Preface	6
	Contents	8
	About the Editors	12
	Part IProperties and Functionalities of NaturalFibres and Structures	13
	1 Fibre Science: Understanding How It Works and Speculating on Its Future	14
	Abstract	14
	Introduction	14
	The Way Fibres and Fibrous Structures Work	15
	Impact of Emerging Sciences and Technologies in Fibre Science	21
	Speculating on Future Product Development	23
	Conclusions	27
	References	27
	2 Wool in Human Health and Well-Being	29
	Abstract	29
	Introduction	29
	Skin Health	30
	Physical Contact Between Textiles/Garments and Human Skin	31
	Thermal and Moisture Properties	34
	Human Body Odour---Textiles, Clothing, Footwear	35
	Sleep---Bed Clothes, Sleepwear, Bedding	37
	Conclusions	39
	Acknowledgments	40
	References	40
	3 Correlations Between the Physiochemical Characteristics of Plant Fibres and Their Mechanical Properties	45
	Abstract	45
	Introduction	46
	Experimental Procedures	47
	Materials	47
	Chemical Composition of Fibres	47
	Measurement of the Microfibril Angle	48
	Tensile Properties of Fibres	48
	Principal Component Analysis	48
	Results and Discussion	49
	Carbohydrate and Lignin Content of the Plant Fibres	49
	Measurement of the Plant Fibres Microfibril Angle	50
	Tensile Properties of Plant Fibres	50
	Damping Coefficient of Plant Fibres	52
	Determination of the Correlation Between Variables Using Principal Component Analysis	53
	Conclusions	55
	Acknowledgements	55
	References	55
	4 Influence of Stem Morphology and Fibres Stiffness on the Loading Stability of Flax	58
	Abstract	58
	Introduction	58
	Materials and Methods	59
	Results	61
	Stem Height and Fibre Yield	61
	Elementary Fibres Mechanical Properties	62
	Organization and Morphology of the Stems	63
	Correlation Between the Stem Stiffness or Morphology and the Fibre Mechanical Properties	65
	Conclusions	67
	Acknowledgments	67
	References	67
	5 Young's Modulus of Plant Fibers	69
	Abstract	69
	Introduction	69
	Decrease of the Young's Modulus as a Function of the Apparent Diameter of the Fiber	70
	Taking into Account the Presence of the Lumen	72
	Assuming the Presence of Another Structural Heterogeneity	73
	Conclusion	76
	References	76
	6 Characterization of Brazil Nut Fibers	78
	Abstract	78
	Introduction	78
	Materials and Methods	80
	Material	80
	Fiber Characterization	80
	Thermogravimetric Analysis (TG)	81
	Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)	82
	Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (WDXRF) Analysis	82
	Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA)	82
	Results and Discussion	83
	Conclusion	90
	Acknowledgements	91
	References	91
	Part IINew, Functional and NanodimensionalNatural Fibres	93
	7 Brazilian Buriti Palm Fiber (Mauritia flexuosa Mart.)	94
	Abstract	94
	Introduction	94
	Buriti Palm Tree	95
	Collection, Processing and Traditional Employment	96
	Physicochemical Properties and New Employments	100
	Conclusion	102
	Acknowledgments	102
	References	102
	8 Degradation of Dyes Using Plantain Fibers Modified with Nanoparticles	104
	Abstract	104
	Introduction	105
	Plantain Crops in Colombia	105
	Current Applications of Plantain Fibers	105
	Contamination by Chemical Dyes	107
	Methodology	107
	Extraction of Fibers from Plantain Pseudostem	107
	Cationization Process	108
	Functionalization of Fibers	110
	Dye Degradation	111
	Results and Discussion	111
	Fibers Characterization	111
	Dye Degradation	113
	Discussion	114
	Conclusions	115
	References	115
	9 Removal of Crude Oil Using a New Natural Fibre---Calotropis procera	117
	Abstract	117
	Introduction	118
	Experimental Part	120
	Materials	120
	Calotropis procera Fibres	120
	Water Drop Absorption Test	120
	Petroleum	121
	Experimental Planning by Statistical Analysis	121
	Kinetic Study	121
	Results and Discussion	122
