Preface	6
	Contents	8
	List of Figures	16
	Chapter 1: Smart Trends and Paradigm Shift	26
	1.1 Energy Trends of Future	28
	1.2 Network Trends and Shifts	28
	1.3 Trends in Biophilia, Biomimicry, and Green Roofs and Streets	29
	1.4 Conclusion	29
	Part I: Smart Buildings and Smart Technologies	30
	Chapter 2: Building Systems Engineering	31
	2.1 An Introduction to Building Systems Engineering	31
	2.2 The Emergence of Building Systems Engineering: Historical Perspective	34
	2.3 Basic Vocabulary of Building Systems	35
	Chapter 3: Basic Smart Building Systems	41
	3.1 The Lighting System	42
	3.1.1 Lighting Terminology and Common Definitions	45
	3.1.2 Lamps	46
	3.1.3 LEDs	48
	3.1.4 Ballasts	49
	3.1.5 Luminaires	50
	3.1.6 Lighting and Energy	53
	3.2 Power Systems	54
	3.3 Heating, Ventilation, and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) Systems	54
	3.4 Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) Systems	58
	3.4.1 Overview of VRF Systems	62
	3.4.1.1 Variable Refrigerant Flow or VRF Systems	65
	Types of VRF	71
	VRF Heat Pump Systems	71
	Heat Recovery VRF System (VRF-HR)	71
	Refrigerant Modulation in a VRF System	73
	3.4.1.2 Electronic Expansion Valve (EEV)	74
	Design Considerations for VRF Systems	74
	Building Characteristics	75
	Building Load Profile	76
	Sustainability	77
	Simultaneous Heating and Cooling	77
	Energy Efficiency	78
	Reduced Noise Levels	79
	Reliability	80
	Indoor Unit	80
	Outdoor Unit	80
	Maintenance and Commissioning	80
	3.4.1.3 VRF Challenges and Limitations	80
	Refrigerant Piping	80
	Compliance with ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 15-2001	81
	Oil Management	81
	Fresh Air Requirements (Compliance to ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1)	81
	Particulate Matter Removal	82
	Environmental Concerns	82
	VRF Systems Are Proprietary Systems	83
	Reliability and Maintenance	83
	Performance Guarantee	83
	3.4.1.4 Concluding	83
	Salient Features	83
	3.5 Security Systems	91
	3.6 Basic Fire Protection Systems (FPS) Used in Buildings	91
	3.6.1 Fire Alarm, Detection, and Signaling Systems	92
	3.7 MIE Equipment Arrangement	92
	3.8 Building Systems Distribution Tree	97
	3.8.1 Tree Care Cost and Conservation	102
	Chapter 4: Air, Water, Power, and Internet Quality	103
	4.1 Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) and Modem Buildings	103
	4.1.1 Contaminants and Their Sources	103
	4.1.2 Clean Indoor Air Strategies	109
	4.1.3 IAQ and Energy Conservation	111
	4.2 Water Resources, Quality, and Building Systems	112
	4.2.1 Water Reclamation	112
	4.2.2 Water Recycling	114
	4.2.3 Water Reuse	114
	4.3 Power Quality and Intelligent Buildings	115
	4.3.1 Power Impurities	118
	4.3.2 Effects on Building Systems	121
	4.3.3 Pure Power Solutions	123
	4.3.4 Power Quality and Load Synchronization	125
	4.4 Quality of Internet	125
	4.4.1 Technology Paths	128
	4.4.1.1 Societal Drivers Influence Technological Advancements	130
	Suggested Reading	132
	Chapter 5: Acoustics, Vibrations, and Integrated Building Systems	133
	5.1 Introduction	133
	5.2 Acoustical Environment of Buildings	134
	5.3 Noise and Acoustic Planning Issues	135
	5.4 Masking Sound	137
	5.5 Acoustic Analysis	139
	5.6 Solutions	141
	5.6.1 Static Noise Control	142
	5.6.2 Active Noise Control	143
	5.7 Vibrations and Buildings	145
	Chapter 6: Lightning, Electrostatic Discharge, and Buildings	147
	6.1 Introduction	147
	6.2 Mechanisms and Characteristics of Lightning	148
	6.3 Building System Lightning Exposure and Protection	150
	6.4 Electrostatic Discharge (ESD): An Introduction	153
	6.5 Electrostatic Charge: Charging Mechanism	154
	6.6 ESD Solutions	156
	Chapter 7: Electromagnetic Waves, Noise, and Systems Susceptibility	157
	7.1 Introduction	157
