Preface	6
	List of the Editorial Staff	10
	Contents	12
	Part I: Advancement of Fiber Science and Technology	15
	Chapter 1: History of Fiber Structure	16
	1.1 Introduction	16
	1.2 From Micelle Model to Fringed-Micelle Model for Natural Fibers	17
	1.2.1 Micelle Model	17
	1.2.2 Fringed-Micelle Model for Macromolecules	20
	1.2.3 Conclusion	22
	1.3 From Fringed-Micelle Microfibril Model to Shish-Kebab Model for Synthetic Fibers	23
	1.3.1 Fringed-Micelle Microfibril Model (Hess-Kiessig Model)	24
	1.3.2 Paracrystalline Layer Lattice-Microfibril Model (Hosemann-Bonart Model)	26
	1.3.3 Folded Chain Microfibril Model (Peterlin Model)	28
	1.3.4 Shish-Kebab Structure Model (Pennings-Keller Model)	28
	1.4 Conclusion	30
	References	31
	Chapter 2: Progress in Structure Analysis Techniques of Fibers	33
	2.1 Introduction	33
	2.2 Development of Structure Analysis of Fibers	35
	2.2.1 Wide-Angle X-ray Scattering Technique for Crystal Structure Analysis	35
	2.2.2 Neutron Scattering Method	37
	2.2.3 Electron Diffraction Technique	38
	2.3 Case Studies of Crystal Structural Analysis of Fibers	39
	2.3.1 Synthetic Fibers	39
	2.3.1.1 Polyethylene	39
	2.3.1.2 Polyoxymethylene	41
	2.3.2 Natural Fibers	42
	2.3.2.1 Cellulose	42
	2.3.2.2 Silk Fiber	44
	2.4 Vibrational Spectroscopic Technique	49
	2.4.1 Historical Development	49
	2.4.2 Progression Bands	52
	2.4.3 Longitudinal Acoustic Mode Bands	54
	2.5 Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy	55
	2.6 AFM and STM	55
	2.7 Thermal Analysis	56
	2.8 Computer Simulations	56
	2.9 Conclusions	57
	References	57
	Chapter 3: Progress in Fiber Spinning Technology	60
	3.1 Introduction	60
	3.2 Definition of Fiber Spinning Technology	61
	3.3 Theoretical Analysis of Fiber Spinning Dynamics	63
	3.3.1 Melt Spinning of Noncircular Cross-Section Fibers	63
	3.3.2 Non-steady-state Spinning	64
	3.3.3 Development of Higher-Order Structure	65
	3.3.4 Effect of Molecular Entanglement	66
	3.4 Development of Technology for Online Measurement of Spinning Process	66
	3.5 Distinctive Fiber Spinning Technologies	71
	3.6 Concluding Remark	74
	References	75
	Chapter 4: History of Polyester Resin Development for Synthetic Fibers and Its Forefront	77
	4.1 Introduction[7]	77
	4.2 Methods of Synthesis [6] [8] [9]	78
	4.2.1 DMT Method and Direct Polymerization Method	78
	4.2.2 Polycondensation Reaction	79
	4.2.3 Molecular Weight	80
	4.2.4 Polymerization System	80
	4.2.5 Polycondensation Catalysts	81
	4.3 Copolymerization Polyester	81
	4.3.1 Copolymerization Components and Manufacture Method	81
	4.3.2 Dyeability	84
	4.3.3 Hydrolyzability	84
	4.3.4 Flame Retardant Property	85
	4.3.5 Mixed Filaments of Different Shrinkage	85
	4.4 Bio-based PET	85
	4.4.1 Background	85
	4.4.2 Bio-based Ethylene Glycol	86
	4.4.3 Bio-based Terephthalic Acid	87
	4.4.4 Biomass Content of PET	87
	4.5 Polyesters Other Than PET (3GT, PBT, and PEN)	88
	4.5.1 Major Aromatic Polyesters Other Than PET	88
	4.5.2 3GT Fiber [21]	88
	4.5.3 PBT Fiber	89
	4.5.4 PEN Fiber [22]	89
	4.6 Concluding Remark	89
	References	90
	Part II: High-Strength High-Modulus Organic Fibers	91
	Chapter 5: History of Super Fibers: Adventures in Quest of the Strongest Fiber	92
	5.1 Introduction	92
	5.2 Rigid Polymers	94