	Microstructural Characterization of Calotropis procera Fibre	122
	Characterization of Petroleum	124
	Statistical Analysis by RSM (Response Surface Methodology)	125
	Conclusion	127
	References	128
	10 Amazonian Tururi Palm Fiber Material (Manicaria saccifera Gaertn.)	130
	Abstract	130
	Introduction	130
	The Ubuçu Palm Tree	131
	Collection, Processing and Traditional Employment	132
	Physicochemical Properties and New Employments	135
	Conclusion	138
	Acknowledgments	138
	References	139
	11 Nanoindentation Measurements of Jute/Poly Lactic Acid Composites	141
	Abstract	141
	Overview of Present Situation	141
	Present State of Problems	143
	Experimental Methods	144
	Materials	144
	Pulverization of Jute Fibers to Nanofibers	144
	Preparation of Nanocomposite Films	145
	Testing of Nanocomposite Films	145
	Results and Conclusions	146
	Effect of Milling Condition on Particle Size Reduction of Jute Fibers	146
	Effect of Wet Milling Time on Particle Size Reduction of Jute Fibers	148
	Comparison of Size Measured on Different Techniques	149
	Nanoindentation Measurements	150
	Dynamic Mechanical Analysis	153
	Tensile Testing	153
	Conclusions	155
	References	156
	12 Biomedical Applications of Nanocellulose	157
	Abstract	157
	Introduction	157
	From Cellulose to Nanocellulose: Types of Nanocellulose	158
	Applications in Biomedical Field	162
	Conclusions and Remarks	169
	Acknowledgments	169
	References	169
	Part IIINatural Fibre Reinforced PolymericComposites	172
	13 A Finite Element Analysis to Validate the Rule-of-Mixtures for the Prediction of the Young's Modulus of Composites with Non-circular Anisotropic Fibres	173
	Abstract	173
	Introduction	173
	Finite Element Analysis (FEA)	174
	Poisson's Ratio	178
	Conclusions	181
	Acknowledgements	181
	References	182
	14 Effects of Water Ageing on the Mechanical Properties of Flax and Glass Fibre Composites: Degradation and Reversibility	183
	Abstract	183
	Introduction	184
	Materials and Methods	185
	Materials	185
	Resin and Fibres	185
	Chemical Treatment	185
	Vacuum Infusion Processing of Composite Sheets	185
	Methods	186
	Water Ageing Conditions	186
	Water Uptake, Volume and Density Variations	186
	Composites Drying	187
	Viscoelastic Properties Measured by Vibration Analysis	187
	Uniaxial Tensile Tests	188
	Scanning Electron Microscopy	188
	Differential Scanning Calorimetry	188
	Results and Discussion	188
	Conclusions	194
	References	195
	15 Processing of Wet Preserved Natural Fibers with Injection Molding Compounding (IMC)	197
	Abstract	197
	Introduction	198
	Novel Supply Chain for Fibrous Raw Materials	199
	Processing with IMC	203
	Processing, Sampling and Characterization of Products	205
	Summary	208
	Acknowledgments	209
	References	209
	16 Fluorination as an Effective Way to Reduce Natural Fibers Hydrophilicity	211
	Abstract	211
	Introduction	212
	Materials and Methods	213
	Materials	213
	Direct Fluorination of the Wood Flour	213
	FT-IR and NMR Spectroscopy	214
	TGA	214
	SEM Analysis	214
	X-ray Tomography	215
	Hygroscopic Testing of the Wood Flour	215
	Wood-Polyester Composite Processing	216
	Composite Mechanical Characterization	216
	Hygroscopic Behavior of the Composites	217
	Results and Discussion	217
	Covalent Grafting of Fluorine on Wood	217
	Decrease of Wood Hydrophilicity	219
	Preservation of the Structure of Wood	221
	Analysis of the Thermal Behavior of Wood	221
	Improvement of the Composite Health	222
	Improvement of the Composite Mechanical Properties	222
	Improvement of the Composite Hygroscopic Behavior	224
	Conclusions	226
	References	227
	17 DSC Analysis of In Situ Polymerized Poly(Butylene Terephthalate) Flax Fiber Reinforced Composites Produced by RTM	230
	Abstract	230
	Introduction	230
	Materials and Methods	231
	Materials	231
	RTM Set-up and Composite Manufacturing Details	232
