1;Cover ;1 2;Table of Contents;14 3;Series Preface;6 4;Members of the Engineering Committee on Oceanic Resources (ECOR) Working Group on Wave Energy Conversion;8 5;Acknowledgments;10 6;Preface;12 7;Chapter 1. Introduction;18 8;Chapter 2. Ocean Waves;24 8.1;2.1 Origin of Waves;24 8.2;2.2 Description of Waves;24 8.3;2.3 Modification of Simple Waves;25 8.4;2.4 Real Sea Characteristics;28 8.5;2.5 Wave Climatology and Resource Distribution;32 8.6;2.6 Data;35 8.7;2.7 Wave Energy Resource Assessment and Development;42 9;Chapter 3. Wave Energy Conversion Systems;44 9.1;3.1 Wave Energy Conversion Technology;44 9.2;3.2 Wave Energy Conversion Developments;49 10;Chapter 4. Power Transfer Systems;54 10.1;4.1 Mechanical Interfaces;54 10.2;4.2 Energy Storage;60 10.3;4.3 Electric Power Conversion;61 10.4;4.4 Transmission to Grid;62 11;Chapter 5. Economics of Wave Power;64 11.1;5.1 Important Factors in Evaluating the Costs of Wave Energy;64 11.2;5.2 Determining the Capital and Operating Costs of Wave Energy Schemes;65 11.3;5.3 Generating Costs of Wave Energy Schemes;66 11.4;5.4 Comparison of Economics of Electricity Generation;69 11.5;5.5 Economics of Wave-powered Desalination;73 12;Chapter 6. Environmental and Socioeconomic Implications;74 12.1;6.1 Environmental Benefits;74 12.2;6.2 Environmental Impacts;76 12.3;6.3 Environmental Impact Assessment;80 12.4;6.4 Socioeconomic Considerations;82 13;Chapter 7. Wave Power Activities in the Americas and Oceania;86 13.1;7.1 United States;86 13.2;7.2 Canada;91 13.3;7.3 Mexico;91 13.4;7.4 Australia;93 13.5;7.5 Fiji;95 14;Chapter 8. Wave Power Activities in the Asia-Pacific Region;96 14.1;8.1 Japan;96 14.2;8.2 South Korea;105 14.3;8.3 China;106 14.4;8.4 Russia;107 14.5;8.5 India;107 14.6;8.6 Indonesia;109 14.7;8.7 Philippines;109 15;Chapter 9. Wave Power Activities in Northern Europe;112 15.1;9.1 Norway;112 15.2;9.2 Sweden;118 15.3;9.3 Denmark;121 15.4;9.4 Germany;124 15.5;9.5 Belgium;124 15.6;9.6 The Netherlands;124 15.7;9.7 United Kingdom;125 15.8;9.8 Ireland;137 16;Chapter 10. Wave Power Activities in Southern Europe and Africa;142 16.1;10.1 Portugal;142 16.2;10.2 Spain;146 16.3;10.3 France;146 16.4;10.4 Greece;147 16.5;10.5 South Africa;148 17;Chapter 11. Conclusions and Future Prospects;150 18;References Cited;152 19;Appendix 1. Working Group Members;172 20;Appendix 2. Mathematical Description of Waves and Wave Energy;174 21;Appendix 3. WADIC: Directional Wave Instrumentation, Performance Evaluation;180 22;Appendix 4. Wave Propulsion;182 23;Appendix 5. Glossary of Wave Energy Terms;186 24;Appendix 6. Further Reading on the Subject;194 25;Appendix 7. Web Sites of Interest;198 26;Appendix 8. Acronyms and Abbreviations;200 27;Subject Index;202