Preface and Acknowledgements	5
	Contents	10
	Editors and Contributors	13
	Abbreviations and Contractions	18
	List of Tables	19
	Part I Introduction	20
	Chapter 1 Reporting the Road to Brexit: The EU Referendum and the Media	21
	Introduction	21
	EU Referendum and the Media Project	22
	The Questions	23
	The Importance	24
	Democracy, Referendums and the News Media	24
	Contextualizing and Defining the Study of Brexit	26
	United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland	26
	2016 EU Referendum and Brexit	27
	European Union	28
	European Integration and the UK	28
	Brexit, Trump and Right-Wing Populism?	29
	Scope of the Book	30
	Outline of the Book	31
	Part II	31
	Part III	33
	Part IV	34
	Conclusions	35
	Bibliography	36
	Part II The UK and UK Territories	40
	Chapter 2 Mobilizing Migration: Analysing the Role of the ‘Migrant’ in the British Press During the EU Referendum 2016 Debate	41
	Introduction	41
	Analysing the Migrant Discourse	43
	Research Design: Contexts and Analysis	45
	The Role of the Migrant in the Referendum Debate	47
	Mechanisms of Mobilization	50
	Hegemonic Projects	54
	Conclusion	56
	Bibliography	58
	Chapter 3 Scotland, Wales and Press Discourses Amid the 2016 EU Referendum	63
	Introduction	63
	Scotland, Wales and the 2016 EU Referendum	64
	The Analysis	65
	Discourses of Danger	66
	The Re-appropriation of Project Fear	69
	Tone of the Debate	73
	Conclusion	74
	References	75
	Chapter 4 The EU Referendum 2016 on Scottish Television	77
	Introduction	77
	Media Framing	78
	Method	80
	What Was the EU Referendum About?	81
	Conclusion	86
	References	87
	Chapter 5 ‘A Pit We Have Dug Ourselves’: The EU Referendum and the Welsh Democratic Deficit	90
	Introduction	90
	Brexit and Welsh Internal Diversity	92
	Welsh Media Landscape and Democratic Deficit	96
	The Welsh Regional Press: The Western Mail and the Daily Post	99
	Conclusion	104
	Bibliography	105
	Chapter 6 Whither the ‘Hand of History’?: Northern Ireland Newspaper Coverage of the 2016 EU Referendum Campaign	108
	Introduction	108
	History and Context	111
	Fear and Fortune: David Cameron, Boris Johnson and George Osborne	112
	‘Yesterday’s Men’: John Major and Tony Blair	116
	Between Hope and Uncertainty: The 2016 EU Referendum Result	118
	Discussion	119
	Conclusion	123
	References	123
	Chapter 7 Polarized Politics and Personalization: British TV News Coverage of the EU Referendum 2016	125
	Introduction: A ‘Brexit Whirlwind’	125
	Some Initial Reaction: The Problem of ‘Balance’	127
	From ‘Fact-Checking’ to Editorial Commentary	129
	A Polarized Narrative	132
	Personalized Interviews and TV Debates	134
	Vox Pops as Provincial Encounters	138
	References	140
	Chapter 8 The 2016 EU Referendum in Gibraltar: Opinion Articles in Gibraltarian News	141
	Introduction	141
	Gibraltar	143
	The Impact of the EU Referendum in Gibraltar	144
	The Past-Future Divide	149
	The EU Referendum 2016 and the Spanish Dimension	151
	Conclusion	154
	Bibliography	155
	Part III European Single Market Countries	157
	Chapter 9 Left Versus Right, or Mainstream Versus Margins? Divisions in French Media and Reactions to the ‘Brexit’ Vote	158
	Introduction	158
	Context	159
	Mainstream French Press Reactions: An Anti-Brexit Bias?	161
	Libération: Brexit as a Threat to the Utopia of a United Continent	161
	‘Thank You Brits!’: The Curious Case of France’s Pro-EU Pro-Brexiters	162
	Le Monde: A Newspaper Representative of France’s Post-war Pro-EU Media	163
	Le Figaro and Brexit: Pragmatic Criticism or Implicit Support?	165
	Far-Right and Far-Left Press Reactions	170
	Valeurs Actuelles: A Far-Right Celebration of Brexit	171
	Mediapart and Brexit: The Rejection of a Neoliberal and Authoritarian EU	173
	Conclusion	176
	Bibliography	177
	Chapter 10 The 2016 EU Referendum Stories in Austrian, German, and Swiss Media: Catastrophes, Characterizations, Challenges	181
	Introduction	181
	The Main Characters’ Stories	184
	The David Cameron Stories	184
	The Boris Johnson Stories	185
	The Michael Gove Stories	187
	The Nigel Farage Stories	187
	The Stories of Continental European Politicians	189
	Stories of Causes and Responsibilities	189
	Stories of Consequences	192
	Predictable Consequences	192
	National Consequences	192
	Hard or Soft Consequences	193
	Demand for Unity	193
	Good Planning	194
	The Need to Define Identities	194
