Dedication	5
	Foreword	6
	Preface	9
	Contents	11
	Contributors	14
	About the Editors	21
	Free Radicals, Diabetes, and Its Complexities	23
	Introduction	23
	Homeostasis	23
	Oxidative Stress	25
	Reactive Species	25
	Free Radicals	25
	The Role of ROS	27
	ROS Involve in Lipid Peroxidation	28
	The Source of Reactive Species	28
	Oxidative Stress-Inducing Agents	30
	Air Pollution	30
	Dust	30
	Heavy Metals	33
	Temperature	33
	Electromagnetic Fields	33
	Alcohol	34
	Herbicides	34
	Pesticide	35
	Fungicides	35
	Cigarette Smoke	35
	Industrial Foods	35
	Oxidative Stress Is the Main Reason of Diseases	36
	Cancer	36
	Cardiovascular Disease	37
	Neurological Disease	37
	Pulmonary Disease	37
	Rheumatoid Arthritis	37
	Nephropathy	38
	Ocular Disease	38
	Aging	38
	Defensive Systems Against Free Radicals	38
	Antioxidants	39
	Antioxidants with New Conversation	40
	Sleeping	40
	Fasting	41
	Mountains’ Clean Air Have Bracing Effect	41
	Lifestyle Alteration Eliminates Oxidative Stressors	42
	Diabetes	43
	Glucose Auto-oxidation	45
	Synergism Between Oxidative Stress and Glycation	45
	Preservatives	46
	New Conversation	50
	Molecular Oxidative Stress	50
	Diabetes Complications	51
	Diabetes and Climate Changes	54
	Direct Effects	54
	Thermal Stress	54
	Spiritual Consequences	55
	Indirect Effects	55
	Suburbs	55
	Food Quality and Food Habits	55
	Reduction in Food Security and Increasing the Risk of Agricultural Production	56
	Conclusion	56
	References	56
	Secondary Metabolites from Turkish Astragalus Species	64
	Introduction	64
	Phytochemistry and Biological Activity	65
	Chemotaxonomy	108
	Structural Summary of Cycloartanes	109
	20,24-Epoxy Side Chain Compounds	109
	Acyclic Side Chain Compounds	110
	20,25-Epoxy Side Chain Compounds	111
	Stereochemistry of Astragalus Cycloartanes	112
	References	114
	Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash: A Magic Bullet to Attenuate the Prevailing Health Hazards	119
	Introduction	119
	Description of Plant	120
	Types	120
	Common Names	121
	Morphology	121
	Habit	121
	Leaves	121
	Flowers	121
	Geographical Distribution	122
	Essential Oil of Vetiver	122
	Phyto-constituents	122
	Biosynthesis	123
	Distillation	124
	Economics	124
	Ethnobotanical Uses	126
	Traditional Application	126
	Nutraceutical Application	127
	Commercial Applications	127
	Agriculture-Related Uses	127
	Manure	127
	Pesticide	128
	Weed Control	128
	Flavoring Agent	128
	Perfumery	128
	Aromatherapy	128
	Other Uses	129
	Refrigerant	129
	Handicrafts	129
	Construction	129
	Textiles	129
	Medicinal Uses and Health Benefits	129
	An Update of Therapeutic Potentials of Vetiveria zizanioides	130
	Insecticidal Activity	130
	Termicidal Activity	130
	Pesticidal Activity	131
	Anti-plasmodial (Antimalarial) and Larvicidal Activity	131
	Anti-tick Activity	131
	Antibacterial Activity	132
	Antifungal Activity	133
	Herbicidal Activity	133
	Antioxidant Activity	134
	Anticancer Activity	134
	Sedative Activity	135
	Antidiabetic Activity	135
	Antidiuretic Activity	135
	Anti-inflammatory Activity	135
	Conclusions	136
	References	136
	Evidence-Based Assessment of Moringa oleifera Used for the Treatment of Human Ailments	141
	Introduction	141
	Botanical Description	142
	Nutrition Value	143
	Medicinal Properties	144
	Antispasmodic, Antiulcer, and Hepatoprotective Activities	146
	Antihypertensive, Diuretic, and Cholesterol-Lowering Activities	147
	Antibacterial and Antifungal Activities	148
	Antidiabetic Activity	148
	Antifertility Activity	149
	Antioxidant Activity	150
	Anti-asthmatic Activity	150
	Anti-inflammatory Activity	150
	Analgesic Activity	151
	CNS Activity	151
	Anthelmintic Activity	151
	In Ocular Diseases	151
	Anticancer Activity	152
