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Preface |
6 |
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Contents |
10 |
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Public Sector Activities |
12 |
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1 Beyond Traffic: Trends and Choices 2045—A National Dialogue About Future Transportation Opportunities and Challenges |
13 |
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Abstract |
13 |
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1 Introduction: Beyond Traffic: Trends and Choices 2045 |
13 |
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2 How We Move |
14 |
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2.1 Growing Travel Demand in Metropolitan Areas |
14 |
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2.2 Slowing Demand for Vehicle Travel |
15 |
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2.3 The Travel Preferences of Older and Younger Americans |
16 |
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2.4 Increasing Travel Choices |
16 |
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2.5 Improving Safety |
17 |
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2.6 Key Policy Options |
17 |
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3 How We Move Things |
18 |
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3.1 Growing Freight Demand and International Trade |
18 |
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3.2 Impacts of Freight on Our Communities and Environment |
18 |
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3.3 Innovations in Freight |
19 |
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3.4 Workforce Challenges |
20 |
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3.5 Moving Fuel |
20 |
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3.6 Key Policy Options |
21 |
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4 How We Move Better |
21 |
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4.1 Nontransportation Technologies Transforming Transportation |
21 |
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4.2 Advances in Aviation Technology |
22 |
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4.3 Connected and Automated Vehicles |
22 |
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4.4 Key Policy Options |
23 |
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5 How We Adapt |
23 |
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5.1 Increasingly Vulnerable Infrastructure |
23 |
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5.2 Limiting Transportation Emissions |
24 |
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5.3 Supporting Hybrid, Electric, and Alternative Fuel Vehicles |
24 |
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5.4 Key Policy Options |
25 |
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6 How We Align Decisions and Dollars |
25 |
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6.1 Coordinating Transportation Decisions |
26 |
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6.2 Constrained Transportation Revenues |
26 |
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6.3 Innovative Financing |
27 |
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6.4 Improving Efficiency |
28 |
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6.5 Key Policy Options |
28 |
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7 Conclusion |
29 |
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References |
29 |
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2 Creating an Innovative Mobility Ecosystem for Urban Planning Areas |
31 |
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Abstract |
31 |
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1 Introduction: A Mobility Megatrend |
31 |
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2 Developing a Framework for the Mobility Ecosystem Model |
33 |
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2.1 Clean and Healthy Cities: The Challenges of Urban Mobility and Smart City Building |
35 |
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2.2 Sociability: Changing Socioeconomic Structure and Travel Patterns |
35 |
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2.3 Smart Growth Principles Linking the Right Mobility Mix |
36 |
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2.4 Smart and Easy Access |
38 |
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2.5 Safety in the Planning Process |
38 |
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2.6 World Class Infrastructure |
39 |
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3 Formulation of a Mobility Ecosystem in the City Planning Process |
40 |
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3.1 Process and Resources for Mobility Ecosystem Planning Model |
40 |
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3.2 Development of Quantitative Model for Mobility Ecosystem Planning |
41 |
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4 Results and Discussion on Outcome of Mobility Ecosystem Model |
44 |
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4.1 Sociability: Reinventing Multimodal Mobility with Social Innovation |
44 |
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4.2 Smart Growth: Integration of Land-use and Mobility |
45 |
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4.3 Smart and Easy Access for All Mobility Users |
47 |
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4.4 Safety First Approach |
48 |
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4.5 Recommended World Class Infrastructure |
48 |
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4.6 Smart Use of Energy, Environment, and Healthy Planning |
50 |
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5 Moving Forward: Implementation Process and Partners |
51 |
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5.1 Incremental Steps and Evolution of Mobility Ecosystem Planning |
52 |
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5.2 Critical Changes and Stakeholder Function |
52 |
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6 Summary and Conclusions: Vision for People-Oriented Mobility Ecosystem |
53 |
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Disclaimer |
54 |
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References |
54 |
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Sharing Economy and Multimodal Mobility |
58 |
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3 How Disruptive Can Shared Mobility Be? A Scenario-Based Evaluation of Shared Mobility Systems Implemented at Large Scale |
59 |
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Abstract |
59 |
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1 Introduction |
59 |
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2 Background |
60 |
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3 Methodology |
62 |
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3.1 Prescreening of Possible Shared Mobility Scenarios |
63 |
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3.2 Surveys and Models |
63 |
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3.3 Final Assessment of Shared Mobility Scenarios |
63 |
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3.4 The Simulation Tool |
64 |
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4 Scenarios and Preliminary Results |
64 |
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4.1 Scenario Generation |
65 |
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4.1.1 Car-Sharing |
65 |
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4.1.2 Bike-Sharing |
65 |
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4.2 Simulations: Preliminary Results |
65 |
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4.3 Discussion |
67 |
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5 Summary and Future Work |
68 |
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Acknowledgements |
