Foreword	6
	Contents	10
	1 Introduction---Smart Grids: Design, Analysis and Implementation of a New Socio-technical System	12
	Acknowledgedments	19
	References	19
	Part IApproaches to Changing Energy Systems	20
	2 How Energy Distribution Will Change: An ICT Perspective	21
	Abstract	21
	1 Prologue	21
	2 Introduction	22
	3 The Smart Meter View	23
	4 The End User View	26
	4.1 Information Flow	26
	4.2 Information with Value	27
	5 The DSO View	28
	5.1 Topology Adaptation	29
	5.2 The Value of Analytics	31
	5.3 A Parallel Between Telecoms and DSO	31
	6 The ICT Provider View	32
	7 Concluding Remarks	33
	References	34
	3 Smart Business for Smart Users: A Social Agenda for Developing Smart Grids	36
	Abstract	36
	1 The Smart Grid as Panacea	37
	2 Envisioning the Smart Grid	39
	3 Social Practices	42
	4 User-Centered Business Models	44
	5 The User as Innovator	46
	5.1 Passive Barrier Roles	47
	5.2 Passive Enabler Roles	47
	5.3 Active Barrier Roles	47
	5.4 Active Enabler Roles	47
	6 Smart Business for Smart Users: A Research Agenda	49
	References	50
	4 Transition to Smart Grids: A Psychological Perspective	52
	Abstract	52
	1 Introduction	52
	2 Which Behaviour Changes Are Needed to Promote Smart Grids?	53
	3 Factors Underlying Behaviour in Smart Grids	55
	3.1 Motivations	55
	3.2 Contextual Factors	58
	4 Interventions to Promote a Transition to Smart Grids	59
	4.1 Structural Strategies	59
	4.2 Psychological Strategies	61
	5 Acceptability of Smart Grids	64
	5.1 Distributive Fairness	64
	5.2 Trust in Involved Parties and Acceptability	65
	5.3 Public Involvement	65
	6 Conclusion	66
	References	67
	5 What Are Smart Grids? Epistemology, Interdisciplinarity and Getting Things Done	72
	Abstract	72
	1 Introduction: Kinds of Work Done by Definitions	72
	2 Definitions and Promissory Work	74
	3 Definitions and the Creation of Objects	76
	4 Definitions and Boundary Work	77
	5 Conclusion	79
	Acknowledgments	81
	References	81
	Part IIControl and Regulation of SmartGrids: Technical, Legal, Economic,and Social Approaches	83
	6 Cyber-Security Vulnerabilities: An Impediment Against Further Development of Smart Grid	84
	Abstract	84
	1 Introduction to Smart Grid	84
	2 Smart Grid Vulnerabilities	85
	3 Categorization of Smart Grid Vulnerabilities	87
	4 Vulnerabilities Associated with Smart Substations	87
	5 Vulnerabilities Associated with the AMI System	88
	5.1 Advanced Metering Infrastructure	89
	5.2 AMI System Topology	90
	5.3 AMI Network Domains	91
	5.4 Cyber Threats Impacting AMI Systems	92
	5.5 AMI Cybersecurity Provisions	94
	6 Suitability of Microgrid as a Testbed for Cybersecurity	95
	6.1 Overview of BCIT Microgrid	95
	6.2 The BCIT Microgrid as a Cyberwar Theatre	98
	7 Conclusion	99
	Further Readings	100
	7 The Optimal Control Problem in Smart Energy Grids	101
	Abstract	101
	1 Introduction	101
	2 Preliminaries	103
	3 Supply--Demand Matching	105
	3.1 Demand Response Regulation	106
	3.2 Energy Storage Using Power-to-Gas Facilities	107
	4 Embedding in the Market Structure	110
	4.1 Universal Smart Energy Framework	110
	4.2 Demand Response in the Universal Smart Energy Framework	112
	5 Concluding Remarks	115
	Acknowledgements	116
	References	116
	8 Economic Regulation of Energy Networks	118
	Abstract	118
	1 Introduction	118
	2 Theory of Economic Regulation	120
	2.1 Regulatory Principles	120
	2.2 Tariff Regulation, Investments and Risks	123
	2.3 Realising Optimal Investments	124
	3 Regulation of the Dutch Distribution Grids	126
	3.1 General Principles	126
	3.2 Regulation of Tariffs and Quality	126
	3.3 Effects on Tariffs and Network Quality	128
	4 Tariff Regulation and Smart Grids	129
	5 Conclusion	132
	References	133
	9 Frequency Regulation in Power Grids by Optimal Load and Generation Control	134
	Abstract	134
	1 Introduction	135
	2 Dynamic Model of the Power Grid	136
	3 Stability and Incremental Passivity of the System	139
	4 Maximising Social Welfare	142
	5 Optimal Generation and Load Control	144
	6 Case Study	145
	7 Conclusions and Future Research	147
	Appendix	147
	References	150
	10 Charging Electric Vehicles in the Smart Grid	152
	Abstract	152
	1 Introduction	152
	2 Electrical Vehicle Charging	154
	2.1 Battery Charging and State of Charge	154
	2.2 IEC Charging Modes	155
	2.3 Communication	155
	2.4 Alternative Charging Solutions	156
