Preface to the First Edition	5
	Table of Content	8
	Nomenclature	15
	1 Introduction, Gas Turbines, Applications, Types	20
	1.1 Power Generation Gas Turbines	20
	1.2 Compressed Air Energy Storage Gas Turbines, CAES	25
	1.3 Power Generation Gas Turbine Process	27
	1.4 Significant Efficiency Improvement of Gas Turbines	29
	1.5 Ultra High Efficiency Gas Turbine With Stator Internal Combustion	33
	1.6 Aircraft Gas Turbines	36
	1.7 Aircraft-Derivative Gas Turbines	38
	1.8 Gas Turbines Turbocharging Diesel Engines	41
	1.9 Gas Turbine Components, Functions	43
	1.9.1 Group 1: Inlet, Exhaust, Pipe	44
	1.9.2 Group 2: Heat Exchangers, Combustion Chamber, After- Burners	45
	1.9.3 Group 3: Compressor, Turbine Components	48
	References	49
	2 Gas Turbine Thermodynamic Process	50
	2.1 Gas Turbine Cycles, Processes	50
	2.1.1 Gas Turbine Process	51
	2.2 Improvement of Gas Turbine Thermal Efficiency	58
	2.2.1 Minor Improvement of Gas Turbine Thermal Efficiency	59
	2.2.2 Major Improvement of Gas Turbine Thermal Efficiency	60
	2.1.3 Compressed Air Energy Storage Gas Turbine	64
	References	66
	3 Thermo-Fluid Essentials for Gas Turbine Design	67
	3.1 Mass Flow Balance	67
	3.2 Balance of Linear Momentum	69
	3.3 Balance of Moment of Momentum	71
	3.4 Balance of Energy	74
	3.4.1 Energy Balance Special Case 1: Steady Flow	75
	3.4.2 Energy Balance Special Case 2: Steady Flow, Constant Mass Flow	76
	3.5 Application of Energy Balance to Gas Turbines Components	76
	3.5.1 Application: Accelerated, Decelerated Flows	77
	3.5.2 Application: Combustion Chamber, Heat Exchanger	78
	3.5.3 Application: Turbine, Compressor	81
	3.5.3.1 Uncooled turbine.	81
	3.5.3.2 Cooled turbine:	82
	3.5.3.3 Uncooled compressor.	83
	3.5.3.4 Cooled Compressor.	84
	3.6 Irreversibility and Total Pressure Losses	85
	3.6.1 Application of Second Law to Turbomachinery Components	87
	3.7 Flow at High Subsonic and Transonic Mach Numbers	89
	3.7.1 Density Changes with Mach Number, Critical State	90
	3.7.2 Effect of Cross-Section Change on Mach Number	95
	3.7.3 Compressible Flow through Channels with Constant Cross Section	102
	3.7.4 The Normal Shock Wave Relations	110
	3.7.5 The Oblique Shock Wave Relations	116
	3.7.6 Detached Shock Wave	120
	3.7.7 Prandtl-Meyer Expansion	120
	References	123
	4 Theory of Turbomachinery Stages	124
	4.1 Energy Transfer in Turbomachinery Stages	124
	4.2 Energy Transfer in Relative Systems	125
	4.3 General Treatment of Turbine and Compressor Stages	126
	4.4 Dimensionless Stage Parameters	130
	4.5 Relation Between Degree of Reaction and Blade Height for a Normal Stage Using Simple Radial Equilibrium	132
	4.6 Effect of Degree of Reaction on the Stage Configuration	135
	4.7 Effect of Stage Load Coefficient on Stage Power	137
	4.8 Unified Description of a Turbomachinery Stage	138
	4.8.1 Unified Description of Stage with Constant Mean Diameter	138
	4.8.2 Generalized Dimensionless Stage Parameters	139
	4.9 Special Cases	141
	4.9.1 Case 1, Constant Mean Diameter	142
	4.9.2 Case 2, Constant Mean Diameter and Meridional Velocity Ratio	142
	4.10 Increase of Stage Load Coefficient, Discussion	143
	References	145
	5 Turbine and Compressor Cascade Flow Forces	146
	5.1 Blade Force in an Inviscid Flow Field	146
	5.2 Blade Forces in a Viscous Flow Field	151