69 |
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References |
69 |
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4 Transit Systems and the Impacts of Shared Mobility |
72 |
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Abstract |
72 |
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1 Introduction |
72 |
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2 Study Methodology |
73 |
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3 Interview Results |
75 |
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4 Recommended Policy Framework |
76 |
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4.1 Better Understand the Twenty-First Century Transportation Marketplace |
77 |
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4.2 Integrate City and Transit Agency Planning, Regulation and Other Actions that Affect Transportation Markets and Systems |
78 |
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4.3 Launch Immediate Policy Initiatives and Pilot Programs to Find Synergies and Uncover Needed Institutional and Policy Reforms |
81 |
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5 Conclusion |
83 |
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5 Shared Mobility in Asian Megacities: The Rise of the Apps |
84 |
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Abstract |
84 |
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1 Introduction |
85 |
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2 Shared Mobility in Manila |
85 |
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2.1 Current Shared Transport Operations |
85 |
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2.2 Governing Shared Transport |
86 |
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3 App-Based Mobility in Manila: The Uber and Grab Experience |
87 |
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3.1 Launch and Early Operations |
87 |
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3.2 The Transport Network Vehicle Service Classification |
88 |
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3.3 Latest Developments (As of Spring 2016) |
89 |
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3.4 Uptake and Response |
90 |
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3.5 Differences Between TNCs |
91 |
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4 Challenges and Opportunities for Shared App-Based Transport in Developing Megacities |
91 |
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4.1 Social and Employment Impact Considerations |
92 |
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4.2 Impact on Congestion |
92 |
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4.3 Data Sharing Needs and Considerations |
93 |
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5 Conclusion/Final Thoughts |
94 |
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References |
94 |
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6 What Drives the Usage of Intelligent Traveler Information Systems? |
96 |
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Abstract |
96 |
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1 Introduction |
97 |
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2 Literature Review |
98 |
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2.1 Intelligent Traveler Information Systems |
98 |
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2.2 User Heterogeneity and Mobility Decisions |
99 |
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2.3 Technology Acceptance in Transportation |
99 |
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3 Model Development |
100 |
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4 Model Evaluation |
102 |
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4.1 Data Acquisition |
102 |
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4.2 Measurement Model |
102 |
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4.3 Cluster Variables |
104 |
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4.4 Structural Model |
104 |
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5 Conclusion and Future Research |
105 |
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5.1 Conclusion |
105 |
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5.2 Limitations and Future Research |
107 |
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References |
108 |
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7 You Are What You Share: Understanding Participation Motives in Peer-to-Peer Carsharing |
112 |
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Abstract |
112 |
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1 The Rise of Access-Based Services |
112 |
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2 Methodological Background—A Brief Introduction into Means-End Chain Theory |
114 |
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3 The People Who Share—the Study’s Participants |
116 |
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4 The Findings—You Share Because You Care? |
117 |
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4.1 Car Owners |
118 |
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4.1.1 Cost Cutters |
118 |
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4.1.2 Enjoyment Enhancers |
118 |
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4.1.3 Experience Enablers |
119 |
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4.2 Renters |
120 |
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4.2.1 Savings Seekers |
120 |
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4.2.2 Convenience Seekers |
120 |
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4.2.3 Expression Seekers |
121 |
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4.2.4 Certitude Seekers |
121 |
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5 Management Takeaways |
122 |
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5.1 How to Better Attract Car Owners |
122 |
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5.2 How to Grow the Renter Base |
124 |
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References |
125 |
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8 Multimodal Transportation Payments Convergence—Key to Mobility |
127 |
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Abstract |
127 |
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1 Introduction to Transportation Payment Convergence |
127 |
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2 Approaches to Payment Convergence |
129 |
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2.1 Common Payment Media |
130 |
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2.2 Common or Linked Accounts and Bundled Mobility Services |
131 |
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2.3 Multimodal Portals and Apps |
133 |
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2.4 Co-marketing, Incentives, and Gamification |
134 |
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3 Benefits of Payments Convergence |
135 |
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4 Opportunities to Develop and Implement Multimodal Payments |
136 |
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5 Conclusion |
137 |
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References |
138 |
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9 System Effects of Widespread Use of Fully Automated Vehicles—Three Scenarios |
140 |
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Abstract |
140 |
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1 Introduction |
140 |
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2 Literature Review |
141 |
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3 Approach |
142 |
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3.1 Modeling Technique and Interviews |
143 |
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3.2 Scenario Development |
144 |
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3.3 Baseline Model |
