Preface	8
	Summary Table of Contents	16
	Detailed Table of Contents	18
	Figures	23
	Tables	24
	Part I: Why We Need Long-term Digital Preservation	25
	1 State of the Art	31
	1.1 What is Digital Information Preservation?	32
	1.2 What Would a Preservation Solution Provide?	35
	1.3 Why Do Digital Data Seem to Present Difficulties?	36
	1.4 Characteristics of Preservation Solutions	38
	1.5 Technical Objectives and Scope Limitations	43
	1.6 Summary	45
	2 Economic Trends and Social Issues	47
	2.1 The Information Revolution	47
	2.2 Economic and Technical Trends	49
	2.3 Democratization of Information	54
	2.4 Social Issues	55
	2.5 Documents as Social Instruments	57
	2.6 Why So Slow Toward Practical Preservation?	67
	2.7 Selection Criteria: What is Worth Saving?	69
	2.8 Summary	74
	Part II: Information Object Structure	77
	3 Introduction to Knowledge Theory	81
	3.1 Conceptual Objects: Values and Patterns	82
	3.2 Ostensive Definition and Names	84
	3.3 Objective and Subjective: Not a Technological Issue	87
	3.4 Facts and Values: How Can We Distinguish?	89
	3.5 Representation Theory: Signs and Sentence Meanings	92
	3.6 Documents and Libraries: Collections, Sets, and Classes	94
	3.7 Syntax, Semantics, and Rules	96
	3.8 Summary	98
	4 Lessons from Scientific Philosophy	101
	4.1 Intentional and Accidental Information	101
	4.2 Distinctions Sought and Avoided	103
	4.3 Information and Knowledge: Tacit and Human Aspects	106
	4.4 Trusted and Trustworthy	109
	4.5 Relationships and Ontologies	110
	4.6 What Copyright Protection Teaches	112
	4.7 Summary	114
	5 Trust and Authenticity	117
	5.1 What Can We Trust?	118
	5.2 What Do We Mean by ‘Authentic’?	119
	5.3 Authenticity for Different Information Genres	122
	5.4 How Can We Preserve Dynamic Resources?	127
	5.5 Summary	129
	6 Describing Information Structure	133
	6.1 Testable Archived Information	134
	6.2 Syntax Specification with Formal Languages	135
	6.3 Monographs and Collections	139
	6.4 Digital Object Schema	141
	6.5 From Ontology to Architecture and Design	148
	6.6 Metadata	153
	6.7 Summary	157
	Part III: Distributed Content Management	159
	7 Digital Object Formats	163
	7.1 Character Sets and Fonts	163
	7.2 File Formats	166
	7.3 Perpetually Unique Resource Identifiers	176
	7.4 Summary	184
	8 Archiving Practices	187
	8.1 Security	187
	8.2 Recordkeeping Standards	197
	8.3 Archival Best Practices	199
	8.4 Repository Audit and Certification	200
	8.5 Summary	202
	9 Everyday Digital Content Management	205
	9.1 Software Layering	207
	9.2 A Model of Storage Stack Development	209
	9.3 Repository Architecture	210
	9.4 Archival Collection Types	220
	9.5 Summary	226
	Part IV: Digital Object Architecture for the Long Term	229
	10 Durable Bit-Strings and Catalogs	233
	10.1 Media Longevity	234
	10.2 Replication to Protect Bit-Strings	237
	10.3 Repository Catalog f Collection Consistency	238
	10.4 Collection Ingestion and Sharing	239
	10.5 Summary	241
	11 Durable Evidence	243
	11.1 Structure of Each Trustworthy Digital Object	244
	11.2 Infrastructure for Trustworthy Digital Objects	251
	11.3 Other Ways to Make Documents Trustworthy	256
	11.4 Summary	257
	12 Durable Representation	259
	12.1 Representation Alternatives	260
	12.2 Design of a Durable Encoding Environment	266
	12.3 Summary	272
	Part V: Peroration	275
	13 Assessment and the Future	275
	13.1 Preservation Based on Trustworthy Digital Objects	276
	13.2 Open Challenges of Metadata Creation	280
	13.3 Applied Knowledge Theory	283
	13.4 Assessment of the TDO Methodology	285
	13.5 Summary and Conclusion	287
	Appendices	289
	Appendix A: Acronyms and Glossary	289
	Appendix B: Uniform Resource Identifier Syntax	304
	Appendix C: Repository Requirements	306
	Appendix D: Assessment with Independent Criteria	308
	Appendix E: Universal Virtual Computer Specification	313
	E.1 Memory Model	313
	E.2 Machine Status Registers	314
	E.3 Machine Instruction Codes	315
	E.4 Organization of an Archived Module	320
	E:5 Application Example	321
	Appendix F: Software Modules Wanted	324
	Bibliography	327