	5.2.1 Aramid Fibers	94
	5.2.2 Polyarylate Fiber	96
	5.2.3 Heterocyclic Polymer	97
	5.3 Semirigid Polymers	98
	5.4 Flexible Polymers	98
	5.5 Concluding Remarks	100
	References	101
	Chapter 6: Microscopically Viewed Relationship Between Structure and Mechanical Property of Crystalline Polymers: An Important...	103
	6.1 Introduction	104
	6.2 Experimental Evaluation of Ultimate Elastic Constants of Polymers	105
	6.2.1 X-Ray Diffraction Method	105
	6.2.2 Vibrational Spectroscopic Method	106
	6.3 Theoretical Evaluation of Ultimate Elastic Constants of Polymers	107
	6.4 Relationship Between Chain Conformation and Young´s Modulus	108
	6.5 Crystal Structure and Anisotropic Mechanical Property	109
	6.6 Strength of Polymer Chains	111
	References	115
	Chapter 7: Dyneema: Super Fiber Produced by the Gel Spinning of a Flexible Polymer	117
	7.1 Introduction	117
	7.2 Essence of the Gel-Spinning Technology	119
	7.2.1 Important Points for Increasing the Tenacity of Polyethylene Fibers	119
	7.2.2 Evolution of the Fundamental Concepts of the Gel-Spinning and Industrial Efforts on Its Commercialization	121
	7.2.2.1 Controlled State of Entanglements Using Ultrahigh Molecular Weight Polymers and Semi-dilute Solution Systems	123
	7.2.2.2 Spinning Process as a Process for Controlling the Crystalline Morphology Leading to High Drawability	124
	7.2.2.3 Drawing Process	125
	7.3 Structure Evolution in Spinning and Drawing Processes	126
	7.3.1 Discovery of Shish-Kebab Structure in Dilute UHMWPE Solutions	126
	7.3.2 Structural Development of Shish-Kebab Structure in Entangled Semi-dilute Solutions	127
	7.3.3 Structural Changes in the Drawing Process: Transformation of Shish-Kebab into Microfibrous Structure	131
	7.4 Fiber Properties and Applications	133
	7.5 Future Perspectives	135
	7.5.1 Recent Trends for Polymer Development	135
	7.5.2 New Spinning and Drawing Technologies	136
	7.6 Conclusions	137
	References	138
	Chapter 8: Development of High-Strength Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Fibers: An Attempt from Semiflexible Chain Polymer	141
	8.1 Introduction	141
	8.2 Background of Research	143
	8.3 Strategy for Development of High-Strength PET Fibers	144
	8.4 Various Technologies Applied for the Modification of Spinning Process	146
	8.4.1 Modification of Spinning Process Through Addition of Modifier	146
	8.4.2 Utilization of Pressurized Medium	147
	8.4.3 Heating of Spin-Line Immediately Below the Spinneret Irradiating Carbon Dioxide Laser	147
	8.4.4 Modification of Spin-Line Introducing the Concept of Direct Spin-Drawing	148
	8.5 Concept for Strengthening of PET Fibers	149
	8.6 Estimation for the Change in the State of Molecular Entanglement	152
	8.7 Concluding Remark	154
	References	155
	Chapter 9: Technora Fiber: Super Fiber from the Isotropic Solution of Rigid-Rod Polymer	156
	9.1 Introduction	156
	9.2 Polymer Research	157
	9.3 Technora Polymer	157
	9.4 Polymer Preparation	158
	9.5 Spinning Solutions	160
	9.6 Fiber Spinning	161
	9.7 Fiber Drawing	163
	9.8 Manufacturing Process of PPTA and Technora	165
	9.9 Technora Aramid Products	167
	9.10 Structure and Morphology	168
	9.11 Chemical Resistance	169
	9.12 Fibrillar Structure and Fatigue Resistance	173