	5.3 The Effect of Solidity on Blade Profile Losses	157
	5.4 Relationship Between Profile Loss Coefficient and Drag	157
	5.5 Optimum Solidity	159
	5.5.1 Optimum Solidity, by Pfeil	160
	5.5.2 Optimum Solidity by Zweifel	161
	5.6 Generalized Lift-Solidity Coefficient	163
	5.6.1 Lift-Solidity Coefficient for Turbine Stator	165
	5.6.2 Turbine Rotor	169
	References	172
	6 Losses in Turbine and Compressor Cascades	174
	6.1 Turbine Profile Loss	175
	6.2 Viscous Flow in Compressor Cascade	177
	6.2.1 Calculation of Viscous Flows	177
	6.2.2. Boundary Layer Thicknesses	178
	6.2.3 Boundary Layer Integral Equation	179
	6.2.4 Application of Boundary Layer Theory to Compressor Blades	181
	6.2.5 Effect of Reynolds Number	185
	6.2.6 Stage Profile Losses	185
	6.3 Trailing Edge Thickness Losses	185
	6.4 Losses Due to Secondary Flows	191
	6.4.1 Vortex Induced Velocity Field, Law of Bio -Savart, Preparatory	193
	6.4.2 Calculation of Tip Clearance Secondary Flow Losses	196
	6.4.3 Calculation of Endwall Secondary Flow Losses	199
	6.5 Flow Losses in Shrouded Blades	203
	6.5.1 Losses Due to Leakage Flow in Shrouds	203
	6.6 Exit Loss	209
	6.7 Trailing Edge Ejection Mixing Losses of Gas Turbine Blades	211
	6.7.1 Calculation of Mixing Losses	211
	6.7.2 Trailing Edge Ejection Mixing Losses	216
	6.7.3 Effect of Ejection Velocity Ratio on Mixing Loss	216
	6.7.4 Optimum Mixing Losses	218
	6.8 Stage Total Loss Coefficient	218
	6.9 Diffusers, Configurations, Pressure Recovery, Losses	219
	6.9.1 Diffuser Configurations	220
	6.9.2 Diffuser Pressure Recovery	221
	6.9.3 Design of Short Diffusers	224
	6.9.4 Some Guidelines for Designing High Efficiency Diffusers	227
	References	228
	7 Efficiency of Multi-Stage Turbomachines	230
	7.1 Polytropic Efficiency	230
	7.2 Isentropic Turbine Efficiency, Recovery Factor	233
	7.3 Compressor Efficiency, Reheat Factor	236
	7.4 Polytropic versus Isentropic Efficiency	238
	References	240
	8 Incidence and Deviation	241
	8.1 Cascade with Low Flow Deflection	241
	8.1.1 Conformal Transformation	241
	8.1.2 Flow Through an Infinitely Thin Circular Arc Cascade	250
	8.1.3 Thickness Correction	256
	8.1.4 Optimum Incidence	256
	8.1.5 Effect of Compressibility	258
	8.2 Deviation for High Flow Deflection	259
	8.2.1 Calculation of Exit Flow Angle	261
	References	263
	9 Blade Design	265
	9.1 Conformal Transformation, Basics	265
	9.1.1 Joukowsky Transformation	267
	9.1.2 Circle-Flat Plate Transformation	267
	9.1.3 Circle-Ellipse Transformation	268
	9.1.4 Circle-Symmetric Airfoil Transformation	269
	9.1.5 Circle-Cambered Airfoil Transformation	271
	9.2 Compressor Blade Design	272
	9.2.1 Low Subsonic Compressor Blade Design	273
	9.2.2 Compressors Blades for High Subsonic Mach Number	279
	9.2.3 Transonic, Supersonic Compressor Blades	280
	9.3 Turbine Blade Design	281
	9.3.1 Steps for Designing the Camberline	282
	9.3.2 Camberline Coordinates Using Bèzier Function	285
	9.3.3 Alternative Calculation Method	287
	9.4 Assessment of Blades Aerodynamic Quality	288
	References	291
	10 Radial Equilibrium	293
	10.1 Derivation of Equilibrium Equation	294
	10.2 Application of Streamline Curvature Method	302
	10.2.1 Step-by-step solution procedure	304
	10.3 Compressor Examples	308
	10.4 Turbine Example, Compound Lean Design	311
	10.4.1 Blade Lean Geometry	312
