Preface	5
	Contents	8
	Contributors	9
	1 Kinetic Energy Harvesting	10
	1.1 Introduction	10
	1.2 Principles of Kinetic Energy Harvesting	11
	1.2.1 Transfer Function	12
	1.2.2 Equivalent Circuit	13
	1.2.3 Damping in Kinetic Energy Harvesters	13
	1.2.4 Output Power of Kinetic Energy Harvesters	14
	1.3 Transduction Mechanisms	17
	1.3.1 Electromagnetic (EM) Generators	17
	1.3.2 Piezoelectric (PZ) Generators	21
	1.3.3 Electrostatic (ES) Generators	23
	1.3.4 Other Transduction Mechanisms	27
	1.3.5 Comparisons of Transduction Mechanisms	28
	1.4 Introduction to Adaptive Kinetic Energy Harvesting	31
	1.5 Strategies to Tune Resonant Frequency	32
	1.5.1 Evaluating Tuning Approaches	32
	1.5.2 Mechanical Tuning Methods	32
	1.5.3 Electrical Tuning Methods	55
	1.6 Strategies to Widen Bandwidth	62
	1.6.1 Generator Array	62
	1.6.2 Amplitude Limiter	68
	1.6.3 Coupled Oscillators	69
	1.6.4 Non-linear Generators	69
	1.6.5 Bi-stable Generators	76
	1.7 Comparisons of Different Strategies for Adaptive Kinetic Energy Harvesting	77
	1.8 Summary	78
	References	82
	2 Modelling, Performance Optimisation and Automated Designof Mixed-Technology Energy Harvester Systems	87
	2.1 Introduction	87
	2.2 Energy Harvester Design Flow	89
	2.3 Energy Harvester Modelling	91
	2.3.1 Micro-generator	91
	2.3.2 Voltage Booster	95
	2.3.3 Supercapacitor	96
	2.3.4 Models Comparison	96
	2.4 Automatic Structure Configuration Based on HDL Model Library	100
	2.5 Performance Optimisation	102
	2.5.1 Exhaustive Search	103
	2.5.2 Genetic Optimisation	105
	2.6 Concluding Remarks	108
	References	108
	3 Simulation of Ultra-Low Power Sensor Networks	110
	3.1 Introduction	110
	3.1.1 Scenario Analysis	113
	3.2 Design Space and Design Issues	114
	3.2.1 Issues	114
	3.2.2 Partitioning	117
	3.2.3 How to Solve the Issues	118
	3.2.4 SystemC	118
	3.2.5 SystemC AMS	120
	3.2.6 Network Level Simulation	123
	3.3 Modeling Strategies for Power Simulation	124
	3.3.1 Power Analysis	125
	3.3.2 Example: State Machine	127
	3.3.3 Modelling the Channel (Air)	127
	3.4 TUV Building Block Library	128
	3.4.1 Introduction to Example Implementation of a Transceiver System	128
	3.4.2 Why Simulate Analog Components	129
	3.4.3 What Is OFDM?	130
	3.4.4 Full-Fledged OFDM Transceiver System	131
	3.4.5 OFDM Transceiver with Library Usage	144
	3.4.6 Advantage of High-Level Signal Processing with the BBL	144
	References	147
	4 Remote Sensing of Car Tire Pressure	148
	4.1 Motivation for Tire Pressure Monitoring Systems	148
	4.2 Overview of State-of-the-Art TPMS	150
	4.2.1 Direct Battery-Based (Active) Systems	150
	4.2.2 Direct Battery-Less (Passive) Systems	151
	4.2.3 Indirect (ABS-Based) Systems	151
	4.3 Motivation and Requirements for In-Tire TPMS	152
	4.4 A Self-Sufficient In-Tire TPMS Demonstrator	153
	4.4.1 RF Transceiver	154
	4.4.2 Power Supply Subsystem	157
	4.4.3 Overall System Integration of the In-Tire TPMS Node	159
	4.5 Outlook and Future Work	163
	4.6 Conclusion	164
	References	165
	Index	167