	9.13 Polymer Sequence Distribution Analysis	174
	9.14 Conclusion	176
	References	176
	Chapter 10: Vectran: Super Fiber from the Thermotropic Crystals of Rigid-Rod Polymer	177
	10.1 General Introduction	177
	10.2 Characterization of Vectran	178
	10.2.1 Fiber Chemistry	178
	10.2.2 Molecular Structure	179
	10.2.3 Mechanical Properties	180
	10.2.4 Thermal Properties	180
	10.2.5 Creep Property	181
	10.2.6 Vibration Damping	183
	10.2.7 Cut Resistance	184
	10.3 Crystal Structure of Vectran	185
	10.3.1 Introduction	185
	10.3.2 Crystal Structural Change on Annealing Process	185
	10.4 Composite Application of Vectran	188
	10.4.1 Introduction	188
	10.4.2 Textile Fibers for Flexible Composite	189
	10.4.3 Flex/Fold Fatigue Resistance of Vectran	191
	10.4.4 Dimensional Stability of Vectran	193
	10.4.5 Environmental Stability of Vectran	194
	10.5 Conclusion	195
	References	195
	Chapter 11: Zylon: Super Fiber from Lyotropic Liquid Crystal of the Most Rigid Polymer	197
	11.1 History	197
	11.2 PBO Chemistry	200
	11.2.1 PBZ Chemistry	200
	11.2.2 PBO Chemistry	201
	11.2.2.1 Monomer Chemistry	201
	11.2.2.2 Polymerization	201
	11.2.3 Alternative Chemistry for PBO	202
	11.3 Features of Zylon	202
	11.3.1 Mechanical Properties	203
	11.3.2 Compressive Strength	205
	11.3.3 Fatigue	207
	11.3.4 Flame Resistance	208
	11.3.5 Thermal Conductivity	208
	11.3.6 Degradation Under Hydrolytic Condition	210
	11.3.7 Photoaging	211
	11.4 Fiber Processing	212
	11.4.1 Spinning Dope	213
	11.4.2 Fiber Processing	215
	11.4.2.1 Spin-Drawing	215
	11.4.2.2 Coagulation	216
	11.4.2.3 Washing and Neutralization	216
	11.4.2.4 Drying	218
	11.5 Applications	218
	11.5.1 Heat-Resistant Materials	218
	11.5.2 Fiber-Reinforced Composites	218
	11.5.3 Rope and Cables	219
	11.6 Conclusions	220
	References	221
	Part III: Functional and Speciality Man-Made Fibers	223
	Chapter 12: Overview of Functional and Speciality Fibers	224
	12.1 Introduction	224
	12.2 Production Amount of Man-Made Fibers [5]	226
	12.3 Modification Technologies of Man-Made Fibers [7, 8]	228
	12.3.1 Technology for Chemical Modification of Polymers	229
	12.3.2 Fiber Modification Technology	229
	12.3.3 Post-processing Modification Technology	231
	12.4 Biomimetic Man-Made Fibers Having Specific Structures and Functions [7, 8]	234
	12.5 Conclusion	236
	References	236
	Chapter 13: High-Touch Fibers and ``Shin-gosen´´ (Newly Innovated Fabrics)	237
	13.1 Technology of High Value-Added Synthetic Fibers	237
	13.2 Development of Silky Polyester	238
	13.2.1 The First Stage: Imitate the Shape of Silk Fiber	239
	13.2.2 The Second Stage: Imitate the Features of Silk Fabrics	240
	13.2.3 The Third Stage: Imitating the View of Nature and the Inhomogeneousness of Silk Fabrics	241
	13.2.4 From the Natural-Fiber-Like Materials to the Synthetic Fiber Original Materials	241
	13.3 Development of Ultrafine Fibers and Their Evolution	242
	13.3.1 Manufacturing Process of Ultrafine Fibers	242
	13.3.2 Further Evolution of the Ultrafine Fibers	243
	13.4 The Birth of ``Shin-gosen´´	244
	13.4.1 What Is ``Shin-gosen´´?	244
	13.4.1.1 New Silky Materials	245
	13.4.1.2 Slightly Nap-Raised (Peach Face) Materials	245
	13.4.1.3 Dry-Touch Materials	245
	13.4.1.4 New Worsted Materials	247