	10.4.2 Calculation of Compound Lean Angle Distribution	313
	10.4.3 Example: Three-Stage Turbine Design	315
	10.5 Special Cases	318
	10.5.1 Free Vortex Flow	318
	10.5.2 Forced vortex flow	319
	10.6.3 Flow with constant flow angle	320
	References	321
	11 Nonlinear Dynamic Simulation of Turbomachinery Components and Systems	323
	11.1 Theoretical Background	324
	11.2 Preparation for Numerical Treatment	331
	11.3 One-Dimensional Approximation	331
	11.3.1 Time Dependent Equation of Continuity	331
	11.3.2 Time Dependent Equation of Motion	333
	11.3.3 Time Dependent Equation of Total Energy	334
	11.4 Numerical Treatment	339
	References	340
	12 Generic Modeling of Turbomachinery Components and Systems	341
	12.1 Generic Component, Modular Configuration	343
	12.1.1 Plenum the Coupling Module	343
	12.1.2 Group1 Modules: Inlet, Exhaust, Pipe	345
	12.1.3 Group 2: Heat Exchangers, Combustion Chamber, After- Burners	346
	12.1.4 Group 3: Adiabatic Compressor and Turbine Components	348
	12.1.5 Group 4: Diabatic Turbine and Compressor Components	350
	12.1.6 Group 5: Control System, Valves, Shaft, Sensors	352
	12.2 System Configuration, Nonlinear Dynamic Simulation	352
	12.3 Configuration of Systems of Non-linear Partial Differential Equations	356
	References	356
	13 Modeling of Inlet, Exhaust, and Pipe Systems	358
	13.1 Unified Modular Treatment	358
	13.2 Physical and Mathematical Modeling of Modules	358
	13.3 Example: Dynamic behavior of a Shock Tube	360
	13.3.1 Shock Tube Dynamic Behavior	362
	References	366
	14 Modeling of Recuperators, Combustion Chambers, Afterburners	367
	14.1 Modeling Recuperators	368
	14.1.1 Recuperator Hot Side Transients	369
	14.1.2 Recuperator Cold Side Transients	369
	14.1.3 Coupling Condition Hot, Cold Side	370
	14.1.4 Recuperator Heat Transfer Coefficient	371
	14.2 Modeling Combustion Chambers	372
	14.2.1. Mass Flow Transients	373
	14.2.2. Temperature Transients	374
	14.2.3 Combustion Chamber Heat Transfer	376
	14.3 Example: Startup and Shutdown of a Combustion Chamber- Preheater System	378
	14.4 Modeling of Afterburners	381
	References	382
	15 Modeling the Compressor Component, Design and Off-Design	383
	15.1 Compressor Losses	384
	15.1.1 Profile Losses	386
	15.1.2 Diffusion Factor	387
	15.1.3 Generalized Maximum Velocity Ratio for Stator and Rotor	391
	15.1.4 Compressibility Effect	393
	15.1.5 Shock Losses	397
	15.1.6 Correlations for Boundary Layer Momentum Thickness	406
	15.1.7 Influence of Different Parameters on Profile Losses	407
	15.1.7.1 Mach Number Effect:	407
	15.1.7.2 Reynolds number effect:	408
	15.1.7.3 Blade thickness effect:	408
	15.2 Compressor Design and Off-Design Performance	409
	15.2.1 Stage-by-stage and Row-by-Row Adiabatic Compression Process	409
	15.2.1.1 Stage-by-stage calculation of compression process:	409
	15.2.1.2 Row-by-row adiabatic compression:	411
	15.2.1.3 Off-design efficiency calculation:	415
	15.3 Generation of Steady State Performance Map	418
	15.3.1 Inception of Rotating Stall	420
	15.3.2 Degeneration of Rotating Stall into Surge	422
	15.4 Compressor Modeling Levels	423
	15.4.1 Module Level 1: Using Performance Maps	424
	15.4.1.1 Quasi dynamic modeling using performance maps:	426
	15.4.1.2 Simulation Example:	427
	15.4.2 Module Level 2: Row-by-Row Adiabatic Calculation Procedure	429
