Title Page	5
	Copyright Page	6
	Contents	9
	Preface to the Second Edition	211
	Acknowledgements	887
	Nomenclature	837
	Chapter 1: The Nature of Chemical Process Design and Integration	27
	1.1 Chemical Products	27
	1.2 Formulation of Design Problems	29
	1.3 Synthesis and Simulation	30
	1.4 The Hierarchy of Chemical Process Design and Integration	32
	1.5 Continuous and Batch Processes	34
	1.6 New Design and Retrofit	37
	1.7 Reliability, Availability and Maintainability	37
	1.8 Process Control	38
	1.9 Approaches to Chemical Process Design and Integration	39
	1.10 The Nature of Chemical Process Design and Integration – Summary????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????	42
	References	43
	Chapter 2: Process Economics	603
	2.1 The Role of Process Economics	45
	2.2 Capital Cost for New Design	45
	2.3 Capital Cost for Retrofit	51
	2.4 Annualized Capital Cost	52
	2.5 Operating Cost	53
	2.6 Simple Economic Criteria	56
	2.7 Project Cash Flow and Economic Evaluation	57
	2.8 Investment Criteria	59
	2.9 Process Economics – Summary??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????	60
	2.10 Exercises	60
	References	62
	Chapter 3: Optimization	603
	3.1 Objective Functions	63
	3.2 Single–Variable Optimization????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????	66
	3.3 Multivariable Optimization	68
	3.4 Constrained Optimization	71
	3.5 Linear Programming	73
	3.6 Nonlinear Programming	75
	3.7 Structural Optimization	76
	3.8 Solution of Equations Using Optimization	80
	3.9 The Search for Global Optimality	81
	3.10 Optimization – Summary??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????	82
	3.11 Exercises	82
	References	84
	Chapter 4: Chemical Reactors I – Reactor Performance????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????	589
	4.1 Reaction Path	85
	4.2 Types of Reaction Systems	87
	4.3 Measures of Reactor Performance	89
	4.4 Rate of Reaction	90
	4.5 Idealized Reactor Models	91
	4.6 Choice of Idealized Reactor Model	99
	4.7 Choice of Reactor Performance	102
	4.8 Reactor Performance – Summary??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????	103
	4.9 Exercises	104
	References	105
	Chapter 5: Chemical Reactors II – Reactor Conditions????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????	107
	5.1 Reaction Equilibrium	107
	5.2 Reactor Temperature	111
	5.3 Reactor Pressure	118
	5.4 Reactor Phase	119
	5.5 Reactor Concentration	120
	5.6 Biochemical Reactions	125
	5.7 Catalysts	125
	5.8 Reactor Conditions – Summary????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????	128
	5.9 Exercises	129
	References	131
	Chapter 6: Chemical Reactors III – Reactor Configuration????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????	133
	6.1 Temperature Control	133
	6.2 Catalyst Degradation	137
	6.3 Gas–Liquid and Liquid–Liquid Reactors??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????	138
	6.4 Reactor Configuration	142
	6.5 Reactor Configuration For Heterogeneous Solid-Catalyzed Reactions	147
	6.6 Reactor Configuration Summary	148
	6.7 Exercises	148
	References	149
	Chapter 7: Separation of Heterogeneous Mixtures	151
	7.1 Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Separation	151
	7.2 Settling and Sedimentation	152
	7.3 Inertial and Centrifugal Separation	156
	7.4 Electrostatic Precipitation	157
	7.5 Filtration	159
	7.6 Scrubbing	160
	7.7 Flotation	161
	7.8 Drying	162
	7.9 Separation of Heterogeneous Mixtures – Summary????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????	163
	7.10 Exercises	163
	References	164
	Chapter 8: Separation of Homogeneous Fluid Mixtures I – Distillation????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????	713
	8.1 Vapor–Liquid Equilibrium????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????	165
	8.2 Calculation of Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium	167