	7.2 Geomagnetic Fields and Buildings	158
	7.3 Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC)	159
	7.4 Electromagnetic Shielding (EMS)	162
	7.5 Electromagnetic Interference and Signal Protection	163
	7.6 Grounding Systems of Buildings	166
	7.6.1 High-Frequency Interference and Shield Grounding	168
	7.6.2 Ground Loops	168
	Chapter 8: From Microelectronic Technology to Information Technology	170
	8.1 Intelligent Buildings	170
	8.2 Intelligence Communication and Dissonance	172
	8.3 Intelligence Source Objects, Quality, and Transmission	173
	8.4 Intelligence Availability	175
	8.5 Optical Fibers and Intelligent Buildings	177
	Chapter 9: Energy Storage	181
	9.1 Introduction	181
	9.2 Thermal Storage	182
	9.2.1 Applications and Requirements	182
	9.2.2 Sensible Heat Storage	184
	9.2.3 Water Thermal Storage	184
	9.2.4 Latent Heat Storage	185
	9.2.5 Ice Storage	186
	9.2.6 System Configurations	187
	9.3 Electrochemical Storage	190
	9.3.1 Batteries	190
	9.3.2 Battery Design and Types	192
	9.3.3 Fuel Cells	193
	9.3.4 Fuel Cell and System Efficiency	195
	9.4 Passive Electrical Power Storage	196
	9.4.1 Inductors	196
	9.4.2 Capacitors	197
	9.5 Active Electrical Power Storage (Solar Cells)	197
	9.6 Batteries	199
	Chapter 10: Integrated Building Systems Engineering and Automation	201
	10.1 Introduction	201
	10.2 Integration and Protocols	203
	10.3 The Internet of Things	206
	10.4 Active Energy	208
	Chapter 11: Atmospheric Radiation Soup and Buildings and Internet of Things	211
	11.1 Introduction	211
	11.2 Basics of Radiation	211
	11.2.1 US Standards (Fig. 11.4)	215
	11.2.2 International Standards	216
	11.3 Protective Role of the Atmosphere	217
	11.4 Radiation Balance	218
	11.5 Buildings and Radiation Albedo	220
	11.6 Ozone Layer	221
	11.7 The “Greenhouse” Effect	222
	Chapter 12: Reliability Requirements, Risk Management, and Associated Building Systems Engineering	224
	12.1 Introduction	224
	12.2 Basic Reliability Terminology	225
	12.3 Building System Reliability Analysis Procedure	227
	12.3.1 Component Analysis	228
	12.3.1.1 Single-Component Analysis	228
	12.3.1.2 Systems with Components in Series	230
	12.3.1.3 Systems with Redundant Components	231
	12.3.1.4 Common Cause	232
	12.4 Risk Analysis	232
	12.5 Failures and Relationships	233
	12.6 Fault Trees	234
	12.7 Intelligent Building Automation Reliability	239
	12.7.1 Computing Reliability	240
	12.7.2 Hardware Redundancy	241
	12.7.3 Software Redundancy	242
	Part II: Integrating Nature and Understanding Behavior	244
	Chapter 13: Integration of Mother Nature into Smart Buildings	245
	13.1 Biophilia	245
	13.1.1 Introduction: What Is Biophilia?	245
	13.1.2 Biophilic Design	247
	13.2 Biomimicry	251
	13.3 Economics of Biophilia	258
	13.4 The Natural Way Forward	260
	13.5 Green Areas and Roofs, Green Facades and Walls, Urban Gardening, and Green Corridors	260
	13.5.1 Green Areas in Cities	261
	13.5.3 Cooling Effects	263
	13.5.4 Improved Health and Well-Being and Safety	264
	13.6 Green Roofs	265
	13.6.1 Green Roof Construction	266
	13.6.1.1 The Growing Medium	266
	13.6.2 Green Roof Plants	267
	13.6.2.1 Smart Maintenance of Plants on Smart Green Roofs	268
	13.6.3 Benefits of Green Roofs	269
	13.7 Green Facades and Green Walls	272
	13.7.1 Green Facades Plants	272
	13.7.2 Shading and Cooling of Plants	274
	13.8 Urban Gardening/Farming/Agriculture	276
	13.9 Green Corridors	278
	References	279
	Chapter 14: Taking Advantage of Natural Elements Surrounding the Building	282
	14.1 Geothermal Energy	282
	14.1.1 Introduction to Geothermal Systems	283
	14.1.2 Applications in Building Systems	283
	14.1.3 Components of Geothermal Systems	284
	14.2 Thermocline Lakes	285
	14.2.1 Introduction	285
	14.2.2 Application and Components in Building Systems	286