	13.4.2 Higher-Order Processing Technology Which Supported Shin-gosen	248
	References	249
	Chapter 14: Moisture and Water Control Man-Made Fibers	250
	14.1 Why Moisture and/or Water Absorption Is Important for Fibers	251
	14.2 Moisture and Water Absorption of Fibers	252
	14.3 Moisture Absorption Fibers and Moisture Absorption Modification Methods	255
	14.3.1 Cross-Linked Acrylate Fiber MOISCARER (Toyobo)	256
	14.3.2 High Moisture-Absorbing Nylon Fiber QUUPR (Toray)	256
	14.3.3 Sheath-Core Structural Nylon Fiber Demonstrating Moisture Absorption and Release HYGRAR (Unitika)	257
	14.3.4 Sheath-Core Structure Conjugated Fiber SOFISTAR (Kuraray)	257
	14.4 Water Absorption Fibers and Water Absorption Modification Methods	259
	14.5 Composite Structures of Yarns and Knitted or Woven Fabrics	262
	References	263
	Chapter 15: Heat-Controllable Man-Made Fibers	264
	15.1 Methods for Imparting Heat-Retaining Ability	264
	15.2 Units of Heat Retention	265
	15.3 Heat-Retaining Materials	265
	15.3.1 Thermal Conduction	265
	15.3.2 Radiation	266
	15.3.3 Thermal Storage of Solar Energy	267
	15.3.4 Response to Temperature Change	269
	15.3.5 Hygroscopic Exotherm	269
	15.3.6 Phase Change	271
	References	271
	Part IV: Ultrafine and Nano Fibers	273
	Chapter 16: Nanofibers	274
	16.1 Introduction [1, 2]	274
	16.2 Nanospinnings [1, 2]	276
	16.2.1 Electrospinning	277
	16.2.2 Novel Electrospinning [3, 4]	277
	16.2.3 Melt Air Spinning [3, 4]	280
	16.3 Potential Applications [1]	281
	16.4 Conclusions	283
	References	284
	Chapter 17: Nanofibers by Conjugated Spinning	285
	17.1 Introduction	285
	17.2 Spinning Method for Microfiber	286
	17.2.1 Spinning Method of Filament Type	286
	17.2.2 Spinning Method of Web Type	287
	17.3 Nanofiber Technology by Conjugated Spinning	288
	17.3.1 Nanofiber Technology Using Conjugated Spinning by Blend Spinning	288
	17.3.2 Nanofiber Technology Using Conjugated Spinning by Spinneret Technology	290
	17.4 Conclusion	295
	Chapter 18: Cellulose Nanofibers as New Bio-Based Nanomaterials	296
	18.1 Historical Background	296
	18.2 TEMPO-Mediated Oxidation of Cellulose	298
	18.3 Characteristics of TEMPO-Oxidized Wood Celluloses	301
	18.4 Preparation of TEMPO-Oxidized Cellulose Nanofibers (TOCNs)	304
	18.5 Characterization of TEMPO-Oxidized Cellulose Nanofibers	305
	18.6 Properties of TOCN-Containing Composite Materials	306
	18.7 Conclusions	308
	References	309
	Chapter 19: Forefront of Nanofibers: High Strength Fibers and Optoelectronic Applications	311
	19.1 Introduction	311
	19.2 High Strength Fibers	312
	19.3 Carbon Nanofiber Networks for Electronic Applications	315
	19.4 Non-carbon Nanofiber Networks for Optoelectronic Applications	316
	19.5 Summary and Perspective	319
	References	319
	Part V: Carbon Fibers	322
	Chapter 20: Carbon Fiber	323
	20.1 Introduction	323
	20.2 Properties and Production Methods of Carbon Fiber	324
	20.2.1 General Properties of Carbon Fiber	324
	20.2.2 Production Methods for Carbon Fiber	324
	20.2.2.1 PAN-Based Carbon Fiber	324
	20.2.2.2 Pitch-Based Carbon Fiber	326
	20.2.3 Commercialization of Carbon Fiber	327
	20.2.3.1 Commercialization of PAN-Based Carbon Fiber	327
	20.2.3.2 Commercialization of Pitch-Based Carbon Fiber	327