	8.3 Single-Stage Separation	172
	8.4 Distillation	172
	8.5 Binary Distillation	176
	8.6 Total and Minimum Reflux Conditions for Multicomponent Mixtures	181
	8.7 Finite Reflux Conditions for Multicomponent Mixtures	188
	8.8 Column Dimensions	190
	8.9 Conceptual Design of Distillation	200
	8.10 Detailed Design of Distillation	202
	8.11 Limitations of Distillation	205
	8.12 Separation of Homogeneous Fluid Mixtures by Distillation – Summary??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????	206
	8.13 Exercises	206
	References	209
	Chapter 9: Separation of Homogeneous Fluid Mixtures II – Other Methods????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????	211
	9.1 Absorption and Stripping	211
	9.2 Liquid–Liquid Extraction????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????	215
	9.3 Adsorption	222
	9.4 Membranes	225
	9.5 Crystallization	237
	9.6 Evaporation	241
	9.7 Separation of Homogeneous Fluid Mixtures by Other Methods – Summary??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????	243
	9.8 Exercises	243
	References	245
	Chapter 10: Distillation Sequencing	247
	10.1 Distillation Sequencing using Simple Columns	247
	10.2 Practical Constraints Restricting Options	247
	10.3 Choice of Sequence for Simple Nonintegrated Distillation Columns	248
	10.4 Distillation Sequencing using Columns With More Than Two Products	255
	10.5 Distillation Sequencing using Thermal Coupling	257
	10.6 Retrofit of Distillation Sequences	262
	10.7 Crude Oil Distillation	263
	10.8 Structural Optimization of Distillation Sequences	265
	10.9 Distillation Sequencing – Summary????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????	268
	10.10 Exercises	268
	References	271
	Chapter 11: Distillation Sequencing for Azeotropic Distillation	891
	11.1 Azeotropic Systems	273
	11.2 Change in Pressure	273
	11.3 Representation of Azeotropic Distillation	274
	11.4 Distillation at Total Reflux Conditions	276
	11.5 Distillation at Minimum Reflux Conditions	281
	11.6 Distillation at Finite Reflux Conditions	282
	11.7 Distillation Sequencing Using an Entrainer	285
	11.8 Heterogeneous Azeotropic Distillation	290
	11.9 Entrainer Selection	293
	11.10 Multicomponent Systems	296
	11.11 Trade-Offs in Azeotropic Distillation	296
	11.12 Membrane Separation	296
	11.13 Distillation Sequencing for Azeotropic Distillation – Summary??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????	297
	11.14 Exercises	298
	References	299
	Chapter 12: Heat Exchange	301
	12.1 Overall Heat Transfer Coefficients	301
	12.2 Heat Exchanger Fouling	305
	12.3 Temperature Differences in Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers	307
	12.4 Heat Exchanger Geometry	314
	12.5 Allocation of Fluids in Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers	320
	12.6 Heat Transfer Coefficients and Pressure Drops in Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers	320
	12.7 Rating and Simulation of Heat Exchangers	327
	12.8 Heat Transfer Enhancement	333
	12.9 Retrofit of Heat Exchangers	339
	12.10 Condensers	342
	12.11 Reboilers and Vaporizers	347
	12.12 Other Types of Heat Exchangers	352
	12.13 Fired Heaters	354
	12.14 Heat Exchange – Summary??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????	371
	12.15 Exercises	372
	References	374
	Chapter 13: Pumping and Compression	375
	13.1 Pressure Drops in Process Operations	375
	13.2 Pressure Drops in Piping Systems	375
	13.3 Pump Types	381
	13.4 Centrifugal Pump Performance	382
	13.5 Compressor Types	389
	13.6 Reciprocating Compressors	392
	13.7 Dynamic Compressors	393
	13.8 Staged Compression	395
	13.9 Compressor Performance	396
	13.10 Process Expanders	398
	13.11 Pumping and Compression – Summary??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????	400
	13.12 Exercises	400
