Preface	5
	Contents	8
	Chapter 1 RFID in Manufacturing: From Shop Floor to Top Floor	16
	1.1 Architectural Perspectives	16
	1.2 RFID Basics and Standards	21
	1.2.1 Technical Foundations	22
	1.2.2 EPCglobal ™	25
	1.2.3 OPC and OPC-UA	28
	1.2.4 ISA-95	29
	1.3 RFID Potentials	31
	1.3.1 Scanning	31
	1.3.2 Tracking	32
	1.3.3 Tracing	33
	1.3.4 Metadata Management	33
	1.3.5 Back-End Communication	34
	1.3.6 Label Management	35
	1.3.7 Inter-Enterprise Collaboration	35
	1.4 Cost–Benefit Considerations and Adoption Decision	36
	1.5 Summary	38
	Chapter 2 The Role of Enterprise Software	40
	2.1 Trends in Manufacturing and ERP	40
	2.2 Enterprise Service-Oriented Architectures	41
	2.3 SAP Software for Real-World Awareness	42
	2.4 SAP Auto-ID Infrastructure	44
	2.4.1 System Requirements	44
	2.4.2 System Overview	45
	2.5 Summary	49
	Chapter 3 The Role of Manufacturing Execution Systems	50
	3.1 Why an MES ?	50
	3.2 Integrating MES into the Enterprise Information Infrastructure	52
	3.3 Processes Relevant to MES in the Company	54
	3.3.1 Time Scheduling and Sequencing, Shop Floor Control ( also refer to Sect. 3.7.6 )	56
	3.3.2 Intralogistics ( see also Sect. 3.7.3 )	56
	3.3.3 Quality Management ( see also Sect. 3.7.4 )	57
	3.3.4 Time and Attendance and Time Management Within Production ( see also Sect. 3.7.5 )	57
	3.4 Tasks and Functions of an MES	58
	3.5 Data Collection During Manufacturing	62
	3.5.1 Data Collection Station	63
	3.5.2 Connection of the Automation Layer	64
	3.6 Flow of Information	66
	3.7 RFID and MES	67
	3.7.1 Identifying Objects in Production	67
	3.7.2 Realization of Online Interfaces	69
	3.7.3 Intra-Enterprise Logistics	70
	3.7.4 Quality Management	71
	3.7.5 Access and Attendance Control	72
	3.7.6 Shop Floor Control	73
	3.8 Summary	74
	Chapter 4 Six Case Studies	75
	4.1 AIR: Airbag Manufacturing	75
	4.1.1 Current Situation	76
	4.1.2 RFID Perspectives	80
	4.1.3 Costs and Benefits	85
	4.1.4 Summary	86
	4.2 CLU: Sliding Clutches	86
	4.2.1 Current Situation	87
	4.2.2 RFID Perspectives	90
	4.2.3 Costs and Benefits	94
	4.2.4 Summary	95
	4.3 COO: Engine-Cooling Modules	95
	4.3.1 Current Situation	96
	4.3.2 RFID Perspectives	98
	4.3.3 Costs and Benefits	99
	4.3.4 Summary	99
	4.4 CAS: Production of Cast Parts	99
	4.4.1 Current Situation	100
	4.4.2 RFID Perspectives	102
	4.4.3 Costs and Benefits	104
	4.4.4 Summary	105
	4.5 CON: Production of Electronic Connectors	105
	4.5.1 Current Situation	106
	4.5.2 RFID Perspectives	110
	4.5.3 Costs and Benefits	114
	4.5.4 Summary	115
	4.6 PAC: Aluminum Foils for Packaging	115
	4.6.1 Current Situation	116
	4.6.2 RFID Perspectives	122
	4.6.3 Costs and Benefits	125
	4.6.4 Summary	125
	4.7 Summary	125
	Chapter 5 Lessons Learned	127
	5.1 Terminology	127
	5.2 A Reference Model for Production	129
	5.3 Motives for Using RFID	131
	5.3.1 Accelerating Scan Processes	131
	5.3.2 Extending Scan Processes for Quality and Efficiency	132
	5.3.3 Extending Scan Processes for Narrowing Recalls	133
	5.3.4 Reducing Paper-Based Data Management	133
	5.3.5 Automating Asset Tracking	134
	5.3.6 Reducing Back-End Interactions	135
	5.3.7 Unifying Labels	136
	5.4 RFID Versus Barcode	137
	5.4.1 Monitoring Processes	138
	5.4.2 Management of Process Data	138
	5.4.3 Container Management	139
	5.4.4 Uniform Labeling	139
	5.4.5 Process Safety	139
	5.5 A Guide to Assess Costs and Benefits1	140
	5.5.1 Costs	141
	5.5.2 Benefits	145
	5.6 Basic RFID Functionalities	152
	5.6.1 Filtering and Enriching RFID Data	152
	5.6.2 Storing RFID Data	153
	5.6.3 Sharing Information Along the Supply Chain	153
	5.6.4 Event Detection	154
	5.7 Requirements for the IT Infrastructure	155
	5.7.1 Providing RFID Data to Components of ISA-95 Level 3	156
	5.7.2 Distributing Business Logic and Data	157
	5.7.3 Supporting Heterogeneous Data Sources	159
	5.7.4 Dealing with Noise and Uncertainty	160
	5.7.5 Supporting Process Analysis	160
	5.7.6 Supporting Asset Tracking	160
	5.8 Hardware Issues on the Plant Floor	161
	5.8.1 Hostile Physical Conditions	161
	5.8.2 Presence of Metal	162
	5.8.3 Demand for Wireless Communication	162
	5.8.4 Processes in Close Spatial Proximity	163
	5.9 Current Motives and Open Potential for Using RFID	163
	5.10 Summary	165
	Chapter 6 Conclusions and Outlook	167
	References	170
	Subject Index	173