|
Preface |
6 |
|
|
Contents |
8 |
|
|
List of Figures |
16 |
|
|
Chapter 1: Smart Trends and Paradigm Shift |
26 |
|
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1.1 Energy Trends of Future |
28 |
|
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1.2 Network Trends and Shifts |
28 |
|
|
1.3 Trends in Biophilia, Biomimicry, and Green Roofs and Streets |
29 |
|
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1.4 Conclusion |
29 |
|
|
Part I: Smart Buildings and Smart Technologies |
30 |
|
|
Chapter 2: Building Systems Engineering |
31 |
|
|
2.1 An Introduction to Building Systems Engineering |
31 |
|
|
2.2 The Emergence of Building Systems Engineering: Historical Perspective |
34 |
|
|
2.3 Basic Vocabulary of Building Systems |
35 |
|
|
Chapter 3: Basic Smart Building Systems |
41 |
|
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3.1 The Lighting System |
42 |
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|
3.1.1 Lighting Terminology and Common Definitions |
45 |
|
|
3.1.2 Lamps |
46 |
|
|
3.1.3 LEDs |
48 |
|
|
3.1.4 Ballasts |
49 |
|
|
3.1.5 Luminaires |
50 |
|
|
3.1.6 Lighting and Energy |
53 |
|
|
3.2 Power Systems |
54 |
|
|
3.3 Heating, Ventilation, and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) Systems |
54 |
|
|
3.4 Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) Systems |
58 |
|
|
3.4.1 Overview of VRF Systems |
62 |
|
|
3.4.1.1 Variable Refrigerant Flow or VRF Systems |
65 |
|
|
Types of VRF |
71 |
|
|
VRF Heat Pump Systems |
71 |
|
|
Heat Recovery VRF System (VRF-HR) |
71 |
|
|
Refrigerant Modulation in a VRF System |
73 |
|
|
3.4.1.2 Electronic Expansion Valve (EEV) |
74 |
|
|
Design Considerations for VRF Systems |
74 |
|
|
Building Characteristics |
75 |
|
|
Building Load Profile |
76 |
|
|
Sustainability |
77 |
|
|
Simultaneous Heating and Cooling |
77 |
|
|
Energy Efficiency |
78 |
|
|
Reduced Noise Levels |
79 |
|
|
Reliability |
80 |
|
|
Indoor Unit |
80 |
|
|
Outdoor Unit |
80 |
|
|
Maintenance and Commissioning |
80 |
|
|
3.4.1.3 VRF Challenges and Limitations |
80 |
|
|
Refrigerant Piping |
80 |
|
|
Compliance with ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 15-2001 |
81 |
|
|
Oil Management |
81 |
|
|
Fresh Air Requirements (Compliance to ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1) |
81 |
|
|
Particulate Matter Removal |
82 |
|
|
Environmental Concerns |
82 |
|
|
VRF Systems Are Proprietary Systems |
83 |
|
|
Reliability and Maintenance |
83 |
|
|
Performance Guarantee |
83 |
|
|
3.4.1.4 Concluding |
83 |
|
|
Salient Features |
83 |
|
|
3.5 Security Systems |
91 |
|
|
3.6 Basic Fire Protection Systems (FPS) Used in Buildings |
91 |
|
|
3.6.1 Fire Alarm, Detection, and Signaling Systems |
92 |
|
|
3.7 MIE Equipment Arrangement |
92 |
|
|
3.8 Building Systems Distribution Tree |
97 |
|
|
3.8.1 Tree Care Cost and Conservation |
102 |
|
|
Chapter 4: Air, Water, Power, and Internet Quality |
103 |
|
|
4.1 Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) and Modem Buildings |
103 |
|
|
4.1.1 Contaminants and Their Sources |
103 |
|
|
4.1.2 Clean Indoor Air Strategies |
109 |
|
|
4.1.3 IAQ and Energy Conservation |
111 |
|
|
4.2 Water Resources, Quality, and Building Systems |
112 |
|
|
4.2.1 Water Reclamation |
112 |
|
|
4.2.2 Water Recycling |
114 |
|
|
4.2.3 Water Reuse |
114 |
|
|