	References	401
	Chapter 14: Continuous Process Recycle Structure	887
	14.1 The Function of Process Recycles	403
	14.2 Recycles with Purges	408
	14.3 Hybrid Reaction and Separation	411
	14.4 The Process Yield	412
	14.5 Feed, Product and Intermediate Storage	414
	14.6 Continuous Process Recycle Structure – Summary??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????	415
	14.7 Exercises	415
	References	417
	Chapter 15: Continuous Process Simulation and Optimization	419
	15.1 Physical Property Models for Process Simulation	419
	15.2 Unit Models for Process Simulation	420
	15.3 Flowsheet Models	426
	15.4 Simulation of Recycles	426
	15.5 Convergence of Recycles	428
	15.6 Design Specifications	434
	15.7 Flowsheet Sequencing	434
	15.8 Model Validation	434
	15.9 Process Optimization	434
	15.10 Continuous Process Simulation and Optimization – Summary????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????	439
	15.11 Exercises	439
	References	442
	Chapter 16: Batch Processes	887
	16.1 Characteristics of Batch Processes	443
	16.2 Batch Reactors	443
	16.3 Batch Distillation	446
	16.4 Batch Crystallization	457
	16.5 Batch Filtration	458
	16.6 Batch Heating and Cooling	459
	16.7 Optimization of Batch Operations	462
	16.8 Gantt Charts	468
	16.9 Production Schedules for Single Products	468
	16.10 Production Schedules for Multiple Products	470
	16.11 Equipment Cleaning and Material Transfer	471
	16.12 Synthesis of Reaction and Separation Systems for Batch Processes	472
	16.13 Storage in Batch Processes	478
	16.14 Batch Processes – Summary??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????	478
	16.15 Exercises	478
	References	481
	Chapter 17: Heat Exchanger Networks I – Network Targets??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????	907
	17.1 Composite Curves	483
	17.2 The Heat Recovery Pinch	487
	17.3 Threshold Problems	490
	17.4 The Problem Table Algorithm	492
	17.5 Non–global Minimum Temperature Differences??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????	498
	17.6 Process Constraints	499
	17.7 Utility Selection	501
	17.8 Furnaces	503
	17.9 Cogeneration (Combined Heat and Power Generation)	506
	17.10 Integration of Heat Pumps	511
	17.11 Number of Heat Exchange Units	512
	17.12 Heat Exchange Area Targets	515
	17.13 Sensitivity of Targets	519
	17.14 Capital and Total Cost Targets	519
	17.15 Heat Exchanger Network Targets – Summary????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????	522
	17.16 Exercises	522
	References	525
	Chapter 18: Heat Exchanger Networks II – Network Design	133
	18.1 The Pinch Design Method	527
	18.2 Design for Threshold Problems	533
	18.3 Stream Splitting	533
	18.4 Design for Multiple Pinches	537
	18.5 Remaining Problem Analysis	542
	18.6 Simulation of Heat Exchanger Networks	544
	18.7 Optimization of a Fixed Network Structure	546
	18.8 Automated Methods of Heat Exchanger Network Design	549
	18.9 Heat Exchanger Network Retrofit with a Fixed Network Structure	551
	18.10 Heat Exchanger Network Retrofit through Structural Changes	556
	18.11 Automated Methods of Heat Exchanger Network Retrofit	562
	18.12 Heat Exchanger Network Design – Summary	564
	18.13 Exercises	565
	References	568
	Chapter 19: Heat Exchanger Networks III – Stream Data	569
	19.1 Process Changes for Heat Integration	569
	19.2 The Trade–Offs Between Process Changes, Utility Selection, Energy Cost and Capital Cost????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????	569
	19.3 Data Extraction	570
	19.4 Heat Exchanger Network Stream Data – Summary??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????	577
	19.5 Exercises	577
	References	579
	Chapter 20: Heat Integration of Reactors	581
	20.1 The Heat Integration Characteristics of Reactors	581
	20.2 Appropriate Placement of Reactors	583
	20.3 Use of the Grand Composite Curve for Heat Integration of Reactors	584