	Future Prospect	152
	Conclusion	152
	References	152
	Anticancer Mechanistic Insights of Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate, an Active Ingredient of Green Tea (Camellia sinensis)	158
	Introduction	158
	Green Tea and Its Composition	159
	Bioavailability and Biotransformation of Green Tea Catechins	159
	Anticancer Mechanism of Action of Green Tea	160
	Anticancer Effect of Green Tea via Modulation of Signaling Pathway	161
	Effects of Green Tea Catechins on Tumor Suppressor and Proliferator Gene Modulation	161
	Effects of Green Tea Catechins on Proteasome Inhibitory Activity	162
	Effects of Green Tea Catechins on Prolylcis/Trans Isomerase (Pin1) Modulation	162
	Effect of Green Tea Catechins on Apoptosis	163
	Effect of Green Tea Catechins on Angiogenesis	163
	Effect of Green Tea Catechins on NF?B	164
	Effect of Green Tea Catechins on Androgen Receptors	165
	Effect of Green Tea Catechins on Telomerase	165
	Effect of Green Tea Catechins on Wnt Signaling	166
	Effect of Green Tea Catechins on MicroRNA	166
	Effect of Green Tea Catechins on Different Carcinomas	166
	Effect of Green Tea Catechins on Chronic Myeloid Leukemia	166
	Effect of Green Tea Catechins on Breast Cancer	167
	Effect of Green Tea Catechins on Digestive Tract Carcinomas	167
	Effect of Green Tea Catechins on Prostate Cancer	168
	Effect of Green Tea Catechins on Cervical Cancers	168
	Synergistic Anticancer Activity of Green Tea Catechins with Different Allopathic Anticancer Drugs	168
	Clinical Trials	169
	Conclusion	171
	References	171
	Bioactive Profile of Edible Ripened Split Beans of Three Wild Landraces of Coastal Canavalia	177
	Introduction	177
	Ripened Beans and Processing	178
	Assessment of Bioactive Components	179
	Total Phenolics	179
	Orthodihydric Phenols	179
	Tannins	179
	Canavanine	180
	Vitamin C	180
	Trypsin Inhibition Assay	180
	Hemagglutinin Assay	181
	Antioxidant Assessment	181
	Total Antioxidant Assay	182
	Reducing Power Assay	182
	Data Analysis	182
	Bioactive Components	182
	Bioactive Potential	185
	Conclusions	188
	References	188
	Modern Molecular Biology Technologies and Higher Usability of Ancient Knowledge of Medicinal Plants for Treatment of Human Diseases	191
	Introduction	193
	SNP Genotyping and Identification of Gene and SNP of Interest	194
	Phylogenetic Tree	196
	Genetic Engineering Techniques to Study the Genes of Interest	196
	Gene Knock-Down	198
	RNA Interference (RNAi)	198
	Gene Knock-Out	200
	Zinc Finger Nuclease (ZFNs)	200
	Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nuclease (TALENs)	201
	CRISPR/Cas9	201
	Genome-Scale CRISPR/Cas9 Knock-Out (GeCKO)	202
	Animal Studies	204
	Steps to Decode the Function of Genes in Human Diseases and Role of Medicinal Plants	205
	Selection of SNPs of Interest	205
	Collection of Blood Samples and DNA Extraction	205
	SNP Genotyping of Candidate Genes	206
	SNP Genotyping of Candidate Genes by iPLEX MassARRAY	206
	SNP Genotyping of Candidate Genes by TaqMan Assay	207
	Statistical Analysis	209
	SNP Data Cleaning	209
	Data Analysis	209
	Association Analysis	210
	Interaction Analysis	211
	Epistasis Analysis	211
	Phylogenetic Tree Generation: Four Steps	213
	Gene Knock-Down and Knock-Out	216
	Gene Knock-Down	216
	Gene Knock-Out (CRISPR/Cas 9 System)	218
	Gene Knock-Out (GeCKO)	219
	Discussion	219
	References	220
	EST (Expressed Sequence Tag): A Technique for Identification of Plant Secondary Metabolite Genes	224
	Introduction	224
	Plant Genome Analysis Utilizing ESTs	225
	Expressed Sequence Tag (EST)	226
	Methodology	226
	Processing of cDNA Sequence	227
	Preprocessing	227
	Clustering and Assembly of EST	228
	Database Similarity Searches	228
	Databases for EST Analysis	228