145 |
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4 Introducing Automated Driving: Three Scenarios |
145 |
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4.1 Scenario 1: Technology Changes, but We Do Not |
146 |
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4.2 Scenario 2: Technology Changes Our Mode Choice |
147 |
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4.3 Scenario 3: New Technologies Offer New Opportunities |
149 |
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5 Discussion |
150 |
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References |
152 |
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10 Smartphone App Evolution and Early Understanding from a Multimodal App User Survey |
154 |
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Abstract |
154 |
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1 Introduction |
155 |
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2 History and Evolution of Smartphone Applications |
156 |
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3 Transportation Smartphone Apps |
160 |
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4 Impacts of Multi-modal Apps on Travel Behavior: 2016 Exploratory Survey of Multi-modal Transportation Information App Users |
163 |
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5 Challenges and Opportunities for Adoption and Mainstreaming of App-Based Services |
166 |
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6 Conclusion |
167 |
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Acknowledgments |
168 |
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References |
168 |
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11 Getting Around with Maps and Apps: How ICT Sways Mode Choice |
170 |
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Abstract |
170 |
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1 Introduction |
170 |
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2 Literature |
171 |
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3 Methodology |
173 |
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3.1 Respondent Requirements and Data Collection |
174 |
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4 Pre-survey Results |
174 |
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5 Discussion Summaries |
176 |
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5.1 Bay Ridge—A Case of Too Few Options |
177 |
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5.2 Greenpoint—A Case of Too Many (Mediocre) Options |
179 |
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5.3 Yonkers—When Driving Is the Default Option |
181 |
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6 Key Themes and Conclusions |
183 |
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References |
184 |
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12 Online and App-Based Carpooling in France: Analyzing Users and Practices—A Study of BlaBlaCar |
185 |
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Abstract |
185 |
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1 Introduction |
185 |
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2 Background |
187 |
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3 Methodology |
189 |
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3.1 Study Limitations |
189 |
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4 Results |
190 |
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4.1 Socio-demographic Characteristics |
190 |
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4.2 Socio-demographic Characteristics and Carpooling Usage |
192 |
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4.3 Frequency of Carpooling Use |
193 |
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4.4 Trip Purpose |
193 |
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4.5 Passenger Versus Driver Role |
194 |
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4.6 Motivations |
195 |
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4.7 Alternative Mode in the Absence of Carpooling |
196 |
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4.8 BlaBlaCar Use Frequency and Ordinal Regression Analysis |
196 |
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5 Conclusion |
199 |
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References |
200 |
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13 A Framework for Understanding the Impacts of Ridesourcing on Transportation |
201 |
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Abstract |
201 |
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1 Introduction |
202 |
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2 Literature Review |
203 |
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2.1 Evolving Transportation Services |
203 |
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2.2 Travel Demand Models and Transportation Styles |
205 |
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3 A Framework to Account for Ridesourcing |
206 |
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4 Expected Results |
210 |
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5 Discussion |
211 |
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References |
212 |
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Innovative Transportation Technologies and City Design |
214 |
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14 Disrupting Mobility: Decarbonising Transport? |
215 |
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Abstract |
215 |
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1 Introduction |
215 |
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2 Transport Scenarios: Overview and Analysis |
217 |
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2.1 Scenarios Taken into Account |
217 |
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2.2 Typology of Scenario Studies |
219 |
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3 Analysis and Comparative Evaluation of Selected Global Scenarios |
222 |
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3.1 Distances Travelled |
222 |
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3.2 Target Goal: GHG Emissions |
223 |
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3.3 Target Goal: Primary Energy Use |
224 |
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4 Conclusion and Research Outlook: Disrupting Mobility? |
226 |
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Acknowledgments |
232 |
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Appendix |
232 |
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References |
236 |
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15 Accessibility in Cities: Transport and Urban Form |
240 |
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Abstract |
240 |
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1 Introduction |
240 |
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2 Accessibility in Cities and Implications for Carbon Emissions |
241 |
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2.1 Urban Accessibility Pathways |
242 |
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2.2 Carbon Emissions from the Provision of Access in Cities |
245 |
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3 Assessment: Monetisation of Related Costs and Benefits |
248 |
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3.1 Direct Costs and Benefits |
249 |
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3.2 Indirect Costs and Benefits |
251 |
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4 Patterns, Trends and Tipping Points |
252 |
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4.1 Urban Form: Ongoing Urban Sprawl or More Compact Urban Development? |
253 |
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4.2 Mobility Behaviour: Conventional Motorisation or New Urban Mobility? |
254 |
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4.3 Technological Change: Business as Usual or Disruptive Innovation? |
