Acknowledgments	6
	Contents	8
	1 Introduction	10
	Theory	12
	Methods	13
	Applications	16
	References	20
	Part I Theory	22
	2 The Multiple Flavours of Multilevel Issues for Networks	23
	Away from Atomistic Approaches	23
	Multilevel Analysis	24
	Origins	24
	Hierarchical Linear Model	26
	Non-nested Data Structures	27
	Frequentist and Bayesian Estimation	28
	What Is a Level?	29
	Dependent Variables at Any Level	30
	Models for Social Networks	31
	The Basic Multilevel Nature of Social Network Analysis	32
	p2 Model	33
	Latent Space Models	33
	Exponential Random Graph Models	34
	Stochastic Actor-Oriented Models	35
	Choice of Model	38
	Multilevel Network Analysis	39
	Why Combine Several `Parallel' Networks?	39
	Two-Step Meta-for-Multilevel Network Analysis	41
	Integrated Multilevel Network Analysis	42
	Hierarchical Structures	43
	Analysis of Multilevel Networks	44
	Exponential Random Graph Models for Multilevel Networks	45
	Stochastic Actor-Oriented Models for Multilevel Networks	47
	A Forward Look	49
	References	50
	3 Synchronization Costs in the Organizational Society: Intermediary Relational Infrastructures in the Dynamics of Multilevel Networks	55
	The Meso Level in Organizational Societies, Relational Infrastructure and Synchronization Costs	55
	Multilevel Networks of Collective Action and Intermediary-Level Relational Infrastructure	57
	Synchronization of Temporalities Within and Across Different Levels of Collective Agency	59
	Multilevel Structures: Superposed Levels of Collective Agency	63
	An Empirical Case of Co-constitution Without Conflation	63
	Affiliations, Overlaps and Fish/Pond Relative Status	65
	Relational Strategies in Cross-Level Interdependencies	65
	Overlaps, Relational Infrastructures, Entrapment or Emancipation	67
	Dual Opportunity Structures, Asynchronies and “Emergence”	68
	Emergent Corporate Entities: The Energy for/from Organized Mobility and Relational Turnover	69
	From Place to Position to a New System of Places: A Spinning Top Model of Synchronization Benefits in Collective Learning	72
	Dynamics of Multilevel Networks, Synchronization Costs and Social Inequalities	79
	References	82
	Part II Methods	86
	4 Modeling Individual Outcomes Using a Multilevel Social Influence (MSI) Model: Individual Versus Team Effects of Trust on Job Satisfaction in an Organisational Context	87
	Introduction and General Context	87
	The Multilevel Social Influence (MSI) Arguments: Individual Network Position and Network Structure	88
	Individual Network Position	89
	Centrality	89
	Structural Holes/Brokerage	89
	Resourcefulness of Ego's Connections	89
	Heterogeneity Among Ego's Connections	90
	Homophily/Heterophily on an Independent Characteristic	90
	Network Level Structure	90
	Cohesion	91
	Centralization	91
	Fragmentation	91
	Why Use Multilevel Social Influence?	91
	Find Persistent Results Over Groups	92
	Wrongly Assume that it is Individual Effect When it is a Group Effect	92
	Effects are Different in Different Situations – Cross-Level Interactions	93
	Trust Networks on Employee Job Satisfaction: An Example	95
	Theoretical Arguments	96
	Trust and Job Satisfaction	96
	Individual and Group Level Effects	97
	Data and Measurement	97
	Model for the Analysis of Job Satisfaction and Trust in Teams	99
	Model Formulation	100
	Level 2 Fixed Effects and Random Effects	100
	Level 1 Fixed and Random Effects	100
	Level ½ Fixed and Random Effects	101
	Prior Distributions and Estimation	102
	Results	102
	Discussion and Conclusions	107
	References	107
	5 Multilevel Models for Multilevel Network Dependencies	112
	Introduction	112
	Network Autocorrelation Models for Single Level Networks	113
	Multilevel and Multiple Membership Models	114
	Multiple Membership Models for Single-Level Network Dependencies	117
	Multiple Membership Multiple Classification (MMMC) Models for Multilevel Networks	120
	Empirical Case Study	121
	Data	122
	Research Questions	122
	Data Preparation	123
	Model Fitting Strategy and Software Details	123
	Results	124
	Outgoing Tie Networks	124
	Incoming Tie Networks	125
	Allowing for Explanatory Variables	126
	Conclusions and Further Extensions to the MMMC Model	127
	References	129
	6 Multilevel Network Analysis Using ERGM and Its Extension	130
	Introduction	130
	Multilevel Network Data Representation	131
	Multilevel ERGMs	132
	Multilevel Social Selection Models	136
	Estimation and Goodness of Fit	139
	Modeling Example: Networks of Entrepreneurial and Non-entrepreneurial Farmers in Ethiopia	139
	Conclusion and Discussion	146
	References	146
	7 Correspondence Analysis of Multirelational Multilevel Networks	149
	Introduction	149
	Methodology	152
	Existing Methods for Analyzing Affiliation Network Data	152
	Correspondence Analysis and Multiple Correspondence Analysis	154
	Illustrative Examples	158
	Example 1: EverQuest II	158
	Data and Sample	158
	Variables	159
	Analytic Method	160
	Results	160
	Developing Hypotheses from Preliminary Results	167
	Example 2: Dragon Nest	169
	Data and Sample	170
	Variables	170