	DSC Analysis	233
	Results and Discussion	234
	Production	234
	DSD Analysis	235
	Flax Fibers	235
	CBT 160 Resin	236
	pCBT Polymer	237
	Conclusions	239
	Acknowledgments	239
	References	240
	18 Parametric Study on the Manufacturing of Biocomposite Materials	242
	Abstract	242
	Introduction	242
	Materials	245
	Manufacturing	246
	Experimental Tests	246
	Results and Discussion	246
	Conclusions	251
	Acknowledgements	252
	References	252
	19 The Mechanical Properties of Flax Fibre Reinforced Composites	254
	Abstract	254
	Introduction	254
	Materials and Method	257
	Results	258
	Izod Impact	258
	Three Point Bending	259
	Electron Microscopy Studies	261
	Conclusions	263
	Acknowledgments	264
	References	264
	20 Eco-friendly Flax Fibre/Epoxy Resin/Composite System for Surfboard Production	266
	Abstract	266
	Introduction	266
	Experimental	267
	Materials Selection	267
	Laboratory Process	268
	Results	270
	Eco-surfboard Production	270
	Conclusion	273
	Future Work	274
	Acknowledgments	274
	References	275
	21 The Use of Cellulosic Fibers Wastes to Increase the Mechanical Behaviour of Biodegradable Composites for Automotive Interior Parts	277
	Abstract	277
	Introduction	278
	Materials and Methods	279
	Materials	279
	Preparation of the Composites	280
	Mechanical Characterization	281
	Tensile Properties Measurements	281
	Flexural Properties Measurements	282
	Instrumented Impact Properties Measurements	282
	Heat Deflection Temperature (HDT) Measurements	282
	Experimental Results and Remarks	282
	Conclusion and Final Remarks	284
	Acknowledgments	285
	References	285
	Part IVNatural Fibre Reinforced CementitiousComposites	286
	22 Hemp Fibres---A Promising Reinforcement for Cementitious Materials	287
	Abstract	287
	Introduction	287
	Materials and Methods	289
	Concrete and Hemp Fibres	289
	Experimental Program	291
	Results and Discussion	292
	Compression Strength	292
	Load---Crack Mouth Opening Displacement Curve	293
	Splitting Tensile Strength	294
	Energy Dissipation Capacity	295
	Conclusions	296
	Acknowledgments	297
	References	297
	23 Tensile and Bond Characterization of Natural Fibers Embeeded in Inorganic Matrices	300
	Abstract	300
	Introduction	300
	Materials and Specimens	301
	Test Methods	304
	Results and Discussion	305
	Mortar Properties	305
	Tensile Tests Results	306
	Pull-Out Tests Results	307
	Conclusions	308
	Acknowledgments	309
	References	309
	24 Eco-Efficient Earthen Plasters: The Influence of the Addition of Natural Fibers	310
	Abstract	310
	Introduction	310
	Materials	312
	Mortar's Formulations and Fresh State Characterization	314
	Hardened State Characterization	314
	Results and Discussion	316
	Conclusions	320
	Acknowledgments	321
	References	321
	Part VInnovative Applicationsof Natural Fibres	323
	25 Poly Lactic Acid Fibre Based Biodegradable Stents and Their Functionalization Techniques	324
	Abstract	324
	Introduction	324
	Natural-Based Stents	326
	PLLA Stents	326
	Chitosan Stents	329
	Stents Functionalization	330
	Layer by Layer	331
	Chitosan Coatings	332
	Conclusions	334
	Acknowledgments	334
	References	334
	26 Optimization of a Wood Plastic Composite to Produce a New Dynamic Shading System	336
	Abstract	336
	Introduction	337
	Dynamic Shading System Modeling	338
	Materials and Methods	340
	Materials	341
	Methods	341
	Results	341
	Conclusions	343
	References	343
	27 Biodegradation of Wool Used for the Production of Innovative Geotextiles Designed to Erosion Control	344
	Abstract	344
	Introduction	344
	Experimental	346
	Results and Conclusions	348
	Mechanical Parameters	348
	Fibres Morphology	348
	Fibres Composition	351
	Conslusions	353
	Acknowledgments	353
	References	353
	28 Renewable Materials for Stab Resistance	355
	Abstract	355
	Introduction	355
	Experimental	356
	Results	358
