at Shop-Floor Level for Compressed Air Applications	147
	1 Introduction	147
	2 Related Work	148
	3 Case Study	149
	3.1 Use Case	149
	3.2 Proposed Method for Flexibility Modeling	150
	3.3 Flexibility Model for Compressed Air	151
	4 Results and Discussion	152
	5 Conclusion	153
	References	153
	Part B Smart Production Systems and Data Services	154
	A Framework for Digital Twin Deployment in Production Systems	155
	1 Introduction	155
	1.1 Production Systems	156
	1.2 Related Work	157
	1.3 Contribution	157
	2 Digital Shadow	157
	3 Digital Twin	159
	4 Integration in Automation Process	161
	4.1 Feedback to Physical World	161
	4.2 Integration with MES/ERP	161
	5 Conclusion	162
	References	162
	Assets2036 – Lightweight Implementation of the Asset Administration Shell Concept for Practical Use and Easy Adaptation	163
	1 Motivation	163
	2 Introduction and State of the Art	164
	3 Use Case and Derived Requirements	165
	4 Concept and Implementation of Assets2036	165
	4.1 Concept	165
	4.2 Submodel Description Format	167
	4.3 Implementation of Communication Using MQTT and JSON	167
	4.4 Example	168
	5 Conclusions	169
	References	170
	AutomationML in Industry 4.0 Environment: A Systematic Literature Review	172
	1 Introduction	172
	2 AutomationML Overview	173
	3 Methodology and Discussion	174
	4 Conclusion and Outlook	177
	References	177
	Generic and Scalable Modeling Technique for Automated Processes	180
	1 Introduction	180
	2 Theoretical Basis	181
	2.1 Petri Nets	181
	2.2 Refinement Action Engine	181
	2.3 Utlized Control Hardware in Production Systems	181
	3 Approaches utilized by Research and Industry	182
	3.1 Modelling Techniques in Industry	182
	3.2 Approaches in Research	182
	4 Research Needs	182
	5 Methodology	183
	6 Application of the Methodology	184
	6.1 Description of the use Case	184
	6.2 Modelling the System	185
	6.3 Operation of the Assembly System	186
	7 Conclusion and Outlook	186
	References	187
	On Automation Along the Automotive Wire Harness Value Chain	188
	1 Introduction	188
	1.1 Current Wire Harness Design	188
	2 Wire Harness Design Automation	189
	2.1 Automation Approach	189
	2.2 Use Case	190
	2.3 Data	190
	2.4 Process	191
	2.5 Assembly Simulation	194
	2.6 Reduction of Design Time and Design Cost	194
	3 Summary and Outlook	194
	References	195
	An ISA-95 based Middle Data Layer for Data Standardization—Enhancing Systems Interoperability for Factory Automation	197
	1 Introduction	197
	2 Motivation and Problem Statement	199
	3 Approach	200
	3.1 Main idea	200
	3.2 Data Architecture Design	201
	4 Case Study	202
	4.1 Data Model Analysis	202
	4.2 Data Model Mapping	202
	5 Conclusions	203
	References	204
	Deep Reinforcement Learning for IoT Interoperability	205
	1 Introduction	205
	2 Background	206
	2.1 Related Work and own contribution	207
	3 Experimental Setup	207
	4 DRL Policy and Learning Algorithm	208
	5 Results	210
	6 Conclusion and Outlook	212
	References	212
	Wireless Industrial Networks for Real-Time Applications	215
	1 Introduction and Motivation	215
	2 Wireless Transmission Systems	216
	3 Ultra-reliable Wireless Industrial Network	217
	3.1 Physical Layer	219
	3.2 Media Access and Coexistence Management	219
	4 UWIN Implementation and Prototypes	220
	5 Summary and Outlook	221
	6 Acknowledgements	222
	References	222
	A Novel ‘Automated Hardware Upgrade Service’ for Manufacturing Systems	223
	1 Introduction	223
	2 Current State of Research	224
	3 Automated Hardware Upgrade Service	226
	4 Case Study	227
	5 Conclusion and Outlook	228
	References	229
	Deep Learning-Enabled Real Time In-Site Quality Inspection Based On Gesture Classification	231
	1 Introduction	231
	2 Related Work	232
	3 Overall Framework	233
	3.1 BIOX Bracelet Implementation	233
	4 Data Pre-processing	234
	5 Deep Learning Model for Classification	236
	6 Results	236
	7 Conclusion	238
	References	238
	Detection and Monitoring for Anomalies and Degradation of a Robotic Arm Using Machine Learning	240
	1 Introduction	240
	2 Data Description	242
	3 Methodology	242
	4 Results	244
	5 Conclusion	246
	References	247
	Using Deep Neural Networks to Separate Entangled Workpieces in Random Bin Picking	248