	Analytic Method	170
	Results	171
	Conclusions	173
	References	174
	8 Role Sets and Division of Work at Two Levels of Collective Agency: The Case of Blockmodeling a Multilevel (Inter-individual and Inter-organizational) Network	177
	Introduction	177
	Multilevel Networks	178
	Blockmodeling	179
	Multilevel Blockmodeling	180
	A Separate Analysis of Each Mode and a Comparison of the Results	181
	Conversion of the Multilevel Problem to a Classical One-Level Blockmodeling Problem	182
	The True Multilevel Approach	184
	Analysis of a Multilevel Network of Cancer Researchers in France	185
	Data Description	186
	Separate Analysis	189
	Network of Researchers	190
	Network of Laboratories	193
	Comparison	195
	Conversion of the Multilevel Problem to a Classical One-Level Blockmodeling Problem	197
	Single-Relational Network	197
	Multi-relational Network	197
	A True Multilevel Approach	202
	Comparison of the Results Using Different Approaches	205
	Discussion	208
	Conclusions	209
	References	211
	Part III Applications	214
	9 Comparing Fields of Sciences: Multilevel Networks of Research Collaborations in Italian Academia	215
	Introduction	215
	Multilevel Approaches to the Study of Social Networks	217
	The Database of PRIN Projects	221
	The Multilevel Structure of PRIN Data	224
	Univariate Analysis of Micro, Macro and Meso Characteristics	228
	The Micro-level: Individual Attributes	230
	The Micro-level: Individual Networks	232
	The Macro- and Meso-levels	234
	Modeling Funding Achievements	236
	Results	238
	Discussion	243
	Conclusions	244
	References	245
	10 Market as a Multilevel System	247
	Reframing Embeddedness as a Multilevel Issue	249
	From Embeddedness to Multilevel Hypotheses	249
	The Multilevel Embeddedness Hypotheses in the Context of a Trade Fair	252
	From “Same time next year”…	252
	… To “Next time this year”	254
	A Trade Fair for TV Programs in Eastern and Central Europe	255
	Multilevel Network Data Collection During a Trade Fair…	255
	…Included in a Global Series of Similar Events	258
	Different Temporalities Between Levels	260
	Inter-organizational Level: Same Time Next Year in an Oligopoly with Fringes	260
	Inter-individual Level: Next Time This Year in a Coopetition Milieu	262
	Discussion and Conclusion	265
	Appendixes	267
	Appendix 1: Configuration Visualization for the Interorganizational Network	267
	Appendix 2: Goodness of Fit for the Interorganizational Level	268
	Appendix 3: Configuration Visualization for the Interindividual Network	269
	Appendix 4	269
	References	270
	11 Knowledge Networks in High-Tech Clusters: A Multilevel Perspective on Interpersonal and Inter-organizationalCollaboration	274
	Introduction	274
	Theory and Hypotheses	276
	Cross-Level Assortativity in Multilevel Knowledge Networks	276
	Cross-Level Closure in Multilevel Knowledge Networks	278
	Data, Measures, and Analyses	279
	Research Sites and Respondents	279
	Network Data and Actor-Level Attributes	280
	Exponential Random Graph Models for Multilevel Networks	281
	Results	283
	Single-Level Network Structure	284
	Multilevel Network Structure	287
	Discussion	288
	Conclusion	291
	References	292
	12 Inter-organizational Network Influence on Long-Term and Short-Term Inter-individual Relationships: The Case of a Trade Fair for TV Programs Distribution in Sub-Saharan Africa	295
	Relationship Creation During Trade Fairs	296
	Trade Fairs, Long-Term and Short-Term Relationships	297
	The Influence of Trade Fairs and Inter-organizational Partnerships on Inter-individual Relationships	298
	A Study of a Trade Fair for TV Programs in Sub-Saharan Africa	301
	A Multilevel Social Network Study	302
	Independent Variables	304
	Control Variables	304
	Analysis of the Structures of Long-Term and Short-Term Relationships	306
	Method	306
	Results	306
	Conclusion and Discussion	309
	Appendices	311
	Appendix 1: Visualization of Long-Term Information Exchange Network Between Individuals	311
	Appendix 2: Visualization of Short-Term Information Exchange Network Between Individuals	311
	Appendix 3: Visualization of Deal Network Between Companies	312
	References	312
	13 Multilevel Bilateralism and Multilateralism: States' Bilateral and Multilateral Fisheries Treaties and TheirSecretariats	315
	Introduction	315
	Bilateralism and Multilateralism	317
	Bilateralism or Multilateralism	317
	Managed or Unmanaged Multilateralism	318
	Data	321
	Bilateral Fisheries Agreements	321
	Multilateral Fisheries Agreements	323
	Ties Between MFAs	325
	One Multilevel Network	326
	Results	326
	Discussion	329
	References	331
	14 Knowledge Sharing in Organizations: A Multilevel Network Analysis	333
	Introduction	333
	General Background and Questions	335
	Organizations as Multilevel Network Systems	335
	Social Networks and Organizational Structure	337
	Models for Multilevel Networks	339
	Empirical Illustration	340
	Data	340
	Model Specification and Estimation	343
	Results	347
	Discussion and Conclusions	350
	References	351
	15 General Conclusion	354
	References	359
	Author Index	361
	Subject Index	369