	Conclusion	234
	References	235
	Terpenoids: An Activator of “Fuel-Sensing Enzyme AMPK” with Special Emphasis on Antidiabetic Activity	243
	Introduction	243
	Plants as a Source of New Medicines	245
	Terpenoids	246
	Diversity of Terpenoids in Nature	248
	Pharmaceutical Application of Terpenoids	249
	Diabetes Mellitus	249
	Clinical Features and Etiology	250
	Type 2 Diabetes	251
	AMP-Activated Protein Kinase (AMPK)	251
	Structure of AMPK	252
	Role of AMPK in Skeletal Muscle	253
	Role of AMPK in Liver	253
	Role of AMPK in Adipocytokine Signaling	254
	AMPK as a Pharmacological Target: Present and Promise	254
	AMPK Activity Is Critical to Cell Physiology in Different Tissues and Organs	254
	Organization and Activation of AMPK	256
	Activators of AMPK	256
	Activation of AMPK by Phytochemicals	257
	Conclusion	259
	References	260
	Active Compounds, Health Effects, and Extraction of Unconventional Plant Seed Oils	261
	Introduction	262
	Specialty Oils	262
	Health Effects of Specialty Oils	263
	Nutraceutical Applications of Specialty Oils	264
	Almond (Oleum amygdalae) Oil	264
	Amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus) Seed Oil	264
	Apricot (Prunus armeniaca) Seed Kernel Oil	265
	Bitter Gourd (Momordica charantia L.) Seed Oil	265
	Black Cumin (Nigella sativa) Seed Oil	265
	Black Currant (Ribes nigrum) Seed Oil	265
	Borage (Borago officinalis L.) Seed Oil	266
	Cactus Pear (Opuntia ficus-indica L.) Seed Oil	266
	Coriander (Coriandrum sativum) Seed Oil	266
	Evening Primrose (Oenothera biennis L.) Seed Oil	266
	Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) Seed Oil	267
	Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) Seed Oil	267
	Grape-Seed Oil	267
	Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Seed Oil	268
	Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum L.) Seed Oil	268
	Niger (Guizotia abyssinica Cass) Seed Oil	268
	Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Seed Oil	269
	Pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.) Seed Oil	269
	Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Seed Oil	269
	White Mahlab (Prunus mahaleb) Seed Oill	270
	Bioactive Compounds and Their Health Effects	270
	Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids	270
	Linoleic Acid	271
	?-Linolenic Acid	271
	?-Linolenic Acid	274
	Conjugated Linolenic Acid (CLnA)	275
	Phenolic Compounds	275
	Tocol	277
	Sterol and Stanols	279
	Squalene	281
	Carotenoids and Vitamin A	282
	Vitamin K	283
	Sphingolipids	284
	Phospholipids	285
	Plant Seed Oil Extraction Methods	285
	Conventional Extraction Methods	286
	Chemical Extraction	286
	Cold Pressing	287
	Novel Extraction Techniques	287
	Supercritical Fluid Extraction	287
	Gas-Assisted Mechanical Extraction of Oilseeds	288
	Aqueous Enzymatic Extraction	288
	Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction	289
	Microwave-Assisted Extraction	290
	Pulsed-Electric Field Extraction	291
	Conclusions and Future Perspectives	292
	References	292
	Nutritional and Bioactive Profiles of Sprouted Seeds of Mangrove Wild Legume Canavalia cathartica	302
	Introduction	302
	Seed Samples and Processing	303
	Assessment of Nutritional and Bioactive Components	304
	Nutritional Composition	304
	Seed Qualities	304
	Proximal Qualities	304
	Mineral Composition	306
	Amino Acid Composition	307
	Protein Bioavailability	307
	Fatty Acids	310
	Bioactive Components	311
	Conclusion	311
	References	312
	Contribution of Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) Products in Human Health	317
	Introduction	317
	Jojoba Oil and Its Involvement in Human Health	318
	The Use of Jojoba Leaves and Root Extracts in Health Applications	321