	1 Introduction	248
	2 State of the Art	249
	3 Proposed Separation Methods	249
	3.1 Method to Validate the Effort of Separation in Simulation	249
	3.2 Three Proposed Separation Strategies	251
	4 Training of a Serial Connection of CNNs	252
	5 Results	253
	5.1 Selection of Proposed Separation Strategy	253
	5.2 Validation of Predicted Path Points with Strategy A	253
	6 Integration in Bin Picking Application	254
	7 Conclusion and Outlook	255
	References	256
	Automatic Grasp Generation for Vacuum Grippers for Random Bin Picking	257
	1 Introduction	257
	2 Related Work	258
	3 Probability Matrix of a Successful Grasp	258
	3.1 Projection of Workpiece and Gripper	258
	3.2 Overlap Between Workpiece and Gripper	259
	3.3 Calculation of Center of Gravity Heatmap	260
	3.4 Calculation of Surface Smoothness	261
	3.5 Weighted Combination and Normalization of Matrices	261
	4 Grasps Generation and Gripper Selection	262
	4.1 Gripper Selection	262
	4.2 Generation and Prioritization of Grasps	262
	5 Experiments and Results	262
	5.1 Hardware Testing Setup	262
	5.2 Evaluation of Grasp Reliability and Gripper Selection	263
	6 Conclusion	264
	References	264
	Flat Knitted Sensory Work Glove for Process Monitoring and Quality Assurance	266
	1 Introduction	266
	2 Materials and Methods	268
	2.1 Sensor Construction	268
	2.2 Sensor Characterization	270
	3 Conclusion	272
	4 Acknowledgement	273
	References	273
	Predictable and Real-Time Message-Based Communication in the Context of Control Technology	274
	1 Introduction	274
	2 Related Works	275
	3 Concept to fulfill real-time requirements	275
	4 Validation	278
	5 Conclusion	280
	References	281
	Part C Advances in Manufacturing Processes and Materials	282
	A New Adjustable Hemming Die for Automotive Body Construction: Simulation, Design and Experiments	283
	1 Introduction	283
	2 FE-Based Optimization of Hang-On Parts by Modification of the Active Surface of a Virtual Hemming Die	284
	3 Construction of an Adjustable Hemming Die	288
	4 Validation of an Adjustable Hemming Die Prototype for the Manufacturing of an Engine Bonnet	290
	5 Summary and Conclusion	292
	References	293
	Production of Thin Outer Skin Car Body Panels by Using Novel Short Cycle Stretch-Forming (SCS) Technology	294
	1 Introduction and State of the Art	294
	2 Short Cycle Stretch-Forming (SCS)	295
	2.1 Basic Function of SCS-Technology	295
	2.2 Experimental Research and Validation of Simulation	295
	2.3 Close-To-Production Tool Concept and Improved Sheet Metal Part Properties	297
	2.4 Energy Saving Potential of the SCS-Process	299
	3 Conclusions	299
	References	300
	Automated Generation of Clamping Concepts and Assembly Cells for Car Body Parts for the Digitalization of Automobile Production	301
	1 Introduction	301
	2 State of the Art	302
	2.1 Graph-Based Design Languages	302
	2.2 Product Development Process and Geometric Modeling	303
	3 Methodology	303
	4 Results and Discussion	305
	4.1 Central Data Model	305
	4.2 Design Variants	305
	4.3 Automated Wiring	306
	5 Summary and Outlook	306
	References	308
	A self-programming painting cell SelfPaint: Simulation-based path generation with automized quality control for painting in small lot sizes	310
	1 Introduction	311
	2 Input Database	312
	3 Module 1: 3D-Scanning	313
	4 Modules 2 and 3: Path Generation and Painting	314
	5 Module 4: Contactless Quality Control of Paint Film Thickness	316
	6 Conclusion	317
	References	318
	Less Chemicals and More Power: Pulsed Electric Field-Treatment for Reduction of Microorganisms	319
	1 Introduction	320
	1.1 The DiWaL Project of BMBF	321
	2 Pulsed Electric Field-Treatment	321
	2.1 Technical PEF-Concepts and New Developments	322
	2.2 Results and Evaluation	322
	2.3 Integrated Sustainability Assessment of PEF-Treatment	323
	3 Conclusion and Outlook	324
	References	325
	Safety in Electromobility – Technical Cleanliness Between the Poles of Design Requirements and Efficient Production	327
	1 Introduction	327
	2 Status Quo	328
	3 Current Approaches: Product Design	329
	4 Current Approaches: Production	330
	5 New Approach: Fault Injection Test procedure	331
	6 Conclusions	334
