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Preface |
5 |
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Notes Regarding the Translation |
7 |
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Contents |
8 |
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Abbreviations |
12 |
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Symbols |
13 |
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Loads, Service Loads, Load-Time Functions |
13 |
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Counting Methods, Load Spectra, Matrices |
14 |
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Analytical Fatigue-Life Estimate |
15 |
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Experimental Test Results-Static |
15 |
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Experimental Test Results-Constant Amplitude |
15 |
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Experimental Test Results-Variable Amplitude |
16 |
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Statistics, Safety, Reliability |
16 |
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Chapter 1: Introduction |
18 |
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Concluding Remarks |
22 |
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References |
26 |
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Chapter 2: Characteristic Service Stresses |
29 |
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2.1 Stress-Time Functions |
29 |
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2.2 Causes of Stress |
35 |
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2.3 Deterministic and Stochastic Stress-Time Functions |
38 |
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2.4 Special Events and Misuse |
44 |
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References |
46 |
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Chapter 3: Description of the Counting Methods |
47 |
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3.1 Basic Principles |
47 |
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3.1.1 Classes |
47 |
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3.1.2 Range of Restoration and Class Width |
48 |
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3.2 Standards |
50 |
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3.3 One-Parameter Counting Methods |
50 |
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3.3.1 Peak Counting |
50 |
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Description of the Method |
50 |
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Description of the Counting Algorithm |
50 |
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Comment |
51 |
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3.3.2 Level-Crossing Counting |
52 |
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Description of the Method |
52 |
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Description of the Counting Algorithm |
52 |
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Comment |
52 |
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3.3.3 Range Counting |
54 |
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Description of the Method |
54 |
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Description of the Counting Algorithm |
54 |
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Comment |
55 |
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3.3.4 Range-Pair Counting |
55 |
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Description of the Method |
55 |
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Description of the Counting Algorithm |
55 |
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Comment |
56 |
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Note |
56 |
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Development |
57 |
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3.4 Two-Parameter Counting Methods |
57 |
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3.4.1 Range-Mean Counting |
57 |
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Description of the Method |
57 |
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Description of the Counting Algorithm |
57 |
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Comment |
58 |
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Development |
58 |
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3.4.2 Transition Counting |
58 |
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Description of the Method |
58 |
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Description of the Counting Algorithm |
58 |
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Comment |
59 |
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Development |
60 |
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3.4.3 Range-Pair-Mean Counting |
60 |
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Description of the Method |
60 |
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Description of the Counting Algorithm |
60 |
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Comment |
61 |
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Development |
61 |
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3.4.4 Rainflow Counting |
62 |
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Description of the Method |
62 |
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Description of the Counting Algorithm |
62 |
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Limitation |
65 |
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Comment |
65 |
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Development |
66 |
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References |
67 |
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Chapter 4: Load Spectra and Matrices |
70 |
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4.1 Description of Load Spectra |
71 |
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4.2 Extrapolation |
77 |
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4.2.1 Analytical Extrapolation with the Shape Parameter |
79 |
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4.2.2 Statistical Extrapolation for Stationary Processes |
81 |
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4.3 Derivation of Spectra from Matrices |
84 |
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4.3.1 Transition Matrix |
84 |
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Determination of the Irregularity Factor I |
85 |
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4.3.2 Rainflow Matrix |
89 |
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4.4 Standardised Load Sequences and Spectra |
94 |
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References |
97 |
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Chapter 5: Comparison of the Counting Methods for Exemplary Load Time Functions |
99 |
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5.1 Load-Time Functions Selected for the Investigation |
99 |
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5.2 Random Load with an Irregularity Factor I = 0.99 |
99 |
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5.3 Random Load with an Irregularity Factor I = 0.7 |
100 |
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5.4 Step Function with Superimposed Damped Load-Time Function |
100 |
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5.5 Superimposed Sinusoidal-Sinusoidal Load-Time Function |
105 |
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References |
105 |
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Chapter 6: Multiaxial Loads and Stresses |
106 |
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6.1 Definition of Terms |
106 |
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6.2 Measuring and Recording Technology |
107 |
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6.2.1 Calibrated Strain-Gauge Measuring Points |
107 |
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6.2.2 x-y Strain Gauge or Multiple Strain Gauge |
107 |
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6.3 Counting of Multiaxial Load-Time Functions |
108 |
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6.4 Counting of Multiaxial Local Stress States |
109 |