	Simmondsin and Its Derivatives: Contribution to Human Health	322
	Conclusion and Perspective	322
	References	323
	Aflatoxins in Plant-Based Foods	327
	Introduction	327
	Aflatoxin Impact on Human Health	328
	Aflatoxin Regulations	329
	Analytical Techniques	330
	Prevalence of Aflatoxins in Different Plants	331
	Prevalence of Aflatoxins in Cereals	331
	Prevalence of Aflatoxins in Fruits	332
	Prevalence of Aflatoxins in Spices	332
	Prevalence of Aflatoxins in Animal Fodder	334
	Preventive Measures	335
	Conclusions	337
	References	337
	Potential Roles for Endophytic Fungi in Biotechnological Processes: A Review	340
	Introduction	340
	Endophytes as Producers of Novel Enzymes	342
	Volatile Hydrocarbons from Endophytic Fungi	347
	Biotransformation Mediated Through Endophytic Fungi	348
	Conclusion	351
	References	351
	Vitamin E	358
	Introduction	359
	Vitamin E	359
	Discovery of Vitamin E	359
	Availability of Vitamin E	360
	Leave Tissues	360
	Grains	360
	Fruits	361
	Oils	361
	Potential Role of Vitamin E	361
	Plant	362
	Human	362
	Animal	363
	Vitamin E Deficiency	363
	Plant	363
	Human	363
	Animal	364
	Structure and Chemistry	364
	Biosynthesis of Tocochromanols in Plants	365
	Conclusion	368
	References	368
	Bioengineered Plants Can Be an Alternative Source of Omega-3 Fatty Acids for Human Health	374
	Introduction	374
	Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids	375
	Marine-Based Source	375
	Land-Based Source	375
	Alternative Sources for Omega-3 Fatty Acids	377
	Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Health and Disease Control	377
	Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Regulates Various Proteins	379
	Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Biosynthetic Pathways	380
	Metabolic Fate of Alpha-Linolenic Acid in Humans	382
	Metabolic Engineering of Pathways for Production of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (Omega-3 PUFAs) in Transgenic Plants	383
	Conclusion	388
	References	389
	Environmentally Friendly Plant-Based Natural Dyes: Extraction Methodology and Applications	396
	Introduction of Natural Dyes	396
	Environment Aspects	397
	Classification	398
	Color-Based Natural Dyes	398
	Yellow	399
	Red	401
	Orange	402
	Brown/Black	403
	Blue/Purple	403
	Green	404
	Functional Properties of Natural Dyes	405
	Antimicrobial Characteristics	405
	Antioxidant Characteristics	407
	Deodorant Characteristics	409
	UV Protection Characteristics	409
	Use of Sustainable Extraction and Dyeing Methodology in Natural Dyeing Process	411
	Conventional Method	412
	Modern Methods	412
	Gamma Radiation	413
	Microwave Radiation	413
	Ultrasonic Radiation	413
	Plasma Technique	414
	Ultraviolet Radiation	414
	Application of Natural Dyes	415
	pH Indicator	415
	Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells	417
	Cosmetics	421
	Conclusion	422
	References	423
	Assessment of Pesticide Residues in Vegetables of Telangana State	429
	Introduction	429
	Study Area	430
	Material and Method	430
	Sampling	430
	Extraction and Cleanup	431
	Gas Chromatography	431
	Result and Discussion	432
	Cauliflower	432
	Cabbage	433
	Brinjal	433
	Conclusion	434
	Acknowledgement	434
	References	434
	An Insight to Micropropagation of Freshwater Aquatic Medicinal Plants	436
	Introduction	436
	In Vitro Micropropagation of Freshwater Aquatic Medicinal Plants	437
	Aquatic Job’s Tears (Coix aquatica Roxb.	437
	Centella (Centella asiatica (L.) Urban	437
	Ceylon Hydrolea (Hydrolea zeylanica Linn. (Vahl): Hydrophyllaceae)	438
	Chinese Water Chestnut (Eleocharis dulcis Trinius ex Henschel	438
	Coontail or Hornwort (Ceratophyllum demersum L.	439
	Creeping Coldenia (Coldenia procumbens Linn.	440
	Creeping Jenny (Lysimachia nummularia L.	440
