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Foreword |
7 |
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Preface |
9 |
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Acknowledgments |
11 |
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Contents |
12 |
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1 Introduction to Physics-Based Distributed Hydrology |
16 |
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Abstract |
16 |
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1.1 Introduction |
16 |
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1.2 Model Classification |
18 |
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1.3 Geospatial Data for Hydrology |
24 |
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1.4 Surface Generation |
25 |
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1.5 Spatial Resolution and Information Content |
26 |
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1.6 Infiltration |
26 |
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1.7 Hydraulic Roughness |
27 |
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1.8 Watersheds and Drainage Networks |
28 |
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1.9 Distributed Precipitation Estimation |
28 |
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1.10 Surface Runoff Model Formulation |
29 |
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1.11 Distributed Model Calibration |
31 |
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1.12 Case Studies in Distributed Hydrology |
31 |
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1.13 Vflo®—Software for Distributed Hydrology |
32 |
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1.14 Summary |
32 |
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References |
33 |
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2 Geospatial Data for Hydrology |
35 |
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Abstract |
35 |
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2.1 Introduction |
35 |
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2.2 Map Scale and Spatial Detail |
36 |
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2.3 Georeferenced Coordinate Systems |
37 |
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2.4 Map Projections |
39 |
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2.5 Data Representation |
43 |
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2.5.1 Metadata |
43 |
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2.5.2 Topographic Representation |
44 |
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2.5.2.1 Contour |
45 |
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2.5.2.2 Raster |
45 |
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2.5.2.3 Triangular Irregular Network |
47 |
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2.6 Watershed Delineation |
49 |
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2.6.1 Algorithms for Delineating Watersheds |
50 |
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2.6.2 Problems with Flat Areas |
51 |
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2.7 Soil Classification |
52 |
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2.8 Land Use/Cover Classification |
54 |
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2.9 Summary |
55 |
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References |
55 |
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3 Surface Generation |
57 |
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Abstract |
57 |
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3.1 Introduction |
57 |
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3.2 Interpolation |
58 |
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3.2.1 Inverse Distance Weighted Interpolation |
60 |
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3.2.2 Kriging |
62 |
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3.2.3 Spline |
68 |
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3.2.3.1 Generalizations of Splines |
71 |
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3.2.3.2 Example of Surface Interpolation |
73 |
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3.3 Summary |
75 |
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References |
76 |
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4 Spatial Variability Measuring Information Content |
78 |
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Abstract |
78 |
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4.1 Introduction |
78 |
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4.2 Information Content |
84 |
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4.3 Fractal Interpretation |
86 |
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4.4 DEM Resolution Effects |
88 |
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4.5 Summary |
93 |
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References |
94 |
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5 Infiltration |
96 |
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Abstract |
96 |
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5.1 Introduction |
96 |
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5.2 Approaches to Infiltration Modeling |
98 |
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5.3 Green-Ampt Infiltration |
102 |
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5.3.1 Parameter Estimation |
103 |
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5.3.2 Parameter Uncertainty |
107 |
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5.4 Summary |
109 |
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References |
110 |
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6 Hydraulic Roughness |
113 |
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Abstract |
113 |
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6.1 Introduction |
113 |
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6.2 Hydraulics of Surface Runoff |
115 |
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6.3 Watershed Applications |
120 |
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6.4 Summary |
124 |
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References |
125 |
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7 Watersheds and Drainage Networks |
127 |
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Abstract |
127 |
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7.1 Introduction |
127 |
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7.2 Drainage Network Extraction |
128 |
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7.2.1 Sensitivity to Drainage Network Composition |
132 |
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7.2.2 Resolution-Dependent Effects |
135 |
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7.2.3 Constraining Drainage Direction |
138 |
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7.3 Summary |
140 |
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References |
142 |
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8 Distributed Precipitation Estimation |
144 |
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Abstract |
144 |
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8.1 Introduction |
144 |
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8.2 Rain Gauge Estimation of Rainfall |
144 |
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8.3 Radar Estimation of Precipitation |
153 |
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8.3.1 Rainfall Drop Size Distributions |
155 |
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8.3.2 Z-R Relationships |
157 |
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8.3.3 Radar Power Differences |
159 |
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8.3.4 Radar Bias Adjustment |
160 |
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8.3.5 WSR-88D Radar Characteristics |
163 |
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8.3.6 WSR-88D Precipitation Processing Stream |
165 |
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8.4 Input for Hydrologic Modeling |
168 |
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8.5 Summary |
171 |
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References |
172 |
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9 Surface Runoff Model Formulation |
175 |
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Abstract |
175 |
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9.1 Introduction |
175 |
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9.2 Mathematical Formulation |
179 |
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9.2.1 Numerical Solution |
181 |
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9.2.2 Grid Resolution Effects |
183 |
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9.3 Surface Runoff Modeling Example |
183 |
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9.4 Time-Dependent Solution |
187 |
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9.5 Rainfall Excess Determination |
187 |
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9.6 Subsurface Flow |
189 |
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9.7 Subsurface and Surface Water Balance |
192 |
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9.8 Summary |
194 |
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References |
194 |
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10 Distributed Model Calibration |
198 |
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Abstract |
198 |
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10.1 Introduction |
198 |
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10.2 Calibration Approach |
200 |
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10.3 Distributed Model Calibration |
202 |
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10.3.1 Parameter Adjustment |
203 |
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10.3.2 Cost Functions |
206 |
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10.4 Parameter Search Algorithms |
210 |
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10.4.1 Forward Model |
211 |
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10.4.2 Inverse Model |
211 |
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10.5 Calibration Example |
214 |
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10.6 Summary |
215 |
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References |
216 |
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11 Case Studies in Distributed Hydrology |
219 |
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Abstract |
219 |
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11.1 Introduction |
219 |
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11.2 Case Study I—Reservoir Inflow Forecasting |
220 |
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11.2.1 Hydrometeorological System |
222 |
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11.2.2 Model Parameter Adjustment |
224 |
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11.3 Case Study II—Urban Flood Forecasting |
225 |
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11.3.1 Basin Characteristics |
226 |
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11.4 Case Study III—Climate Change Impact Assessment |
228 |
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11.4.1 Precipitation Inputs |
229 |
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11.4.2 Potential Evapotranspiration |
229 |
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11.4.3 Hydrologic Modeling ‘As-If’ Climate Has Changed |
230 |
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11.4.4 Historic Period Calibration |
232 |
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11.4.5 Climate Change Perturbation |
234 |
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11.4.6 Hydrologic Analysis |
238 |
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11.5 Summary |
240 |
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References |
241 |
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12 Vflo®—Software for Distributed Hydrology |
243 |
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Abstract |
243 |
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12.1 Introduction |
243 |
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12.2 Building Watershed Models |
246 |
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12.3 Precipitation Input |
246 |
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12.3.1 Design Storm Analysis |
246 |
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12.3.2 Continuous Simulation |
249 |
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12.4 Pipes Extension |
253 |
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12.5 Inundation Analyst |
253 |
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12.6 Model Feature Summary |
255 |
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12.6.1 Cell Types |
257 |
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12.6.2 Network Statistics |
258 |
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12.6.3 Channel Routing |
261 |
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12.6.4 Baseflow |
261 |
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12.6.5 Infiltration |
262 |
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12.6.6 Precipitation Input Format |
262 |
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12.6.7 Calibration |
263 |
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12.7 Vflo® Real-time |
264 |
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12.8 Data Requirements |
265 |
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12.9 Summary |
266 |
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References |
266 |
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Index |
269 |
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