4.3 Power Quality and Intelligent Buildings |
115 |
|
|
4.3.1 Power Impurities |
118 |
|
|
4.3.2 Effects on Building Systems |
121 |
|
|
4.3.3 Pure Power Solutions |
123 |
|
|
4.3.4 Power Quality and Load Synchronization |
125 |
|
|
4.4 Quality of Internet |
125 |
|
|
4.4.1 Technology Paths |
128 |
|
|
4.4.1.1 Societal Drivers Influence Technological Advancements |
130 |
|
|
Suggested Reading |
132 |
|
|
Chapter 5: Acoustics, Vibrations, and Integrated Building Systems |
133 |
|
|
5.1 Introduction |
133 |
|
|
5.2 Acoustical Environment of Buildings |
134 |
|
|
5.3 Noise and Acoustic Planning Issues |
135 |
|
|
5.4 Masking Sound |
137 |
|
|
5.5 Acoustic Analysis |
139 |
|
|
5.6 Solutions |
141 |
|
|
5.6.1 Static Noise Control |
142 |
|
|
5.6.2 Active Noise Control |
143 |
|
|
5.7 Vibrations and Buildings |
145 |
|
|
Chapter 6: Lightning, Electrostatic Discharge, and Buildings |
147 |
|
|
6.1 Introduction |
147 |
|
|
6.2 Mechanisms and Characteristics of Lightning |
148 |
|
|
6.3 Building System Lightning Exposure and Protection |
150 |
|
|
6.4 Electrostatic Discharge (ESD): An Introduction |
153 |
|
|
6.5 Electrostatic Charge: Charging Mechanism |
154 |
|
|
6.6 ESD Solutions |
156 |
|
|
Chapter 7: Electromagnetic Waves, Noise, and Systems Susceptibility |
157 |
|
|
7.1 Introduction |
157 |
|
|
7.2 Geomagnetic Fields and Buildings |
158 |
|
|
7.3 Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) |
159 |
|
|
7.4 Electromagnetic Shielding (EMS) |
162 |
|
|
7.5 Electromagnetic Interference and Signal Protection |
163 |
|
|
7.6 Grounding Systems of Buildings |
166 |
|
|
7.6.1 High-Frequency Interference and Shield Grounding |
168 |
|
|
7.6.2 Ground Loops |
168 |
|
|
Chapter 8: From Microelectronic Technology to Information Technology |
170 |
|
|
8.1 Intelligent Buildings |
170 |
|
|
8.2 Intelligence Communication and Dissonance |
172 |
|
|
8.3 Intelligence Source Objects, Quality, and Transmission |
173 |
|
|
8.4 Intelligence Availability |
175 |
|
|
8.5 Optical Fibers and Intelligent Buildings |
177 |
|
|
Chapter 9: Energy Storage |
181 |
|
|
9.1 Introduction |
181 |
|
|
9.2 Thermal Storage |
182 |
|
|
9.2.1 Applications and Requirements |
182 |
|
|
9.2.2 Sensible Heat Storage |
184 |
|
|
9.2.3 Water Thermal Storage |
184 |
|
|
9.2.4 Latent Heat Storage |
185 |
|
|
9.2.5 Ice Storage |
186 |
|
|
9.2.6 System Configurations |
187 |
|
|
9.3 Electrochemical Storage |
190 |
|
|
9.3.1 Batteries |
190 |
|
|
9.3.2 Battery Design and Types |
192 |
|
|
9.3.3 Fuel Cells |
193 |
|
|
9.3.4 Fuel Cell and System Efficiency |
195 |
|
|
9.4 Passive Electrical Power Storage |
196 |
|
|
9.4.1 Inductors |
196 |
|
|
9.4.2 Capacitors |
197 |
|
|
9.5 Active Electrical Power Storage (Solar Cells) |
197 |
|
|
9.6 Batteries |
199 |
|
|
Chapter 10: Integrated Building Systems Engineering and Automation |
201 |
|
|
10.1 Introduction |
201 |
|
|
10.2 Integration and Protocols |
203 |
|
|
10.3 The Internet of Things |
206 |
|
|
10.4 Active Energy |
208 |
|
|
Chapter 11: Atmospheric Radiation Soup and Buildings and Internet of Things |
211 |
|
|
11.1 Introduction |
211 |
|
|
11.2 Basics of Radiation |
211 |
|
|
11.2.1 US Standards (Fig. 11.4) |
215 |
|
|
11.2.2 International Standards |
216 |
|
|
11.3 Protective Role of the Atmosphere |
217 |
|
|
11.4 Radiation Balance |
218 |
|
|
11.5 Buildings and Radiation Albedo |
220 |
