Cover	1
	Title Page	3
	Copyright	4
	Contents	5
	About the Authors	11
	Preface to the Fifth Edition	13
	Chapter 1 Introduction	17
	1.1 The concept of research	17
	1.2 Classifications of research	21
	1.3 Theories and paradigms	26
	1.4 Research styles	39
	1.5 Quantitative and qualitative approaches	45
	1.6 Where to begin	49
	1.7 Summary	50
	1.7 References	51
	Chapter 2 Topic for Study	55
	2.1 Selection of a topic	55
	2.2 Writing the proposal	62
	2.3 Summary	70
	2.3 References	70
	Chapter 3 Initial Research	75
	3.1 The research process	75
	3.2 Initial search	83
	3.3 Literature based discovery	89
	3.4 Assembling the theoretical framework	90
	3.5 Philosophy and paradigms	98
	3.6 Fuzzy thinking	110
	3.7 Theoretical models and constructs	111
	3.8 Proper referencing	115
	3.9 Summary	117
	3.9 References	118
	Chapter 4 Approaches to Empirical Work	124
	4.1 Starting data collection	124
	4.2 Experience	125
	4.3 Reasoning and inference	126
	4.4 Systems of methods	136
	4.5 Research design	137
	4.6 Qualitative and quantitative approaches	143
	4.7 Experimental	149
	4.8 Survey	159
	4.9 Secondary	161
	4.10 Case study	165
	4.11 Ethnographic	169
	4.12 Action	172
	4.13 Grounded theory (development of theory from data)	173
	4.14 Narrative	176
	4.15 Modelling	177
	4.16 Simulation	180
	4.17 Level of research	182
	4.18 Practice?based research	185
	4.19 Summary	189
	4.19 References	190
	Chapter 5 Hypotheses	196
	5.1 Essentials of a valid hypothesis	196
	5.2 Roles of hypotheses	199
	5.3 Objective testing of hypotheses	201
	5.4 Role of sampling	202
	5.5 Common statistical measures	205
	5.6 Null hypotheses	212
	5.7 Validities	213
	5.8 Summary	216
	5.8 References	216
	Chapter 6 Data Collection	218
	6.1 Data requirements	218
	6.2 Sources of quantitative data	221
	6.3 Collecting data from respondents	224
	6.4 Case studies	232
	6.5 Triangulation	232
	6.6 Sampling	233
	6.7 Scales of measurement	241
	6.8 Obtaining data	249
	6.9 Translation	257
	6.10 Response styles and biases	258
	6.11 Summary	260
	6.11 References	261
	Chapter 7 Data Analysis	265
	7.1 Analysing data	265
	7.2 Plotting data	270
	7.3 Statistical methods	274
	7.4 Non?parametric tests	275
	7.5 Parametric tests	281
	7.6 Other analytical techniques	303
	7.7 Analysis of qualitative data	310
	7.8 Summary	319
	7.8 References	320
	Chapter 8 Ethics in Research	324
	8.1 The concepts of morals and ethics	324
	8.2 Research ethics	328
	8.3 Data analysis, intellectual property, and data protection	334
	8.4 Equality, diversity, and inclusion	337
	8.5 Summary	341
	8.5 References	342
	Chapter 9 Results, Inferences, and Conclusions	347
	9.1 Requirements for valid results	347
	9.2 Potential sources of error	348
	9.3 Reliability	349
	9.4 Results	350
	9.5 Conclusions	359
	9.6 Summary	361
	9.6 References	362
	Chapter 10 Reports and Presentations	363
	10.1 Report production	363
	10.2 Communication	364
	10.3 Contents of the report	366
	10.4 Oral presentation	375
	10.5 Summary	376
	10.5 References	376
	Index	377
	EULA	387