	3 Sample Case Study 1: Load Flattening	156
	4 Sample Case Study 2: Balancing Renewable Generation	159
	5 Demand Response Strategies	161
	6 Simulation Tools	163
	7 Conclusions	165
	Acknowledgements	166
	References	166
	11 Demand Side and Dispatchable Power Plants with Electric Mobility	167
	Abstract	167
	1 Introduction	167
	2 Sources of Variability and Flexibility	169
	3 Electric Mobility	170
	4 Electric Mobility and Demand Side Management	172
	5 Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles as Dispatchable Power Plants	173
	6 FCEVs as Dispatchable Power Plants: Implementation Aspects	174
	6.1 Technical and Institutional Considerations	174
	6.1.1 Power Capacity of V2G	174
	6.1.2 Institutions and Business Models	175
	6.2 Frameworks for Implementation	175
	6.3 Barriers for V2G Implementation	176
	7 Car-Park Power Plant	177
	7.1 Car-Park Power Plant	178
	7.2 Operation of a Car-Park Power Plant	178
	8 Final Remarks	180
	Acknowledgments	180
	References	181
	12 Privacy Issues in the Use of Smart Meters---Law Enforcement Use of Smart Meter Data	182
	Abstract	182
	1 Introduction	182
	2 Smart Meter Data Under European Data Protection and Privacy Rules	184
	2.1 Privacy and Data Protection in Europe	184
	2.2 Smart Meter Data as Personal Data	186
	3 Smart Meters and Law Enforcement Authorities	187
	3.1 Risks for the Protection of Privacy of Individuals Deriving from Surveillance via Smart Meter Data	188
	3.1.1 Individual Surveillance	189
	3.1.2 Mass Surveillance	191
	4 European Legal Framework and Existing Safeguards	192
	5 Conclusion	195
	References	196
	13 Conducting a Smarter Grid: Reflecting on the Power and Security Behind Smart Grids with Foucault	200
	Abstract	200
	1 Introduction	200
	2 Politics of Smart Grids	202
	3 Power, Knowledge and the Conducting of Choice	204
	4 Knowing the Grid and Its Consumers	205
	5 Conducting the Conduct of Consumers	207
	6 Securing Free Electricity Markets	208
	7 Decentralisation of Electricity	210
	8 In Reflection	212
	References	213
	Part IIIImplementing Smart Grids:What Have We Learned?	217
	14 Emerging e-Practices, Information Flows and the Home: A Sociological Research Agenda on Smart Energy Systems	218
	Abstract	218
	1 Introduction	219
	2 Social Practice Theory and Smart Energy Systems	219
	2.1 Energy Practices	220
	2.2 Dynamics of the Home	221
	3 Information Flows in Smart Grid Configurations	222
	3.1 Information, Control and Privacy	224
	4 Findings on Emerging e-Practices and Information Flows	225
	4.1 Information Flows Within Households	225
	4.2 Information Flows Between Households and Providers	226
	4.3 Information Sharing Between Householders	227
	5 Conclusion	229
	6 An Unfolding Research Agenda on Smart Energy Systems and e-Practices	230
	References	232
	15 Smart Grid Pilot Projects and Implementation in the Field	235
	Abstract	235
	1 Introduction	236
	2 Towards Regional Tailor-Made Solutions	237
	3 Lessons Learned from Dutch Demonstration Projects	238
	3.1 Feasibility Projects: PowerMatching City	239
	4 Small Scale Demonstration Projects	240
	4.1 PowerMatching City II	241
	4.2 Smart Grid: Benefits for All	242
	5 Towards Large-Scale Implementation	244
	5.1 Green Deal Smart Energy Cities	245
	5.2 Universal Smart Energy Framework	246
	6 Conclusions	247
	16 Energy Efficiency in a Mobile World	249
	Abstract	249
	1 Introduction	249
	2 Data Collection in a Smart Grid Living Lab	251
	3 Information Visualisation for Sensing Data	252
	4 Case Study on Energy Management	252
	4.1 Domain Characterisation	253
	4.2 Data and Operations	255
	5 Visualisations for Domain Experts	256
	6 Evaluating Visualisations	260
	7 From Needs to Better Decision Support	265
	8 Conclusions	266
	Acknowledgments	267
	References	267
	17 End User Research in PowerMatching City II	269
	Abstract	269
	1 PowerMatching City	270
	1.1 Two Energy Services: Sustainable Together and Smart Cost Savings	270
	1.2 Three Ways to Control Energy Use	272
	2 End User Research in PowerMatching City II	273
	2.1 Timeline of the Research	273
	2.2 Measures of Experiences and Behaviour	274
	3 Key Results	275
	3.1 Evaluation of the Two Energy Services	276
	3.2 Evaluation of Automatic, Smart, and Manual Control	278
	3.3 Energy Monitor	279
	3.4 Smart Grid Community	279
	4 Summary and Discussion	280
	Acknowledgments	282
	References	282