|
|
11.6 Ozone Layer |
221 |
|
|
11.7 The “Greenhouse” Effect |
222 |
|
|
Chapter 12: Reliability Requirements, Risk Management, and Associated Building Systems Engineering |
224 |
|
|
12.1 Introduction |
224 |
|
|
12.2 Basic Reliability Terminology |
225 |
|
|
12.3 Building System Reliability Analysis Procedure |
227 |
|
|
12.3.1 Component Analysis |
228 |
|
|
12.3.1.1 Single-Component Analysis |
228 |
|
|
12.3.1.2 Systems with Components in Series |
230 |
|
|
12.3.1.3 Systems with Redundant Components |
231 |
|
|
12.3.1.4 Common Cause |
232 |
|
|
12.4 Risk Analysis |
232 |
|
|
12.5 Failures and Relationships |
233 |
|
|
12.6 Fault Trees |
234 |
|
|
12.7 Intelligent Building Automation Reliability |
239 |
|
|
12.7.1 Computing Reliability |
240 |
|
|
12.7.2 Hardware Redundancy |
241 |
|
|
12.7.3 Software Redundancy |
242 |
|
|
Part II: Integrating Nature and Understanding Behavior |
244 |
|
|
Chapter 13: Integration of Mother Nature into Smart Buildings |
245 |
|
|
13.1 Biophilia |
245 |
|
|
13.1.1 Introduction: What Is Biophilia? |
245 |
|
|
13.1.2 Biophilic Design |
247 |
|
|
13.2 Biomimicry |
251 |
|
|
13.3 Economics of Biophilia |
258 |
|
|
13.4 The Natural Way Forward |
260 |
|
|
13.5 Green Areas and Roofs, Green Facades and Walls, Urban Gardening, and Green Corridors |
260 |
|
|
13.5.1 Green Areas in Cities |
261 |
|
|
13.5.3 Cooling Effects |
263 |
|
|
13.5.4 Improved Health and Well-Being and Safety |
264 |
|
|
13.6 Green Roofs |
265 |
|
|
13.6.1 Green Roof Construction |
266 |
|
|
13.6.1.1 The Growing Medium |
266 |
|
|
13.6.2 Green Roof Plants |
267 |
|
|
13.6.2.1 Smart Maintenance of Plants on Smart Green Roofs |
268 |
|
|
13.6.3 Benefits of Green Roofs |
269 |
|
|
13.7 Green Facades and Green Walls |
272 |
|
|
13.7.1 Green Facades Plants |
272 |
|
|
13.7.2 Shading and Cooling of Plants |
274 |
|
|
13.8 Urban Gardening/Farming/Agriculture |
276 |
|
|
13.9 Green Corridors |
278 |
|
|
References |
279 |
|
|
Chapter 14: Taking Advantage of Natural Elements Surrounding the Building |
282 |
|
|
14.1 Geothermal Energy |
282 |
|
|
14.1.1 Introduction to Geothermal Systems |
283 |
|
|
14.1.2 Applications in Building Systems |
283 |
|
|
14.1.3 Components of Geothermal Systems |
284 |
|
|
14.2 Thermocline Lakes |
285 |
|
|
14.2.1 Introduction |
285 |
|
|
14.2.2 Application and Components in Building Systems |
286 |
|
|
Chapter 15: Reduce, Reuse, Recycle |
288 |
|
|
15.1 How Do We Manage Solid Wastes? |
288 |
|
|
15.2 How Do We Manage E-waste? |
289 |
|
|
15.3 Treating E-waste |
290 |
|
|
15.4 Converting MSW into Charcoal Briquettes |
292 |
|
|
15.5 Processing Organic Waste |
292 |
|
|
15.6 Dry Organic Waste Composting |
293 |
|
|
15.7 Anaerobic Digestion in Communities |
295 |
|
|
15.8 Who Are These Systems For? |
298 |
|
|
15.9 Liquid Waste Management |
299 |
|
|
References |
301 |
|
|
Chapter 16: The Human Body and Building Synchronization |
302 |
|
|
16.1 Introduction |
302 |
|
|
16.2 The Body-Building Environment |
303 |
|
|
16.3 Electrodynamics of Humans and Buildings |
307 |
|
|
16.3.1 Radiofrequency Waves and the Human Body |
308 |
|
|
16.4 Human Body Systems Versus Building Systems |
309 |
|
|
16.4.1 Human Circulatory Versus Building Hydraulic System |
309 |
|
|
16.4.2 Human Respiratory Versus Building Air System |
312 |
|
|
16.5 Human Body System Automation Versus Building System Automation |