	Chapter 15: Reduce, Reuse, Recycle	288
	15.1 How Do We Manage Solid Wastes?	288
	15.2 How Do We Manage E-waste?	289
	15.3 Treating E-waste	290
	15.4 Converting MSW into Charcoal Briquettes	292
	15.5 Processing Organic Waste	292
	15.6 Dry Organic Waste Composting	293
	15.7 Anaerobic Digestion in Communities	295
	15.8 Who Are These Systems For?	298
	15.9 Liquid Waste Management	299
	References	301
	Chapter 16: The Human Body and Building Synchronization	302
	16.1 Introduction	302
	16.2 The Body-Building Environment	303
	16.3 Electrodynamics of Humans and Buildings	307
	16.3.1 Radiofrequency Waves and the Human Body	308
	16.4 Human Body Systems Versus Building Systems	309
	16.4.1 Human Circulatory Versus Building Hydraulic System	309
	16.4.2 Human Respiratory Versus Building Air System	312
	16.5 Human Body System Automation Versus  Building System Automation	315
	16.5.1 Human Logic Versus Building Control System	319
	Chapter 17: Understanding the Occupant’s Behavior	323
	17.1 Sustainability Is About Changing Behavior	323
	What Makes Us Consume Energy? What Makes Us Waste Energy? And What Makes Us Save Energy?	324
	Smart Building Design Is About Thinking Outside the Box	325
	17.2 The Five Root Causes of Energy Consumption: The Five A’s	328
	Sustainable, Smart Buildings Should Not Be the Exception—They Should Be State of the Art	330
	It Is Not Just a Lack of Knowledge—It Is a Lack of Will	331
	17.3 Sustainability Is About Understanding Behavior	332
	References	334
	Part III: The Smart Building in the Smart City	335
	Chapter 18: Vision of Cities: From the Green City to the Smart City	336
	18.1 Vancouver, Canada	338
	18.2 San Francisco, USA	339
	18.3 Oslo, Norway	341
	18.4 A Walk Through a Sustainable, Eco, Green, Post-­Carbon City District: Experiences of an Inhabitant	346
	References	349
	Chapter 19: The Smart Building in the Smart City	350
	19.1 Smart Buildings and the Urban System	350
	19.2 A Building Is Not an Island	351
	19.3 The Accessible Building	353
	Accessibility Is a Matter of Proximity and Mobility	353
	19.4 The Connected Building	357
	19.4.1 The Connected Building Is a Power Plant in a Larger Urban System	358
	19.4.2 The Connected Building Turns Waste into Valuable Resources	360
	19.4.3 The Connected Building Manages Water Resources Within Micro Grids	362
	19.4.4 The Connected Building Is in Constant Exchange with Its Surroundings and the Larger Urban System	364
	19.5 The Building in Balance with Nature	365
	19.6 The Smart Building in the Smart City	366
	References	366
	Chapter 20: The Journey of Water	367
	20.1 Background	367
	20.2 Hydrology	371
	20.3 Dams/Water/Energy	372
	20.3.1 Water for Food	372
	20.4 Smarter Cities	374
	20.4.1 Know Your Source Water	374
	20.4.2 Know Your Plumbing Water for Reuse	375
	20.4.3 Water from the Ocean	377
	20.4.4 Know Your Behavior	378
	20.4.5 Know Your Storm Water	378
	Chapter 21: Integrated Affordable Mobility Solutions in a Smart Neighborhood	382
	21.1 Sharing Initiatives	385
	21.1.1 How Does It Work?	388
	21.2 The Next Big Thing?	388
	21.2.1 How Does It Work?	389
	21.3 Combined Integrated Mobility Platforms	390
	21.4 Delivery Solutions: Drones	390
	21.5 Automated Vehicles	391
	Chapter 22: International Rating Systems for Smart Buildings and Smart Cities	392
	22.1 Rating Systems for Buildings	392
	22.1.1 BREEAM	393
	22.1.2 LEED	393
	22.1.3 Green Globes	395
	22.1.4 Living Building Challenge	395
	22.2 Rating Systems for Cities	397
	22.2.1 ISO 37120:2014 Sustainable Development of Communities: Indicators for City Services and Quality of Life	398
	22.2.2 STAR Community Rating System	399
	22.2.3 BREEAM Communities	400
	22.2.4 LEED Neighborhood Development	400
	22.2.5 Living Community Challenge	401
	ERRATUM	406
	References	407
	Index	408