	15.4.3 Active Surge Prevention by Adjusting the Stator Blades	430
	15.4.4 Module Level 3: Row-by-Row Diabatic Compression	431
	15.4.4.1 Description of diabatic compressor module:	432
	15.4.4.2 Heat transfer closure equations:	434
	References	436
	16 Turbine Aerodynamic Design and Off-design Performance	440
	16.1 Stage-by-Stage and Row-by-Row Adiabatic Design and Off- Design Performance	442
	16.1.1 Stage-by-Stage Calculation of Expansion Process	443
	16.1.2 Row-by-Row Adiabatic Expansion	444
	16.1.3 Off-Design Efficiency Calculation	449
	16.1.4 Behavior Under Extreme Low Mass Flows	451
	16.1.5 Example: Steady Design and Off-Design Behavior of a Multi- Stage Turbine	454
	16.2 Off-Design Calculation Using Global Turbine Characteristics Method	456
	16.3 Modeling the Turbine Module for Dynamic Performance Simulation	458
	16.3.1 Module Level 1: Using Turbine Performance Characteristics	458
	16.3.2 Module Level 2: Row-by-Row Adiabatic Expansion Calculation	459
	16.3.3 Module Level 3: Row-by-Row Diabatic Expansion	460
	16.3.3.1 Description of diabatic turbine module, first method:	462
	16.3.3.2 Description of diabatic turbine module, second method:	464
	16.3.3.3 Heat transfer closure equations:	466
	References	467
	17 Gas Turbine Design, Preliminary Considerations	468
	17.1 Gas Turbine Preliminary Design Procedure	469
	17.2 Gas Turbine Cycle	470
	17.3 Compressor Design, Boundary Conditions, Design Process	471
	17.3.1 Design Process	471
	17.3.2 Compressor Blade Aerodynamics	475
	17.3.3 Controlling the Leakage Flow	476
	17.3.4 Compressor Exit Diffuser	476
	17.3.5 Compressor Efficiency and Performance Maps	476
	17.3.6 Stagger Angle Adjustment During Operation	478
	17.4 Combustion Chambers	479
	17.4.1 Combustion Design Criteria	481
	17.4.2 Combustion Types	481
	17.5 Turbine Design, Boundary Conditions, Design Process	483
	17.5.1 Steps of a Gas Turbine Design Process	483
	17.5.2 Mechanical Integrity, Components Vibrational	488
	References	488
	18 Simulation of Gas Turbine Engines, Design Off-Design and Dynamic Performance	489
	18 Gas Turbine Engines, Design, Dynamic Performance	490
	18.1 State of Dynamic Simulation, Background	490
	18.2 Gas Turbine Configurations	490
	18.3 Gas Turbine Components, Modular Concept	493
	18.4 Levels of Gas Turbine Engine Simulations	498
	18.4.1 Zeroth Simulation Level	498
	18.4.2 First Simulation Level	498
	18.4.3 Second Simulation Level	498
	18.4.4 Third Simulation Level	498
	18.5 Non-Linear Dynamic Simulation Case Studies	499
	18.5.1 Case Studies: Compressed Air Energy Storage Plant	500
	18.5.1.1 Case Study: Emergency Shutdown	503
	18.5.1.2 Case Study 1: Grid Fluctuation Response	505
	18.5.2 Case Study 2: Dynamic Simulation of a Gas Turbine under Adverse Operation condition	505
	18.5.3 Case Studies: Dynamic Simulation of a Split-Shaft Gas Turbine under Adverse Operation condition	510
	18.5.1.1 Simulation of Compressor Surge:	511
	18.5.3.2 Case 3.2: Surge Prevention by Stator Stagger Angle Adjustment	513
	18.5.4 Case Studies: Maximizing the Off-Design Efficiency of a Gas Turbine By Varying the Turbine Stator Stagger Angle	515
	18.5.4.1 Dynamic Change of Stagger Angle, when Engine is Running	516
	18.5.5 Case Study 3: Simulation of a Multi-Spool Gas Turbine Engine	518
	References	521