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Preface |
6 |
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Contents |
8 |
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Chapter 1: Solid Solution |
11 |
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1.1 Solubility |
11 |
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1.2 Lattice Location |
15 |
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1.3 Partial Molar Volume and Strain Field |
16 |
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1.4 Atomistic Calculations of the Heat of Solution |
17 |
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References |
19 |
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Chapter 2: Hydrogen Trapping and Its Detection |
20 |
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2.1 Manifestations and Analyses of Hydrogen Trapping |
20 |
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2.1.1 Solid Solubility at Low Temperatures |
20 |
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2.1.2 Hydrogen Thermal Desorption Analysis |
24 |
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2.2 Partition of Hydrogen Among Different Traps |
35 |
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2.2.1 Equilibrium Distribution |
35 |
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2.2.2 Kinetics of Hydrogen Trapping |
37 |
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2.3 Visualization of Hydrogen Distribution |
38 |
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References |
41 |
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Chapter 3: Interactions of Hydrogen with Lattice Defects |
43 |
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3.1 Dislocations |
43 |
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3.1.1 Experimental Results |
43 |
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3.1.2 Theoretical Estimation of Hydrogen-Dislocation Interactions |
48 |
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3.2 Vacancies |
51 |
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3.2.1 Density |
51 |
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3.2.2 Vacancy Clusters and Migration |
53 |
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3.2.3 Interaction of Hydrogen with Vacancies |
56 |
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3.3 Precipitates |
64 |
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3.4 Grain Boundaries |
67 |
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3.5 Voids and Surfaces |
68 |
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References |
69 |
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Chapter 4: Diffusion and Transport of Hydrogen |
72 |
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4.1 Determination of Diffusion Coefficient |
72 |
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4.2 Diffusion Process |
75 |
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4.3 Hydrogen Transport by Dislocations |
79 |
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4.3.1 Release of Internal Hydrogen |
80 |
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4.3.2 Electrochemical Permeation |
81 |
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References |
83 |
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Chapter 5: Deformation Behaviors |
85 |
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5.1 Elastic Moduli |
85 |
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5.2 Flow Stress |
86 |
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5.3 Stress Relaxation and Creep |
93 |
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5.3.1 Stress Relaxation |
93 |
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5.3.2 Creep |
96 |
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5.3.3 Implications of Surface Effects |
98 |
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5.4 Direct Observation of Dislocation Activity |
100 |
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5.5 Elastic and Atomistic Calculations |
101 |
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5.5.1 Elastic Shielding of Stress Centers |
101 |
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5.5.2 Mobility of Screw Dislocations - Atomistic Calculations |
104 |
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References |
106 |
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Chapter 6: Manifestations of Hydrogen Embrittlement |
108 |
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6.1 Tensile Tests |
108 |
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6.2 Fracture Mechanics Tests |
113 |
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6.2.1 Crack Initiation |
114 |
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6.2.2 Crack Growth |
119 |
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6.3 Fatigue |
122 |
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6.4 Delayed Fracture |
129 |
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6.4.1 Factors Affecting Delayed Fracture |
129 |
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6.4.2 Incubation Period |
131 |
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6.4.3 Effects of Environmental Variations |
135 |
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References |
138 |
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Chapter 7: Characteristic Features of Deformation and Fracture in Hydrogen Embrittlement |
141 |
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7.1 Fractographic Features |
141 |
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7.2 Strain Localization and Plastic Instability |
155 |
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7.2.1 Strain Localization |
155 |
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7.2.2 Plastic Instability |
160 |
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7.3 Precursory Damage to Crack Initiation |
161 |
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7.3.1 Generation of Damage During Mechanical Tests |
161 |
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7.3.2 Effects of Stress History |
165 |
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References |
168 |
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Chapter 8: Effects of Microstructural Factors on Hydrogen Embrittlement |
170 |
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8.1 Dislocation and Slip Configurations |
171 |
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8.2 Impurities and Alloying Elements |
181 |
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8.3 Heterogeneous Phases |
184 |
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8.4 Phase Stability and Deformation Microstructures of Austenitic Stainless Steels |
188 |
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8.4.1 Hydrides and Phase Changes |
188 |
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8.4.2 Compositional Effects on Hydrogen Embrittlement |
191 |
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8.4.3 Fractographic Features |
195 |
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8.4.4 Deformation Microstructures |
196 |
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References |
198 |
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Chapter 9: Mechanistic Aspects of Fracture I ~ Brittle Fracture Models |
200 |
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9.1 Internal Pressure Theory |
201 |
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9.2 Surface Adsorption Theory |
204 |
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9.3 Lattice Decohesion Theory |
205 |
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9.3.1 Cohesive Strength |
205 |
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9.3.2 Local Stress Intensity Approach |
206 |
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9.4 Theories of Intergranular Fracture |
208 |
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9.4.1 Interface Decohesion |
208 |
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9.4.2 Formation of Incipient Crack - Meaning of Surface Energy in Fracture Criteria |
212 |
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9.5 Summary of Brittle Fracture Models |
216 |
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References |
217 |
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Chapter 10: Mechanistic Aspects of Fracture II~Plasticity-Dominated Fracture Models |
219 |
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10.1 Outline of Elemental Concepts of Ductile Fracture |
219 |
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10.1.1 Void Nucleation |
219 |
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10.1.2 Void Growth and Coalescence |
220 |
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10.1.3 Plastic Instability |
223 |
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10.2 Hydrogen-Enhanced Localized Plasticity Theory |
227 |
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10.3 Adsorption-Induced Dislocation Emission Theory |
230 |
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10.4 Autocatalytic Void-Formation and Shear-Localization Theory |
231 |
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10.5 Hydrogen-Enhanced Strain-Induced Vacancy Theory |
232 |
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10.5.1 Brief Summary of Findings |
233 |
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10.5.2 Crack Growth Resistance and its Microscopic Origin |
235 |
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10.5.3 Simulation of R-Curve and Strain Localization Near the Crack-Tip |
237 |
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10.6 Summary of Ductile Fracture Models |
238 |
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References |
240 |
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