	20.3 Improvement of the Performance of Carbon Fiber	328
	20.3.1 Basic Structure of Carbon Fiber	328
	20.3.2 Improvement of the Performance of PAN-Based Carbon Fiber	329
	20.4 Production of CFRP from Carbon Fiber	330
	20.4.1 Importance of Matrix Resin in CFRP	330
	20.4.2 Production of Carbon Fiber Temporary Materials	330
	20.5 The Application of Carbon Fibers	332
	20.5.1 Sports and Leisure	332
	20.5.2 Aircraft	332
	20.5.2.1 History of CFRP Application	332
	20.5.2.2 Production Method of Aircraft Elements	332
	20.5.2.3 Development of High-Impact Resistance Composite Materials	333
	20.5.2.4 Novel CFRP Molding Process	334
	20.5.3 Automobile	336
	20.5.4 Electronic Devices	336
	20.5.5 Others	336
	20.6 Carbon Fiber Composite Material and Global Environment	336
	20.6.1 Life Cycle Assessment	336
	20.6.2 Recycling	337
	20.7 Summary	338
	References	338
	Chapter 21: Pitch-Based Carbon Fibers	339
	21.1 Introduction	339
	21.2 Classification of the Pitch-Based Carbon Fibers [5]	340
	21.3 Production Method of the Pitch-Based Carbon Fibers	341
	21.3.1 Pitch Treatment Process	341
	21.3.2 Spinning Process	342
	21.3.3 Infusibilization Process	344
	21.3.4 Carbonization, Graphitization, and Surface Treatment Processes	345
	21.4 The Structure and Properties of Pitch-Based Carbon Fibers	345
	21.4.1 Characteristics and New Application Developments of Low-Modulus Carbon Fibers	347
	21.4.2 High Tensile Modulus and High Thermal Conductivity Carbon Fibers	348
	21.5 Closing Remarks	349
	References	350
	Chapter 22: Life Cycle Assessment of Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Plastic	351
	22.1 Introduction	351
	22.2 Life Cycle Inventory and Mechanical Properties of Carbon Fiber	352
	22.3 Fuel Saving Through Weight Reduction	353
	22.3.1 LCA for Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Plastic (CFRP) Plane	355
	22.3.2 LCA for Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Plastic (CFRP) Automotive	356
	References	357
	Chapter 23: Recycling Technologies of Carbon Fiber Composite Materials	358
	23.1 Introduction	358
	23.2 Classification of Carbon Fiber Recycling Methods	359
	23.3 Comparison of CFRP Recycling Technologies	359
	23.4 JCMA Recycling Activities	361
	23.5 JCMA Recycled Carbon Fiber Pilot Plant	363
	23.6 Effect of Carbon Fiber Recycling on Environmental Impact	364
	23.7 Properties of Recycled Milled Carbon Fiber	364
	23.8 Future Tasks	365
	23.9 Conclusions	366
	References	366
	Part VI: Nonwovens	367
	Chapter 24: Current Status and Future Outlook for Nonwovens in Japan	368
	24.1 Definition of Nonwovens	368
	24.2 Manufacturing Method of Nonwovens	369
	24.2.1 Web-Forming Method	369
	24.2.1.1 Wet-Laying Process	370
	24.2.1.2 Air-Laying Process	370
	24.2.1.3 Dry-Laying Process	371
	24.2.1.4 Spunbonding Method	372
	24.2.1.5 Melt-Blowing Method	372
	24.2.1.6 Flash Spinning Method	373
	24.2.1.7 Tow Opening Method	374
	24.2.1.8 Film-Drawing Method	374
	24.2.1.9 Electro-spinning Method	374
	24.2.2 Web-Bonding Method	375
	24.2.2.1 Chemical (Binder) Bonding	375
	24.2.2.2 Thermal Bonding	376
	24.2.2.3 Needle Punching	376
	24.2.2.4 Hydroentangling (Spunlace Bonding)	377
	24.2.2.5 Stitch Bonding	378
	24.3 Applications of Nonwovens	378
	24.3.1 Protective Wear	379
