Preface	6
	Contents	10
	1 Human Balance Control: Dead Zones, Intermittency, and Micro-chaos	11
	1.1 Introduction	12
	1.2 Historical Background	14
	1.2.1 An Ecological Example	14
	1.2.2 Micro-chaos	16
	1.3 Human Postural Sway	19
	1.4 Stabilizing the Upright Position	22
	1.4.1 First-Order Models	23
	1.4.2 Propagation of Threshold Effects	26
	1.4.3 Transient Stabilization	27
	1.5 Stick Balancing at the Fingertip	29
	1.6 Dead Zone Benefits	31
	1.7 Concluding Remarks	33
	References	34
	2 Dynamical Robustness of Complex Biological Networks	39
	2.1 Network Robustness	39
	2.2 Coupled Oscillator Networks	41
	2.2.1 Globally Coupled Networks	43
	2.2.2 Homogeneously Coupled Networks	44
	2.2.3 Heterogeneously Coupled Networks	45
	Random Inactivation	45
	Targeted Inactivation	48
	Weighted Coupling	50
	Heterogeneity of Oscillator Units	50
	2.2.4 Other Network Structures	52
	2.3 Application to Biological Networks	53
	2.3.1 A Neuronal Network Model	53
	2.3.2 Robustness of Firing Activity	56
	Inactivation of Neurons	56
	Targeted Inactivation	56
	Effects of Chemical Synapses	59
	2.4 Summary	60
	References	61
	3 Hardware-Oriented Neuron Modeling Approach by Reconfigurable Asynchronous Cellar Automaton	64
	3.1 Introduction	64
	3.2 Concepts of Asynchronous Sequential Logic Neuron Model	66
	3.3 Examples of the Asynchronous Sequential Logic Neuron Models	68
	3.4 Bifurcation Analysis and On-Chip Learning of the Fourth-Generation Model	70
	3.5 Future Plans and Potential Applications	81
	3.6 Conclusions	83
	References	83
	4 Entrainment Limit of Weakly Forced Nonlinear Oscillators	85
	4.1 Introduction	85
	4.2 Entrainment Modeled by the Phase Equation	86
	4.3 Entrainment Design Under Practical Constrains	87
	4.4 Fundamental Limits of Entrainment	88
	4.4.1 1:1 Entrainment for 1	89
	4.4.2 1:1 Entrainment for p=1 and p=?	91
	4.4.3 General m:n Entrainment	92
	4.5 An Example of Efficient Injection Locking: The Hodgkin–Huxley Neuron Model	92
	4.6 Conclusion and Discussion	93
	Appendix 1 Assumptions on the Phase Response Function and Outlines of the Presented Proofs	94
	Appendix 2 Derivation of the Nonlinear Equations Determining Optimal Forcings	96
	Appendix 3 Detailed Information Regarding Optimal Forcings	98
	Appendix 4 Derivation of Optimal Forcings in Two Limits	99
	References	100
	5 A Universal Mechanism of Determining the Robustness of Evolving Systems	102
	5.1 Introduction	102
	5.2 A Simple Model of the Transition in Robustness of Open Systems	104
	5.2.1 The Model	104
	5.2.2 Transition in the Growth Behavior	106
	Transition in Network Topology at Between m=4 and 5	106
	The Novel Transition	107
	5.3 A Mean-Field Approach for the Transition	107
	5.3.1 Fitness Distribution Function and the Convolution-and-Cut Process	107
	5.3.2 Determination of the Transition Point	108
	5.3.3 Negative Drift During the Link-Deletion Event	109
	5.3.4 Analytical Approach for the Estimation of E	111
	Convolution Without Drift	111
	Calculating Older Generations	112
	5.3.5 Analytical Estimation of E Using Fokker-Plank Equation	116
	Solution for Neutral Diffusion Process	116
	Solution for the System with Negative Drift	118
	5.3.6 Numerical Calculation of E	120
	5.4 Discussion	122
	References	123
	6 Switching of Primarily Relied Information by Ants: A Combinatorial Study of Experiment and Modeling	125
	6.1 Introduction	125
	6.2 Experiment for the Foraging Path Selection by Ants	127
	6.2.1 Preparation	127
	6.2.2 Measurement	127
	6.3 Qualitative Analysis of Experiment	130
	6.4 Model	134
	6.4.1 Basic Setup	134
	6.4.2 Walking Rule	135
	6.4.3 Time Development of Pheromone Field	137
	6.4.4 Initial Condition and Values of Parameters	138
	6.4.5 Simulation and Analysis	139
	6.5 Conclusion and Perspectives	141
	References	142
	7 Chases and Escapes: From Singles to Groups	144
	7.1 Introduction	144
	7.2 Simple Chase-and-Escape Problems	145
	7.3 Theories of Collective Motions	148
	7.3.1 Vicsek Model	148
	7.3.2 Optimal Velocity Model	149
	7.4 Group Chase and Escape	151
	7.4.1 Basic Model	151
	7.4.2 Simulation Results	153
	Lifetimes of Targets	153
	7.4.3 Quantitative Analysis of Catching Process	157
	7.4.4 Extensions	164
	Issues of Range of Each Chaser	164
	Issues of Long-Range Chaser Doping	165
	Issues of Hopping Fluctuations	165
	7.5 Recent Developments on Group Chase and Escape	167
	7.5.1 Reactions	167
	7.5.2 Motions	168
	7.6 Discussion	170
	References	171