	Dwarf Hygro (Hygrophila polysperma Anderson	441
	Dwarf Water Clover (Marsilea minuta L.	441
	East Indian Globe Thistle or Kamdaryus (Sphaeranthus indicus Linn.	441
	Eclipta (Eclipta prostrata (Linn.) Linn.	442
	Epaltes (Epaltes divaricata L. Cass.: Asteraceae	443
	Indian Heliotrope (Heliotropium indicum Linn.	443
	Job’s Tears (Coix lacryma-jobi Linn.	444
	Limnophila (Limnophila aromatica R.Br.	444
	Neeramulli (Hygrophila schulli Buch.-Ham.) M.R. Almeida & S.M. Almeida	444
	Roundleaf Toothcup (Rotala rotundifolia (Roxb.) Koehne	445
	Sessile Joyweed (Alternanthera sessilis	446
	Sola Pith Plant (Aeschynomene aspera Linn.	446
	Spreading Sneeze weed (Centipeda minima A. Braun and Ascheron	447
	Sweet Flag (Acorus calamus	447
	Water Hyssop or Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell)	447
	Water Lettuce (Pistia stratiotes L.	448
	Water Pepper (Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Delarbre	449
	Water Spinach (Ipomea aquatica Forssk.	449
	White Ginger Lilly (Hedychium coronarium J. Koenig	449
	White Snowflake (Nymphoides indica (L.) Kuntze	450
	Conclusion	451
	References	451
	Arsenic and Heavy Metal (Cadmium, Lead, Mercury and Nickel) Contamination in Plant-Based Foods	457
	Introduction	457
	Plant-Based Foods	459
	Effects of As, Cd, Pb, Hg and Ni on Human Health	462
	Arsenic, Cd, Pb, Hg and Ni in Cereal Grains	464
	Arsenic, Cd, Pb, Hg and Ni in Vegetables	469
	Arsenic, Cd, Pb, Hg and Ni in Fruits	474
	Arsenic, Cd, Pb, Hg and Ni in Nuts	475
	Arsenic, Cd, Pb, Hg and Ni in Pulses	482
	Arsenic, Cd, Pb, Hg and Ni in Plant Oils	484
	Sources and Remedies	484
	Conclusions	488
	References	488
	Ganoderma lucidum: A Macro Fungus with Phytochemicals and Their Pharmacological Properties	501
	Introduction	501
	Diversity of Reishi	503
	Cultivation	503
	Marketed Formulation Other Than Medicinal	504
	Methodology	506
	Major Bioactive Constituents and Their Pharmacological Properties	506
	Triterpenes	506
	Carbohydrates	510
	Proteins, Peptides, and Amino Acids	512
	Nucleosides, Nucleotides, and RNAs	512
	Organic Germanium, Alkaloids, Vitamins, Essential Minerals	513
	Dietary Fiber	513
	Fatty Acids and Sterols	514
	Safety Issues	514
	Future Prospect	514
	Conclusion	516
	References	517
	Functional Attributes of Seeds of Two Coastal Germplasms of Sesbania	526
	Introduction	526
	Seeds and Processing	527
	Assessment of Functional Properties	528
	Protein Solubility	528
	Gelation	529
	Water and Oil Absorption	529
	Emulsion	529
	Foam	530
	Data Analysis	530
	Functional Properties	530
	Protein Solubility	530
	Gelation	532
	Water and Oil Absorption	532
	Emulsion	533
	Foam	535
	Discussion	538
	Protein Solubility	538
	Gelation	541
	Water and Oil Absorption	542
	Emulsion	543
	Foam	544
	Conclusions	545
	References	545
	Multiple Uses of Some Important Aquatic and Semiaquatic Medicinal Plants	550
	Introduction	550
	Major Aquatic and Semiaquatic Medicinal Plants	552
	Acorus calamus L. (Sweet Flag	552
	Alternanthera philoxeroides Geiseb. (Alligator Weed	553
	Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R.Br.(Sessile Joyweed	553
	Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell. (Water Hyssop or Brahmi	554
	Centella asiatica (L.) Urban (Centella	555
	Centipeda minima A. Braun and Ascheron (Spreading Sneezeweed	555
	Coix lacryma-Jobi Linn. (Job’s Tears	556
	Enhydra fluctuans Lour (Water cress	556
	Hedychium coronarium J. Koenig (White Ginger Lily	556
	Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam. (Lawn Marshpennywort	557
	Ipomea aquatica Forssk. (Water Spinach	558
	Marsilea minuta L. (Dwarf Water Clover	558
	Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. (the Sacred Lotus	559