	References	334
	Highly Integrative Rear End Concept of Battery Electric Vehicles	335
	1 Introduction	335
	2 State of the Art	336
	2.1 Battery Design	336
	2.2 Multi-material-Design	336
	3 Design	337
	4 Design and Manufacturing Process	339
	4.1 Highly Integral Part Design	339
	4.2 Manufacturing Process	340
	5 Evaluation of the Highly Integrative Rear End Concept	341
	6 Conclusion and Outlook	341
	References	342
	Modelling Defects of Unhardened Adhesives Resulting from Handling and Warpage	343
	1 Introduction & State of the Art	343
	2 Physical Parameters Affecting the Instabilities	345
	3 Virtual Prognosis of Instabilities in Uncured Adhesives	346
	3.1 Choosing the Modelling Strategy	346
	3.2 Selection of Suitable Material Models	346
	3.3 Simulation Setup and a Study of Convergence and Aspect-Ratio	347
	4 Loaded Uncured Adhesive Bondlines in Automobiles	349
	5 Conclusions and Outlook	349
	References	350
	Experimental Study on Depth of Cure During UV-Post-Curing of Photopolymers Used for Additive Manufacturing	351
	1 Introduction	351
	2 Experimental	352
	2.1 Design of Experiment	352
	2.2 Materials	353
	2.3 Test Specimen Production and Post-Curing	353
	2.4 Hardness Testing	354
	2.5 Transmission Measurements	354
	3 Results and Discussion	354
	3.1 Determination of the Depth of Cure	354
	3.2 Results DoE	356
	3.3 Results Transmission Measurements	357
	4 Conclusion	357
	References	358
	Simulation Supported Manufacturing of Profiled Composite Parts Using the Braiding Technique	359
	1 Introduction	359
	2 Experimental Characterization	361
	2.1 Investigation on Flat Specimens	361
	2.2 Manufacturing and Investigation of a Generic Structure	362
	3 Predictive Simulations Within a Closed Process Chain	363
	3.1 Digital Twin	363
	3.2 Prediction of Material Properties with a Mesoscopic Approach	364
	3.3 Virtual Process Window	365
	4 Conclusion and Outlook	367
	References	367
	A New Concept for Producing High Strength Aluminum Line-Joints in Car Body Assembly by a Robot Guided Friction Stir Welding Gun	369
	1 Introduction	370
	2 Literature Review	371
	3 Solution Approach	372
	4 Experimental Studies	373
	5 Results and Discussion	375
	6 Conclusion and Outlook	375
	References	376
	Multi-robotic Composite Production of Complex and Large-Scaled Components for the Automotive Industry	377
	1 Introduction	377
	2 Advanced Ply Placement	378
	3 Analytical Layup Comparison	380
	4 Cost-Benefit Analysis	381
	5 Results and Summary	383
	References	384
	Integrated Machining, Quality Inspection and Sealing for CFRP Components	385
	1 Introduction	385
	2 Fiber Dust Protection and Collection	386
	3 Process Steps	387
	3.1 Machining	387
	3.2 Brushing and Cleaning	388
	3.3 Inspection	389
	3.4 Sealing and Curing	390
	4 Summary and Conclusions	391
	References	392
	A Universal Machine: Enabling Digital Manufacturing with Laser Technology	394
	1 Introduction	394
	2 Laser Materials Processing	395
	2.1 Current State of Technology in Industrial Manufacturing	397
	3 Current Need for Further Research and Development	398
	4 Conclusions and Outlook	400
	References	400
	Advancing from Additive Manufacturing to Large-Scale Production of Face Shields During the COVID-19 Pandemic	402
	1 Introduction	402
	2 Manufacturing and Design Approach	403
	3 Materials	404
	4 Manufacturing Technologies and Designs	405
	4.1 Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF)	405
	4.2 Screw Extrusion Additive Manufacturing (SEAM)	406
	4.3 Laser Cutting (LC)	407
	4.4 Injection Moulding (IM)	407
	4.5 Folding (FO)	408
	5 International Distribution of Face Shields	409
	6 Conclusions	410
	References	411
	Part D New Concepts for Autonomous, Collaborative Intralogistics	413
	Towards an Artificial Perception Framework for Autonomous Robots in Logistics	414
	1 Introduction	414
	2 Motivation	415
	2.1 Robotics in Logistics	415
	2.2 Towards Intelligent Machines	416
	3 Related Work	417
	3.1 Perception for Autonomous Driving	417
	3.2 Perception for Service Robotics	417
	3.3 Perception for Industrial and Logistics Robotics	417
	4 Problem Formulation and Objective	418
	5 Artificial Perception Framework for Autonomous Robots in Logistics	418