258 |
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5 Enabling Accessibility Through Compact Cities and Sustainable Transport |
261 |
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5.1 Barriers |
261 |
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5.2 Planning and Regulation: Shaping Cities Across Temporal and Geographic Scales |
262 |
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5.3 Instruments for Shaping Incentives and Mobilising Revenue |
263 |
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5.4 Policy for Innovation and Technological Disruption |
263 |
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6 Conclusion |
264 |
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Acknowledgements |
265 |
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References |
266 |
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16 Mobility Patterns in Shared, Autonomous, and Connected Urban Transport |
275 |
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Abstract |
275 |
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1 Introduction |
276 |
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2 Predictions from Experiences |
278 |
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3 Simulation Applications |
279 |
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3.1 Experimenting with Different DRT Systems |
279 |
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3.2 Comparing Buses and on-Demand Systems |
280 |
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3.3 Motivating Behavioral Change |
281 |
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3.4 Using Simulations to Test Optimization Strategies |
282 |
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4 The Role of User Interfaces |
285 |
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5 Conclusions and Outlook |
285 |
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Acknowledgements |
287 |
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References |
287 |
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17 Transit Leap: A Deployment Path for Shared-Use Autonomous Vehicles that Supports Sustainability |
291 |
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Abstract |
291 |
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1 Introduction |
291 |
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1.1 World Vehicle Growth Is High and not Slowing |
292 |
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1.2 Humans Will Continue to Demand Motorized Mobility |
293 |
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2 Could Shared Fleets Dominate Future Automobility? |
294 |
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3 Municipal and Regional Governments Can Respond |
296 |
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4 Evolution Toward Robo-Cars |
297 |
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5 Transit Leap |
298 |
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5.1 Transit Leap and Mobility Digitization |
300 |
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6 Conclusion: Innovation and Integration |
301 |
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7 Recommendation: Avoiding Ugly Disruption |
303 |
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References |
304 |
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18 Biking and the Connected City |
306 |
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Abstract |
306 |
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1 Introduction |
306 |
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2 The Future of Biking: The Connected Bike, the Smart Bike, and the Electric Bike |
307 |
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2.1 The Connected and Smart Bike |
308 |
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2.2 The Electric Bike |
310 |
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2.3 The Bike of the Future: Connected, Smart, and Pedelectric |
312 |
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3 The Role of the Connected and Smart Bike in the Connected City |
313 |
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3.1 The Role of Connected, Smart, and Electric Bikes in Encouraging Increased Bike Use |
313 |
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3.2 The Role of Transportation Agencies in Increasing Bike Use |
316 |
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3.2.1 Dynamic Cycling Infrastructure Management (DCIM) |
316 |
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3.2.2 Bike-to-Infrastructure Communication |
317 |
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3.2.3 GIS-Disks and the “Last-Mile-Home” |
317 |
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3.2.4 Using Connected Cycle Data to Improve the Cycling Experience and Encourage Cyclists |
318 |
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3.3 Transportation Agency as Bike Transportation Manager |
319 |
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4 Future Research |
319 |
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References |
320 |
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19 iTRANS: Proactive ITS Based on Drone Technology to Solve Urban Transportation Challenge |
321 |
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Abstract |
321 |
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1 Introduction |
322 |
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2 Related Work |
323 |
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2.1 Related Research |
323 |
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2.2 Literature Review |
324 |
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3 Description of the Transportation Challenge |
326 |
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3.1 UAV Technology as Advanced ITS Platform |
327 |
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3.2 ITS Platform Characteristics |
328 |
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4 Conclusions |
330 |
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References |
331 |
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20 Mobilescapes: A New Frontier for Urban, Vehicle, and Media Design |
332 |
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Abstract |
332 |
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1 Introduction |
332 |
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2 Spatial and Temporal Considerations in Urban Mobility |
333 |
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3 Approaching Mobilescapes |
335 |
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4 Apprehension of Latent Needs in Dynamics Environments |
336 |
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4.1 Realm (Time-Sensitive, Space-Based) |
336 |
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4.2 Dynamics of Urban Life (Space-Affecting, Time-Based) |
337 |
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4.3 Toward a Synthesis of Latent Needs |
337 |
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5 The Functions of Mobilescapes |
338 |
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5.1 Primary Functions |
339 |
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5.2 Secondary Functions |
340 |
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6 A Route Map for the Development of Mobilescapes |
341 |
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6.1 Vehicle Definition |
341 |
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6.1.1 Vehicle Dynamics |
341 |
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6.1.2 Design Articulation of Vehicle Space |
343 |
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6.2 Control Systems |
343 |
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7 Conclusion |
344 |
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References |
345 |
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