	20.4 Evolving Reactor Design to Improve Heat Integration	586
	20.5 Heat Integration of Reactors – Summary	587
	20.6 Exercises	587
	Reference	587
	Chapter 21: Heat Integration of Distillation	589
	21.1 The Heat Integration Characteristics of Distillationƒ	589
	21.2 The Appropriate Placement of Distillation	589
	21.3 Use of the Grand Composite Curve for Heat Integration of Distillation	590
	21.4 Evolving the Design of Simple Distillation Columns to Improve Heat Integration	590
	21.5 Heat Pumping in Distillation	593
	21.6 Capital Cost Considerations for the Integration of Distillation	593
	21.7 Heat Integration Characteristics of Distillation Sequences	594
	21.8 Design of Heat Integrated Distillation Sequences	597
	21.9 Heat Integration of Distillation – Summary??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????	598
	21.10 Exercises	598
	References	601
	Chapter 22: Heat Integration of Evaporators and Dryers	603
	22.1 The Heat Integration Characteristics of Evaporators	603
	22.2 Appropriate Placement of Evaporators	603
	22.3 Evolving Evaporator Design to Improve Heat Integration	603
	22.4 The Heat Integration Characteristics of Dryers	605
	22.5 Evolving Dryer Design to Improve Heat Integration	605
	22.6 A Case Study	607
	22.7 Heat Integration of Evaporators and Dryers – Summary??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????	607
	22.8 Exercises	608
	References	608
	Chapter 23: Steam Systems and Cogeneration	151
	23.1 Boiler Feedwater Treatment	611
	23.2 Steam Boilers	615
	23.3 Gas Turbines	621
	23.4 Steam Turbines	628
	23.5 Steam Distribution	635
	23.6 Site Composite Curves	638
	23.7 Cogeneration Targets	649
	23.8 Power Generation and Machine Drives	653
	23.9 Utility Simulation	657
	23.10 Optimizing Steam Systems	659
	23.11 Steam Costs	664
	23.12 Steam Systems and Cogeneration – Summary????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????	667
	23.13 Exercises	668
	References	671
	Chapter 24: Cooling and Refrigeration Systems	581
	24.1 Cooling Systems	673
	24.2 Once-Through Water Cooling	673
	24.3 Recirculating Cooling Water Systems	673
	24.4 Air Coolers	676
	24.5 Refrigeration	682
	24.6 Choice of a Single-Component Refrigerant for Compression Refrigeration	688
	24.7 Targeting Refrigeration Power for Pure Component Compression Refrigeration	691
	24.8 Heat Integration of Pure Component Compression Refrigeration Processes	695
	24.9 Mixed Refrigerants for Compression Refrigeration	699
	24.10 Expanders	703
	24.11 Absorption Refrigeration	707
	24.12 Indirect Refrigeration	708
	24.13 Cooling Water and Refrigeration Systems – Summary??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????	708
	24.14 Exercises	709
	References	711
	Chapter 25: Environmental Design for Atmospheric Emissions	713
	25.1 Atmospheric Pollution	713
	25.2 Sources of Atmospheric Pollution	714
	25.3 Control of Solid Particulate Emissions to Atmosphere	716
	25.4 Control of VOC Emissions	716
	25.5 Control of Sulfur Emissions	729
	25.6 Control of Oxides of Nitrogen Emissions	734
	25.7 Control of Combustion Emissions	737
	25.8 Atmospheric Dispersion	740
	25.9 Environmental Design for Atmospheric Emissions – Summary??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????	742
	25.10 Exercises	743
	References	746
	Chapter 26: Water System Design	747
	26.1 Aqueous Contamination	750
	26.2 Primary Treatment Processes	751
	26.3 Biological Treatment Processes	755
	26.4 Tertiary Treatment Processes	758
	26.5 Water Use	759
	26.6 Targeting for Maximum Water Reuse for Single Contaminants for Operations with Fixed Mass Loads	761
	26.7 Design for Maximum Water Reuse for Single Contaminants for Operations with Fixed Mass Loads	763
	26.8 Targeting for Maximum Water Reuse for Single Contaminants for Operations with Fixed Flowrates	773
