Contents	6
	Contributors	8
	1 The Role of Green Logistics and Transportation in Sustainable Supply Chains	10
	Abstract	10
	1.1 Green Logistics and Freight Transport	10
	1.2 Green Passenger Public Transport	12
	1.3 Contributions of This Book	15
	1.4 The Book Contents	16
	1.5 Conclusion	20
	References	20
	Part I Green Logistics Network	22
	2 Behavioural Influences on the Environmental Impact of Collection/Delivery Points	23
	Abstract	23
	2.1 Introduction	24
	2.2 Data	26
	2.3 Methodology	28
	2.4 Results	31
	2.4.1 Model Specification and Results	31
	2.4.2 Scenarios	35
	2.5 Discussion and Conclusions	40
	References	42
	3 Dynamic Supply Chain Greening Analysis	43
	Abstract	43
	3.1 Static Supply Chain Greening Analysis	43
	3.2 Dynamic Supply Chain Greening Analysis	45
	3.3 A Mathematical Model for Dynamic Supply Chain Greening Analysis	46
	3.4 An Illustrative Example	50
	3.5 Conclusions	52
	References	53
	4 City Logistics for Sustainable and Liveable Cities	56
	Abstract	56
	4.1 Introduction	56
	4.2 What Is City Logistics?	57
	4.3 Governance	61
	4.4 Modelling City Logistics	61
	4.5 Future Perspectives	63
	4.6 Conclusion	64
	References	64
	Part II Green Land Transportation	68
	5 Green Transport Fleet Appraisal	69
	Abstract	69
	5.1 Introduction	70
	5.2 Literature on Sustainability-Based Transportation Vehicle Fleet Selection	71
	5.3 A Hybrid MCDM Approach	73
	5.3.1 Rough Set Theory	73
	5.3.2 VIKOR Method	74
	5.4 Application of the Hybrid MCDM Approach: An Illustrative Example	76
	5.5 Conclusions	84
	Acknowledgments	85
	References	85
	6 The Inventory Pollution-Routing Problem Under Uncertainty	88
	Abstract	88
	6.1 Introduction	88
	6.2 Problem Description	91
	6.3 Mathematical Model	92
	6.3.1 Inventory Definition	92
	6.3.2 Model for IRP	93
	6.3.2.1 Routing Constraints	94
	6.3.2.2 Integrality and Non-negativity Constraints	95
	6.4 Uncertain Modeling	95
	6.5 Integrating Ecological Issues	97
	6.5.1 Model to Estimate Fuel Consumption	98
	6.5.2 Factors Affecting Fuel Consumption	99
	6.5.3 Nature of Alternative Routes	100
	6.5.4 Fuel Emissions Factors	101
	6.5.5 Model Formulation for IPRP	101
	6.6 Solution Approach	103
	6.6.1 Solving the Multiobjective Inventory Problem	103
	6.6.2 Solving the PRP	108
	6.6.2.1 The Proposed Method	108
	6.7 Computational Results	112
	6.8 Concluding Remarks	115
	Acknowledgments	116
	Appendix	116
	Fuzzy Number	116
	Triangular Fuzzy Number	116
	alpha -Cut of a Fuzzy Number	117
	Approximate Value of Triangular Fuzzy Number (TFN)	117
	Algebraic Operation of Fuzzy Numbers	117
	Fuzzy Possibility Techniques	117
	Random Variable	118
	Hybrid Number (Kaufmann and Gupta 1991)	118
	References	120
	7 Vehicle Orientated Initiatives for Improving the Environmental Performance of Urban Freight Systems	123
	Abstract	123
	7.1 Introduction	123
	7.2 Alternative Fuel Vehicles	125
	7.3 Larger Capacity Vehicles	126
	7.4 City Logistics Schemes	127
	7.4.1 Urban Consolidation Centres	127
	7.4.2 Off Hour Deliveries	128
	7.4.3 Low Emission Zones	128
	7.5 Different Modes	128
	7.5.1 Bicycles	129
	7.5.2 Rail	129
	7.5.3 Waterways	129
	7.5.4 Co-modality	129
	7.6 Fleet Operator Recognition Scheme	130
	7.7 Delivery Service Plans	131
	7.8 Conclusions	132
	References	132
	8 Greening Demand Chains in Urban Passenger Transport: Emissions Saving from Complex Trip Chains	134
	Abstract	134
	8.1 Introduction	135
	8.2 Literature Review	135
	8.3 Methodology	137
	8.3.1 Creating Trip Chaining Dataset from Household Travel Surveys	137
	8.3.2 Approach to Analysing the Effect of Trip Chains on CO2 Emission	138
	8.4 Results	138
	8.4.1 Descriptive Analysis	138
	8.4.2 Modelling Results	142
	8.5 Conclusions and Discussion	147
	References	148
	Part III Green Air and Water Transportation	150
	9 A Review of the Literature of Green Ports and Maritime Logistics	151
	Abstract	151
	9.1 Introduction	151
	9.2 Initial Data Statistics	153
	9.3 Bibliometric Analysis	155
	9.4 Literature Mapping	157
	9.5 Conclusions	159
	References	160
	10 Economic and Environmental Trade-Offs in Water Transportation	161
	Abstract	161
	10.1 Introduction	162
	10.2 Literature Review	163
	10.2.1 Shipping Emissions Modelling	163
	10.2.1.1 Bottom up	163
	10.2.1.2 Top Down	164
	10.2.2 Emissions Reduction	164
	10.2.3 Relevant Regulation and Port Initiatives	165
	10.2.4 Port Specific Policies and Initiatives	166
	10.3 Methodology	166
	10.3.1 Fuel Consumption Per Trip	167
	10.3.2 The Role of Sailing Speed	168
	10.3.3 Emissions Factors	169
	10.4 Analysis	170
	10.4.1 Speed Reduction Near Ports	170
	10.4.1.1 Ship Operator Perspective	170
	10.4.1.2 Environmental and Economic Trade-Offs	172
	10.4.2 Trade-Offs from Fuel Switching	173
	10.5 Conclusions and Recommendations for Further Research	174
	References	175
	11 The Economic and CO2 Emissions Performance in Aviation: An Empirical Analysis of Major European Airlines	177
	Abstract	177
	11.1 Introduction	178
	11.2 Literature Review	179
	11.3 Methodology and Sample	181
	11.4 Results of Carbon Emission Estimation	181
	11.5 Methodology of Evaluation of Relationships Between Carbon Efficiency, Unit Cost and Fuel Price	185
	11.6 Regression Results	186
	11.6.1 Regression Results with Respect to Different Airlines	186
	11.6.2 Regression Results with Focus on Changes Over Time	188
	11.7 Conclusions	189
	References	190
	Conclusion	193
	12 The Future of Green Logistics and Transportation	194
	Abstract	194
	12.1 Green Logistics Network Development	194
	12.2 Green Land Transportation	195
	12.3 Green Air and Water Transportation	197
	12.4 Conclusion	198