	6 Conclusion and Future Work	420
	References	420
	Concept of a Safety-Related Sensor System for Collaboration Between Human and Automated Guided Vehicles	423
	1 Introduction	423
	1.1 Change in Automotive Production	423
	1.2 Normative Requirements	424
	1.3 Approaches to the Further Development of the Standards	425
	1.4 Approaches for the Detection of People	426
	2 Concept of the Safety-Related Sensor System	426
	2.1 Architecture and Sensor Types	427
	2.2 Experimental Setup	427
	3 Conclusion and Outlook	429
	References	429
	Novel Autonomous Guided Vehicle System for the Use in Logistics Applications	431
	1 Introduction	431
	2 Mode of Operation	434
	3 Logistics Application	435
	4 Conclusion	437
	References	438
	Increased Agility by Using Autonomous AGVs in Reconfigurable Factories	440
	1 Introduction	440
	2 Introduction of the Research Field and its Elements	441
	2.1 Automated Guided Vehicle (AGV)	441
	2.2 Mobile Working Stations (MWS)	442
	2.3 Real-Time Locating System (RTLS)	442
	3 Research Gap	443
	4 Approach of the Study	443
	5 Case Study for Validation	444
	6 Conclusion and Outlook	446
	References	447
	Safety and Operating Concept for Collaborative Material Flow Systems	448
	1 Motivation and Statement of the Problem	448
	1.1 Cost Factor Material Provision	448
	1.2 Area of Tension Between More Efficient and Simultaneously Safer Man-Machine Collaboration	449
	2 “Mobile Supermarket” Concept	450
	3 Safety and Interaction Concept for the Mobile Supermarket	452
	3.1 Sensor Concept	452
	3.2 Man-Machine-Interaction	453
	3.3 Machine-Machine-Interaction	454
	4 Challenges on the Way to Flexible Production Plants with Collaborative Material Flow Systems	455
	5 Conclusion	456
	References	456
	Combining Safe Collaborative and High-Accuracy Operations in Industrial Robots	458
	1 Introduction	458
	2 Basic Concept	459
	2.1 Task-Oriented Path Planner and Optimization	460
	2.2 Online Operation Management	460
	3 Human Robot Collaboration	461
	4 High-Accurate Mode	462
	5 Applications	463
	6 Conclusion	464
	References	466
	Industrial Indoor Localization: Improvement of Logistics Processes Using Location Based Services	467
	1 Introduction	467
	2 State of the Art	468
	3 Method	469
	4 Location Based Services	469
	4.1 Location-Dependent Allocation Algorithm	469
	4.2 Order Orchestration	471
	4.3 Feature Based Recognition of Points and Areas	472
	5 Conclusion	473
	References	474
	Interface-Free Connection of Mobile Robot Cells to Machine Tools Using a Camera System	475
	1 More Complex Parts Require Flexible Automation Solutions	475
	2 State of the art	476
	2.1 Mobile robot cells for machine tool automation	476
	2.2 Camera-based object localization and state detection	477
	2.3 Goal of the work and research questions	478
	3 Robust 2D object detection as enabler for flexible robot cells	478
	3.1 Additional camera skills for an interface-free machine tool connection	478
	3.2 Requirements for image processing and resulting conclusions	479
	3.3 Marker-based machine tool localization through point clouds	479
	3.4 Signal transmission through machine control panel	480
	4 Experiments	481
	5 Summary and outlook	483
	References	483
	The Fully Flexible Body Shop – A Holistic Approach for the Vehicle Production of Tomorrow	485
	1 Introduction	485
	2 Planning Processes	486
	2.1 Definition of Requirements	486
	2.2 Workspace Investigations for Flexible Clamping Technology	487
	2.3 Software-supported Fixture Design	488
	3 Handling and Clamping Technology	488
	4 Flexible Joining	490
	4.1 Laser Welding	491
	4.2 Resistance Spot Welding	491
	5 Discussion	491
	6 Conclusion	492
	References	492
	Development of an Integrated Data-Driven Process to Handle Uncertainties in Multi-Variant Production and Logistics: A Survey	493
	1 Introduction	494
	2 Scope of Review	494
	2.1 Concept of Planned Orders	494
	2.2 Supply Chain Management Under Uncertainty	495
	2.3 Artificial Intelligence in Multi-Variant Production	495
	3 Taxonomy	496
	3.1 Review Methodology	496
	3.2 Classification Scheme	496
	4 Review of Approaches	497
	5 Discussion and Conclusion	499
	References	500
	Author Index	502