	Conclusion	361
	Acknowledgements	361
	References	361
	29 Hemp Fibre from Crops Grown on Reclaimed Land for the Production of Sanitary Mats	363
	Abstract	363
	Introduction	363
	Construction and the Properties of Sanitary Mats	364
	Materials and Methods	365
	Results and Discussion	365
	Conclusions	368
	References	369
	Part VIMarket, Opportunities, Recycling andSustainability Aspects of Natural Fibres	370
	30 Natural Fibres and the World Economy	371
	Abstract	371
	Introduction	371
	Wool	373
	Sisal	374
	Flax/Linen	375
	Hemp	376
	Cotton	377
	Jute and Kenaf	378
	Silk	379
	Other Natural Fibers	380
	Conclusions	380
	Acknowledgments	380
	References	380
	31 Wool as an Heirloom: How Natural Fibres Can Reinvent Value in Terms of Money, Life-Span and Love	381
	Abstract	381
	Imported Silk and Billowing Sails	381
	Growth Spiral and Circular Ideology	382
	Life Span and Love	385
	Monetary Value and Tradition---Elements of New BMs	386
	Norwegian Wool	386
	Scandinavian Business Seating---New Flexibility for Norwegian Wool and Local Production	387
	Sølv---New Twist on an Old Business Model	389
	Graveniid---New Use of Lapp Traditions, Northern Norway	389
	Maxhosa by Laduma---New Use of Xhosa Traditions, South Africa	390
	Selbu Mittens---New Thinking About Fair Price for Quality	390
	VikingGold---Reconquering the Vikings Textiles	392
	Conclusion: From Nature with Love	393
	Acknowledgements	394
	References	394
	32 Hemp Cultivation Opportunities and Perspectives in Lithuania	396
	Abstract	396
	Introduction	397
	Results and Discussion	397
	Hemp Cultivation Technology Opportunities	397
	Hemp Cultivation Perspectives in Lithuania	399
	Conclusions	402
	References	403
	33 Review of Wool Recycling and Reuse	404
	Abstract	404
	Introduction	404
	Collection and Sorting of Post-consumer Clothing	404
	Destinations of Post-consumer Clothing	406
	Heirloom Clothing Items	407
	Composition of Fibre Available for Recycling and Reuse	407
	Wool Fibre Recycling	409
	Open Loop Recycling of Wool Garments	410
	Closed Loop Recycling of Wool Garments	412
	Recycling of Corporate Clothing Containing Wool	413
	Case Studies	414
	References	416
	34 Brazilian Scope of Management and Recycling of Textile Wastes	418
	Abstract	418
	Introduction	418
	Mechanical Processes for Textile Recycling	419
	Recycled Cotton Yarn and Jeans	420
	The Generation of Textile Wastes in Brazil	421
	Incipient Brazilian Actions Toward the Sustainability	424
	Conclusion	426
	Acknowledgments	426
	References	426
	35 Cotton Dyeing with Extract from Renewable Agro Industrial Bio-resources: A Step Towards Sustainability	429
	Abstract	429
	Introduction	429
	General Approach	429
	Synthetic Dyes	430
	Natural Dyes	430
	Natural Dyes Chemistry	430
	Mordants	431
	Natural Mordants	431
	Acacia Dealbata	432
	Natural Dyes Benefits	432
	Environmental Sustainability	432
	Wastes: Source of Natural Dyes	432
	Olive Tree Culture	433
	Olive Tree Pruning Wastes	433
	Materials and Methods	434
	Cotton Pre-treatment	434
	Dyeing Bath Obtainment	434
	Dyeing Procedure	434
	Colour Assessment	435
	Colour-Fastness Evaluation	435
	Results and Conclusions	435
	Extraction of Different Materials Studied	435
	Dyeing Results	436
	Extracted Temperature Solution and Material Conditions	436
	pH Effect of Dyeing Solutions in Colour Strength	436
	Effect of Electrolyte and Mordant (Inorganic and Organic) on K/S	436
	Colour Coordinates and Colour-Fastness Results	438
	Conclusions	438
	References	440
	36 Erratum to: Review of Wool Recycling and Reuse	442
	Erratum to: ‘Review of Wool Recycling and Reuse’ R. Fangueiro and S. Rana (eds.), Natural Fibres: Advances in Science and Technology Towards Industrial Applications, RILEM Bookseries 12, DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-7515-1_33	442
	Index	443