	24.3.2 Medical Care	379
	24.3.2.1 Medical Site	379
	24.3.2.2 Nonmedical Sites	380
	24.3.3 Architecture	380
	24.3.4 Civil Engineering	381
	24.3.5 Vehicle	381
	24.3.6 Hygiene	382
	24.3.7 Wipes	382
	24.3.8 Filter	382
	24.3.9 Agriculture and Horticulture	384
	24.3.10 Artificial Leather	384
	24.3.11 Others	385
	Chapter 25: Bicomponent Polyester Fibers for Nonwovens	387
	25.1 Introduction	387
	25.2 History of Bicomponent Fibers	388
	25.3 Sheath-Core Bicomponent Polyester Staple Fibers, MELTY, and CASVEN	389
	25.3.1 MELTY	390
	25.3.2 CASVEN	391
	25.3.2.1 Molecular Designing	391
	25.3.2.2 Properties and Potential Applications	393
	25.4 Side-by-Side Bicomponent Polyester Staple Fibers, ``38F,´´ ``H38F,´´and ``C-81´´	395
	25.4.1 Structural Crimp Fiber: ``H38F´´	395
	25.4.2 Latent Crimp Fiber: ``C-81´´	396
	25.5 Sheath-Core Bicomponent Polyester Spunbonded Fabrics: ELEVES	397
	25.6 Polylactic Acid Fibers for Nonwovens	397
	25.6.1 Introduction	397
	25.6.2 Bicomponent PLA Fibers	398
	25.6.3 Biodegradable/Compostable Characteristic Features of PLA Fibers	398
	References	400
	Chapter 26: The World´s Only Cellulosic Continuous Filament Nonwoven ``Bemliese´´	401
	26.1 Introduction	401
	26.2 Cuprammonium Solution	403
	26.3 Wet Spunbond Process	407
	26.4 New Development of Cellulosic Spunbond ``Bemliese´´	410
	26.5 Key Techniques of Microfilament	410
	26.6 Priority of Microfilament Bemliese	411
	References	412
	Chapter 27: Thermoplastic Polyurethane Nonwoven Fabric ``Espansione´´	413
	27.1 Introduction	413
	27.2 ``Espansione´´	414
	27.2.1 Manufacturing Process of ``Espansione´´	414
	27.2.2 Technological Features of ``Espansione´´	414
	27.3 ``Espansione FF´´	417
	27.3.1 Technological Features of ``Espansione FF´´	417
	27.3.2 Adhesion Properties of ``Espansione FF´´	418
	27.3.3 Air Permeability of ``Espansione FF´´	420
	27.3.4 Other Properties of ``Espansione FF´´	421
	27.3.5 Various Applications of ``Espansione FF´´	422
	27.4 Conclusion	423
	References	423
	Part VII: Fibers in Future	424
	Chapter 28: Future Man-Made Fiber	425
	28.1 Introduction	425
	28.2 General Future Forecast	425
	28.2.1 Social Structural Change: From Consumption to Sustainable Society	426
	28.2.2 Explosive Increase in Global Population	426
	28.2.3 Aging Society	426
	28.2.4 Limited Global Capacity for Food and Natural Resources	426
	28.2.5 Serious Shortage of Water Supply	426
	28.2.6 Multi Polarized Society: Economic Bloc and Resource Nationalism	427
	28.2.7 Government Conversion: Localization and Autonomic Dispersion Style	427
	28.3 Forecast of Future Fiber Trend	427
	28.3.1 Coping with Increased Demands	427
	28.3.2 Decreasing the Costs of Fiber Production	428
	28.3.3 Development of Recycling Technology	428
	28.3.4 Expansion of Man-Made Fiber Areas	429
	28.3.5 Development of Biomass Fiber	429
	28.4 Future Super-Functional Fiber	429
	28.4.1 Biomimicked Fiber	430
	28.4.2 Design-Driven Cellulose Fiber Products	431
	28.4.3 Spider Silk Fiber	432
	28.4.4 Intelligent Fiber: Semi Conductor in Fiber with Light-emitting Diode (LED)	433
	28.4.5 Sustainability of Future Fiber: Bio-base Fibers	435
	28.4.6 Challenges for Fiber Producers in a Sustainable Future	438
	28.4.7 The Outlook for Textile Fibers	439
	References	441