315 |
|
|
16.5.1 Human Logic Versus Building Control System |
319 |
|
|
Chapter 17: Understanding the Occupant’s Behavior |
323 |
|
|
17.1 Sustainability Is About Changing Behavior |
323 |
|
|
What Makes Us Consume Energy? What Makes Us Waste Energy? And What Makes Us Save Energy? |
324 |
|
|
Smart Building Design Is About Thinking Outside the Box |
325 |
|
|
17.2 The Five Root Causes of Energy Consumption: The Five A’s |
328 |
|
|
Sustainable, Smart Buildings Should Not Be the Exception—They Should Be State of the Art |
330 |
|
|
It Is Not Just a Lack of Knowledge—It Is a Lack of Will |
331 |
|
|
17.3 Sustainability Is About Understanding Behavior |
332 |
|
|
References |
334 |
|
|
Part III: The Smart Building in the Smart City |
335 |
|
|
Chapter 18: Vision of Cities: From the Green City to the Smart City |
336 |
|
|
18.1 Vancouver, Canada |
338 |
|
|
18.2 San Francisco, USA |
339 |
|
|
18.3 Oslo, Norway |
341 |
|
|
18.4 A Walk Through a Sustainable, Eco, Green, Post-Carbon City District: Experiences of an Inhabitant |
346 |
|
|
References |
349 |
|
|
Chapter 19: The Smart Building in the Smart City |
350 |
|
|
19.1 Smart Buildings and the Urban System |
350 |
|
|
19.2 A Building Is Not an Island |
351 |
|
|
19.3 The Accessible Building |
353 |
|
|
Accessibility Is a Matter of Proximity and Mobility |
353 |
|
|
19.4 The Connected Building |
357 |
|
|
19.4.1 The Connected Building Is a Power Plant in a Larger Urban System |
358 |
|
|
19.4.2 The Connected Building Turns Waste into Valuable Resources |
360 |
|
|
19.4.3 The Connected Building Manages Water Resources Within Micro Grids |
362 |
|
|
19.4.4 The Connected Building Is in Constant Exchange with Its Surroundings and the Larger Urban System |
364 |
|
|
19.5 The Building in Balance with Nature |
365 |
|
|
19.6 The Smart Building in the Smart City |
366 |
|
|
References |
366 |
|
|
Chapter 20: The Journey of Water |
367 |
|
|
20.1 Background |
367 |
|
|
20.2 Hydrology |
371 |
|
|
20.3 Dams/Water/Energy |
372 |
|
|
20.3.1 Water for Food |
372 |
|
|
20.4 Smarter Cities |
374 |
|
|
20.4.1 Know Your Source Water |
374 |
|
|
20.4.2 Know Your Plumbing Water for Reuse |
375 |
|
|
20.4.3 Water from the Ocean |
377 |
|
|
20.4.4 Know Your Behavior |
378 |
|
|
20.4.5 Know Your Storm Water |
378 |
|
|
Chapter 21: Integrated Affordable Mobility Solutions in a Smart Neighborhood |
382 |
|
|
21.1 Sharing Initiatives |
385 |
|
|
21.1.1 How Does It Work? |
388 |
|
|
21.2 The Next Big Thing? |
388 |
|
|
21.2.1 How Does It Work? |
389 |
|
|
21.3 Combined Integrated Mobility Platforms |
390 |
|
|
21.4 Delivery Solutions: Drones |
390 |
|
|
21.5 Automated Vehicles |
391 |
|
|
Chapter 22: International Rating Systems for Smart Buildings and Smart Cities |
392 |
|
|
22.1 Rating Systems for Buildings |
392 |
|
|
22.1.1 BREEAM |
393 |
|
|
22.1.2 LEED |
393 |
|
|
22.1.3 Green Globes |
395 |
|
|
22.1.4 Living Building Challenge |
395 |
|
|
22.2 Rating Systems for Cities |
397 |
|
|
22.2.1 ISO 37120:2014 Sustainable Development of Communities: Indicators for City Services and Quality of Life |
398 |
|
|
22.2.2 STAR Community Rating System |
399 |
|
|
22.2.3 BREEAM Communities |
400 |
|
|
22.2.4 LEED Neighborhood Development |
400 |
|
|
22.2.5 Living Community Challenge |
401 |
|
|
ERRATUM |
406 |
|
|
References |
407 |
|
|
Index |
408 |
|