Cover	1
	Title	4
	Copyright	5
	Contents	6
	List of Tables and Figures	8
	Acknowledgements	11
	List of Abbreviations	13
	1 A European Strategic Culture in the Making? Introducing a Constructivist Approach	14
	Introducing the puzzle: the normative foundations of a European security and defence policy	15
	A social science approach to studying norms	19
	Outlining key findings	23
	Conclusion: the path beyond	26
	2 How do Strategic Cultures Change? Three Mechanisms of Normative Change	28
	Strategic culture, norms and causality	28
	Unpacking strategic culture and norms	32
	Normative and cultural change: conditions, agents, processes	37
	Towards a European strategic culture? Conceptualising normative change and convergence in Europe	40
	Conclusion: on the path to Humanitarian Power Europe?	55
	3 The Impact of Changing Threat Perceptions on Strategic Thinking in Europe after 1989	56
	Threat perceptions and collective norms	56
	Formative experiences, threat perceptions and strategic norms before the end of the Cold War	61
	Cognitive and normative change after 9/11 and 11/9	72
	Conclusion: towards a consensus on defence co-operation, but not on pre-emption	88
	4 The Impact of Mediatised Crisis Learning on Collective Norms	91
	The impact of post-Cold War crises on press debates	91
	The qualitative analysis of media content	93
	Bosnia: ethnic cleansing and the late resolve to act	96
	Kosovo: 'never again' and the first cracks of Atlanticism	103
	Iraq: the Atlanticist cleavage and the domestic authorisation crisis	111
	Comparison across cases and countries	118
	Discussion: political affiliation and cross-country similarities	123
	5 Social Influence through Institutions: the Case of the Political and Security Committee	125
	The ESDP set-up and the role of the PSC	125
	The dynamics and variables of social influence	130
	Social influence in and through the PSC?	133
	Manufacturing consent on ESDP? The cases of the European Security Strategy, ARTEMIS and ALTHEA	145
	Manufacturing consent on ESDP? The cases of the piecemeal norm convergence	148
	6 Do Europeans Think Alike About the Use of Force? Synthesising and Theorising the Findings	151
	Converging strategic norms? Revisiting the hypotheses	151
	A narrow and shallow European strategic culture? The compatibility of norms and identity conceptions	168
	The easing weight of history or unlearning lessons? Examining and categorising cross-national variation	177
	7 European Strategic Culture and the Prospects for European Defence	184
	What kind of European defence is possible? Exploring key choices for ESDP's evolution and operation	185
	Implications for European defence, diplomacy and decision-making	197
	Appendix: Survey ofParliamentarians and Experts	202
	I. Personal characteristics and party affiliation	202
	II. Norms and perceptions concerning national security and defence policy	203
	Bibliography	213
	Index	222