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References |
110 |
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Chapter 7: Time-at-Level and Level-Distribution Counting |
112 |
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7.1 One-Parameter Methods |
112 |
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7.1.1 Time-at-Level Counting |
112 |
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Description of the Method |
112 |
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Description of the Counting Algorithm |
113 |
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Comment |
113 |
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Application |
113 |
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7.1.2 Relative Level-Distribution Counting |
114 |
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Description of the Method |
114 |
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Description of the Counting Algorithm |
116 |
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Comment |
116 |
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7.2 Two-Parameter Methods |
116 |
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7.2.1 Two-Parameter Time-at-Level Counting |
116 |
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Description of the Method |
116 |
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Description of the Counting Algorithm |
117 |
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Comment |
117 |
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7.2.2 Relative Two-Parameter Level-Distribution Counting |
118 |
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Description of the Method |
118 |
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Application |
119 |
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References |
119 |
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Chapter 8: Application of the Counting Methods |
120 |
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8.1 Criteria for the Selection of a Counting Method |
120 |
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8.2 Recommendations |
122 |
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8.2.1 Graphical Representation |
122 |
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8.2.2 Practical Experience |
122 |
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References |
123 |
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Chapter 9: Analytical Fatigue-Life Estimate |
125 |
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9.1 Palmgren-Miner Rule |
127 |
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9.1.1 Consideration of the Mean Stress and Stress Ratio |
129 |
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9.2 Modifications of the Palmgren-Miner Rule |
130 |
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9.3 Comparison Between Calculation and Experiment |
132 |
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9.3.1 Results |
137 |
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9.4 Relative Palmgren-Miner Rule |
139 |
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References |
140 |
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Chapter 10: Design and Dimensioning Load Spectra |
143 |
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10.1 Determination of Representative Load Spectra |
144 |
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10.1.1 Definition of the Relevant Measuring Frequency |
144 |
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10.1.2 Recommendations for the Generation of Measuring Spectra |
145 |
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10.1.3 Determination of the Necessary Duration of Measurement |
147 |
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10.1.4 Recommendations for the Evaluation of Comprehensive Measurements Under Operational Conditions |
149 |
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10.2 Example for the Generation of Design and Dimensioning Spectra |
150 |
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10.3 Different Procedures for Load Assumptions |
151 |
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References |
152 |
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Chapter 11: Safety Aspects |
154 |
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11.1 Designing and Dimensioning of Structural Components |
154 |
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11.2 Safety Concept |
159 |
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11.3 Reliability Concept |
160 |
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11.4 Scatter of the Strength |
167 |
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11.5 Scatter of the Stress |
171 |
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11.6 Safety and Engineering |
176 |
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11.6.1 Calculation or Test, or Both |
176 |
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11.6.2 Cases of Damage Analysis |
177 |
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11.6.3 Comparison of the Concepts |
180 |
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11.6.4 Differences in the Scope of Application |
186 |
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11.6.5 Safety-Relevant Measures |
187 |
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References |
192 |
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Chapter 12: Load Assumptions in Various Special Fields |
196 |
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12.1 Load Assumption in Technical Rules and Standards |
196 |
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12.2 Examples in Various Fields |
197 |
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12.2.1 Example: Cranes |
197 |
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12.2.2 Example: Rail Vehicles |
198 |
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General |
198 |
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Determination of the Vehicle Weight |
199 |
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Determination of the Loads |
200 |
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Examples of Load Assumptions |
200 |
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Conclusions |
201 |
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12.2.3 Example: Bicycles |
202 |
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12.2.4 Example: Automobile |
203 |
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Operational Loads |
204 |
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Exceptional or Special Events |
212 |
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Conclusions |
213 |
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References |
214 |
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Chapter 13: Supplementary References to Publications on Load Assumptions in Various Specialised Fields |
216 |
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13.1 General Machine Construction |
216 |
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13.2 Plant Engineering |
217 |
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13.3 Wind Turbines |
218 |
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13.4 Motor Vehicles |
220 |
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13.5 Railway Vehicles |
225 |
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13.6 Aircraft Construction and Space Travel |
226 |
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13.7 Naval and Offshore Construction |
227 |
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13.8 Construction Machines and Agricultural Machines |
227 |
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13.9 Sporting Equipment |
228 |
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13.10 Reliability |
228 |
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13.11 Books with Special Emphasis on Load Assumptions |
229 |
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13.12 Symposia and Conferences |
230 |
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References |
230 |
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Index |
232 |
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