	Nymphaea nouchali Burm. F. (Blue Water Lily	560
	Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Delarbre (Water Pepper	560
	Rotula aquatica Lour. (Aquatic Rotala	561
	Sphaeranthus indicus Linn. (East Indian Globe Thistle	561
	Pistia stratiotes L. (Water Lettuce	562
	Polygonum glabrum Willdenow (Dense-Flower Knotweed	562
	Medicinal Uses of Some Less Important Aquatic and Semiaquatic Medicinal Plants	563
	Medicinal Uses of Minor Aquatic Medicinal Plants	563
	Medicinal Uses of Some Important Amphibian (Semiaquatic) Medicinal Plants	566
	Conclusion	569
	References	569
	Flavonoids and Their Biological Secrets	587
	Introduction	587
	Flavonols	587
	Fisetin	588
	Biological Properties	589
	Galangin	590
	Biological Properties	590
	Gossypin	591
	Biological Properties	592
	Isorhamnetin	593
	Biological Properties	593
	Kaempferol/Kaempferide	595
	Rhamnetin and Rhamnazin	597
	Biological Properties	597
	Quercetin	598
	Biological Properties	599
	Morin	599
	Biological Properties	599
	Myricetin	600
	Biological Properties	601
	Natsudaidain	602
	Biological Properties	602
	Drug Leads and Pharmacophores from Flavonols	603
	Conclusions	604
	References	604
	Impact of Electron Beam Irradiation on the Nutritional Attributes of Seeds of Coastal Sand Dune Wild Legume Canavalia cathartica	614
	Introduction	614
	Seeds and Processing	615
	Nutritional Assessment	617
	Proximal Analysis	617
	Mineral Analysis	618
	Protein Fractions	618
	Amino Acid Analysis	618
	Protein Digestibility, EAA Score, PDCAAS, and PER	619
	Data Analysis	620
	Nutritional Qualities	620
	Proximal Features	620
	Minerals	621
	Protein Fractions	621
	Amino Acids	622
	IVPD, EAA, PDCAAS, and PER	623
	Discussion	624
	Seeds and Proximal Features	624
	Mineral Profile	626
	Protein Fractions	627
	Amino Acid Profile	627
	IVPD, EAA Score, PDCAAS, and PER	627
	Fatty Acid Profile	628
	Conclusions	629
	References	629
	Phytochemical Profile and Therapeutic Properties of Leafy Vegetables	633
	Introduction	633
	Plant Metabolites	634
	Primary Metabolites	634
	Protein	634
	Dietary Fiber	636
	Vitamins	637
	Vitamin A	637
	Riboflavin	638
	Folic Acid	639
	Vitamin C	639
	Minerals	640
	Iron	640
	Zinc	640
	Calcium and Magnesium	641
	Secondary Metabolites	641
	Phenolic Compounds	641
	Alkaloids	647
	Carotenoids	647
	Flavonoids	648
	Anti-nutritional Components	648
	Oxalic Acid	648
	Phytic Acid	648
	Glucosinolates	649
	Saponin	649
	Protease Inhibitor	649
	Therapeutic Values and Health Benefits of GLVs	650
	Antidiabetic Properties	650
	Antimicrobial and Anti-inflammatory Activity	651
	Antioxidant Property	652
	Cardiovascular Disease and Leafy Vegetables	652
	Hypertension and Leafy Vegetables	652
	Fertility and LV	653
	Anticancerous Properties	654
	Hepatoprotective	654
	Gastroprotective	655
	Antimalarial	655
	Other Effects	655
	Different Methods of Processing Green Leafy Vegetables	656
	Conclusions	658
	References	658
	Phenolic Acids and Their Health-Promoting Activity	667
	Introduction	667
	Plant Phenolics	668
	Introduction	668
	Flavonoids	670
	Stilbenes	670
	Lignans	670
	Tannins	671
	Variability Related to Plant Samples	671
	Phenolic Compounds in Cultivated Plants	672
	Composition of Phenolics in Common Foods	672
	Effect of Phenolic Compounds on Food Quality	673
	Changes Induced by Food Processing	673
	Phenolic Acids in Soils	674
	Effect of Environmental Changes on Phenolics	674
	Elevated CO2	675
	Warming	675
	N Deposition	675
	Drought	676
	Health-Promoting Activity of Phenolic Compounds	676
	Antioxidant Activity	677
	Anti-inflammatory Properties	678
	Antimicrobial Actions	679
	Anti-diabetic Properties	680
	Antiglycation Properties	680
	Other Activities	681
	References	682
	Index	687