	The Need to Define and Practise Democracy	195
	The Role of the State	196
	The Need for New Ideas	197
	The Final Consequence: Successful Evolution Requires Thoughtful Creativity	197
	References	198
	Chapter 11 It’s the Economy, Stupid: Coverage of the British EU Referendum in Norway	200
	Introduction	200
	Nationwide with a Broad Reach	201
	Norway Loves Britain	202
	Stay or Go—and Why?	203
	Chronicle of a Disaster Foretold	205
	A ‘Republican’ Stance	206
	‘The World Seen from the Bank’	209
	‘A Basket of Deplorables’	211
	How the Other Half Lives	212
	Little Acceptance for Xenophobia	213
	Conclusions	214
	Bibliography	215
	Chapter 12 Spanish Media and the EU Referendum 2016: The Assault on an Enlightened Project	217
	Introduction	217
	The EU and Spain’s (Returning) Hour of Darkness	219
	The EU and Its Foes	220
	Reality-Based Rationality Versus Deceptive Emotion	221
	Opportunities and Lessons: A European Catastrophe	224
	The 2016 EU Referendum: A Bone of Contention	225
	Conclusion	227
	References	228
	Chapter 13 Discursive Dimensions of the EU Referendum 2016 Press Coverage in Portugal	233
	Introduction	233
	Three Contenders: EU Referendum Campaign	236
	Unreported Issues and Their Consequences	238
	Europe: Cause and Victim of a Catastrophe	240
	Abstraction vs Concreteness	243
	Conclusion	244
	References	246
	Chapter 14 ‘Little England Beats Great Britain’: Italian Media Coverage of the EU Referendum 2016	249
	Introduction	249
	From Maastricht to ‘Brexit’	250
	The Rise of Populism: ‘Anti-Politics’ Made in Italy	251
	The Italian Press and the EU Referendum 2016	253
	The Economic Impact of ‘Brexit’	255
	‘Brexit’ and Immigration	257
	Populism, Anti-Politics’ and the Brexit Voter	258
	Porta a Porta Political Talk Show: The ‘English’ Myth Extended	260
	Conclusion	262
	Bibliography	264
	Chapter 15 EU Referendum 2016 in the Greek Press	267
	Introduction	267
	Recalling the Greek Referendum	268
	Proliferating Referendums in Crisis-Hit Europe	269
	Greece’s Public Sphere in the Years of Crisis and Austerity	272
	Scope, Theory and Method	273
	EU Referendum 2016 in the Greek Press	276
	Dimocratia: A Right-Wing Defence of ‘Brexit’, a Nationalist Defence of ‘the People’	276
	Kathimerini: An Anti-Populist Critique of Brexit, a Technocratic Defence of Europe	278
	Vima: Brexit and the Fear of Populism	280
	Efimerida Ton Syntakton (Efsyn): In Defence of Popular Sovereignty, Against Neoliberalism	281
	Conclusion	284
	References	285
	Part IV Beyond European Single Market Countries	289
	Chapter 16 Turkish Newspapers: How They Use ‘Brexit’ for Domestic Political Gain	290
	Introduction	290
	Turkish-British Relations	291
	Turkish Domestic Politics	292
	Turkish News Media	292
	Sample of News Selected for Analysis	293
	Approach to Analysis: Critical Discourse Analysis	295
	Analysis of News	296
	Conclusions	301
	References	301
	Chapter 17 Israeli Media and the EU Referendum 2016: Political or Economic Story?	304
	Introduction	304
	Mentions of Brexit in Israel’s Media	305
	Themes in User Comments in Online Mainstream Media	307
	Conclusions and Theoretical Implications	310
	References	312
	Chapter 18 Whose News? How the Canadian Media Covered Britain’s EU Referendum	314
	Introduction: Canada’s Domestic Political Landscape	314
	Canada’s Fading Media	316
	Methodology	318
	Coverage of the Campaign and the Vote	319
	Television Coverage	325
	Conclusion	326
	References	327
	Chapter 19 Russian Media and the EU Referendum 2016	330
	Introduction	330
	The Pro-Government Press on Brexit	331
	The Case of Meduza	333
	What Is a Whoexit?	335
	Being Scared and Towing the Party Line	337
	Anti-Western Ideology and Brexit Schadenfreude	338
	So, Does Russia Care About Brexit?	341
	Bibliography	341
	Part V Conclusion	343
	Chapter 20 Constructing Brexit: Crisis and International Political Communication	344
	Introduction	344
	Constructing Brexit	347
	Crisis, Disaster and Fear	348
	Part II: The UK and Competing Narratives	349
	Part III: Media Euroscepticism and Heterogeneity	351
	Part IV: The Domestication of Brexit	352
	Contextualizing the Domestication of Brexit	353
	Reporting Brexit: Reflections, Relevance and Impact	353
	Brexit Reality Check: ‘Crisis’ and ‘Disaster’?	354
	Euroscepticism in the News Media	354
	Impact: Brexit Beyond the UK	355
	Conclusions	355
	Bibliography	356
	Index	360