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Foreword |
6 |
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Foreword |
8 |
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Preface |
9 |
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Summary |
11 |
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Zusammenfassung |
16 |
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Contents |
22 |
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List of Figures |
25 |
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List of Tables |
27 |
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General Introduction |
29 |
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1. World Urban Population Development |
29 |
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2. Urban Ecology |
29 |
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3. Urban Biodiversity |
30 |
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3.1. Species Richness |
30 |
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3.2. Species Rarity |
32 |
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3.3. Functional Diversity |
33 |
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3.4. Phylogenetic Diversity |
34 |
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4. Macroecology as an Analytical Framework |
35 |
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5. Study Outline |
37 |
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Chapter I – Urbanization Causes Shifts of Species’ Trait State Frequencies – a Large Scale Analysis |
40 |
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1. Introduction |
40 |
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2. Materials and Methods |
42 |
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2.1. Data Sources |
42 |
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2.2. Data Analyses |
44 |
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2.2.1. Log-Ratios of Proportions |
44 |
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2.2.2. Linear Models |
44 |
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3. Results |
46 |
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4. Discussion |
52 |
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Chapter II – Does Urbanization Cause Shifts of Species’ Trait State Frequencies? – A Small Scale Analysis |
57 |
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1. Introduction |
57 |
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2. Materials and Methods |
58 |
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2.1. Study Area |
58 |
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2.2. Data Sources |
59 |
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2.3. Data Analyses |
61 |
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3. Results |
62 |
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4. Discussion |
63 |
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Chapter III – How Species Traits and Affinity to Urban Land Use Control Plant Species Frequency |
69 |
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1. Introduction |
69 |
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2. Materials and Methods |
71 |
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2.1. Data Sources |
71 |
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2.1.1. Species Rarity |
71 |
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2.1.2. Species Affinity to Urban Land Use |
74 |
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2.1.3. Species Traits and Phylogeny |
74 |
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2.2. Data Analyses |
75 |
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3. Results |
78 |
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3.1. Single-Trait Models |
78 |
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3.2. Multi-Trait Models |
78 |
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4. Discussion |
81 |
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4.1. Traits and Relative Frequencies |
81 |
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4.2. Urbanity and Relative Frequencies |
84 |
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4.3. Effects of Trait-Urbanity Interactions on Relative Frequencies |
84 |
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4.4. Applicability and Conclusions |
85 |
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Chapter IV – Changes in the Functional Composition of a Central European Urban Flora over Three Centuries |
92 |
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1. Introduction |
92 |
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2. Materials and Methods |
94 |
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2.1. Study Area |
94 |
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2.1.1. Population Development |
94 |
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2.1.2. Environmental Conditions |
94 |
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2.2. Data Sources |
95 |
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2.2.1. Species Data |
95 |
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2.2.2. Trait Data |
99 |
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2.3. Data Analyses |
99 |
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2.3.1 Association of Trait States with Time |
99 |
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2.3.2 Association of Trait States with Extinction and Introduction |
100 |
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2.3.3. Trends in Trait State Ratio Development |
101 |
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3. Results |
101 |
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3.1. Association of Trait States with Time |
101 |
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3.2. Association of Trait States with Extinction and Introduction |
102 |
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3.3. Trends in Trait State Ratio Development |
103 |
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4. Discussion |
104 |
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Chapter V – Challenging Urban Species Diversity: Contrasting Phylogenetic Patterns across Plant Functional Groups in Germany |
114 |
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1. Introduction |
114 |
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2. Materials and Methods |
116 |
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2.1. Data Sources |
116 |
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2.2. Data Analyses |
117 |
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3. Results |
120 |
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3.1. Species Richness and Phylogenetic Diversity |
120 |
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3.2. Phylogenetic Diversity across Plant Functional Groups |
120 |
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4. Discussion |
121 |
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Synthesis and Conclusions |
131 |
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1. Synthesis |
131 |
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1.1. Urban Plant Biodiversity Research up to now |
131 |
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1.2. Contributions of this Study to Urban Plant Biodiversity Research |
132 |
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1.3. Notes on the Basic Framework of this Study |
135 |
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2. Conclusions |
135 |
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References |
138 |
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Appendix |
157 |
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