	26.9 Design for Maximum Water Reuse for Single Contaminants for Operations with Fixed Flowrates	777
	26.10 Targeting and Design for Maximum Water Reuse Based on Optimization of a Superstructure	784
	26.11 Process Changes for Reduced Water Consumption	786
	26.12 Targeting for Minimum Wastewater Treatment Flowrate for Single Contaminants	787
	26.13 Design for Minimum Wastewater Treatment Flowrate for Single Contaminants	791
	26.14 Regeneration of Wastewater	793
	26.15 Targeting and Design for Effluent Treatment and Regeneration Based on Optimization of a Superstructure	798
	26.16 Data Extraction	799
	26.17 Water System Design – Summary??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????	801
	26.18 Exercises	802
	References	805
	Chapter 27: Environmental Sustainability in Chemical Production	807
	27.1 Life Cycle Assessment	807
	27.2 Efficient Use of Raw Materials Within Processes	812
	27.3 Efficient Use of Raw Materials Between Processes	818
	27.4 Exploitation of Renewable Raw Materials	820
	27.5 Efficient Use of Energy	821
	27.6 Integration of Waste Treatment and Energy Sytems	831
	27.7 Renewable Energy	832
	27.8 Efficient Use of Water	833
	27.9 Sustainability in Chemical Production – Summary????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????	833
	27.10 Exercises	834
	References	835
	Chapter 28: Process Safety	837
	28.1 Fire	837
	28.2 Explosion	838
	28.3 Toxic Release	839
	28.4 Hazard Identification	839
	28.5 The Hierarchy of Safety Management	841
	28.6 Inherently Safer Design	841
	28.7 Layers of Protection	845
	28.8 Hazard and Operability Studies	848
	28.9 Layer of Protection Analysis	849
	28.10 Process Safety – Summary????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????	849
	28.11 Exercises	850
	References	851
	Appendix A: Physical Properties in Process Design	853
	A.1 Equations of State	853
	A.2 Phase Equilibrium for Single Components	857
	A.3 Fugacity and Phase Equilibrium	857
	A.4 Vapor–Liquid Equilibrium	857
	A.5 Vapor–Liquid Equilibrium Based on Activity Coefficient Models	859
	A.6 Group Contribution Methods for Vapor–Liquid Equilibrium	861
	A.7 Vapor–Liquid Equilibrium Based on Equations of State	863
	A.8 Calculation of Vapor–Liquid Equilibrium	864
	A.9 Liquid–Liquid Equilibrium	867
	A.10 Liquid–Liquid Equilibrium Activity Coefficient Models	868
	A.11 Calculation of Liquid–Liquid Equilibrium	868
	A.12 Choice of Method for Equilibrium Calculations	870
	A.13 Calculation of Enthalpy	872
	A.14 Calculation of Entropy	873
	A.15 Other Physical Properties	874
	A.16 Physical Properties in Process Design – Summary	876
	A.17 Exercises	877
	References	878
	Appendix B: Materials of Construction	581
	B.1 Mechanical Properties	879
	B.2 Corrosion	880
	B.3 Corrosion Allowance	881
	B.4 Commonly used Materials of Construction	881
	B.5 Criteria for Selection	885
	B.6 Materials of Construction – Summary	886
	References	886
	Appendix C: Annualization of Capital Cost	887
	Reference	887
	Appendix D: The Maximum Thermal Effectiveness for 1–2 Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers	27
	References	889
	Appendix E: Expression for the Minimum Number of 1–2 Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers for a Given Unit	891
	References	892
	Appendix F: Heat Transfer Coefficient and Pressure Drop in Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers	893
	F.1 Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop Correlations for the Tube Side	893
	F.2 Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop Correlations for the Shell Side	895
	References	899
	Appendix G: Gas Compression Theory	837
	G.1 Modeling Reciprocating Compressors	901
	G.2 Modeling Dynamic Compressors	903
	G.3 Staged Compression	903
	References	905
	Appendix H: Algorithm for the Heat Exchanger Network Area Target	907
	Index	211
	EULA	923