Dedication	5
	Foreword	6
	Preface	8
	Contents	10
	Phytochemical Constituents and Pharmacological Effects of Licorice: A Review	19
	Introduction	19
	Taxonomic Description	20
	Botanical Description	20
	Traditional Uses	20
	Pharmacological Activities	21
	Antimicrobial Activity	21
	Antiviral Activity	23
	Anti-inflammatory	24
	Anti-ulcer	24
	Antitumor	24
	Antioxidant	25
	Hepatoprotective Activity	26
	Dermatological Effect	26
	Antidepressant and Memory-Enhancing Activity	26
	Other Effects	27
	Phytochemistry	27
	Flavonoids	28
	Saponins	29
	Phenolic Compounds	29
	Coumarins	30
	Essential Oils and Other Compounds	30
	Side Effects and Toxicity	30
	Conclusion	31
	References	32
	Glycyrrhiza glabra (Licorice) in Turkmenistan: Medicinal and Biological Aspects	40
	Introduction	40
	Medicinal Value of Licorice (G. glabra)	43
	Industrial Aspects	48
	Conclusions	49
	References	50
	Chemical Composition and Biological Uses of Artemisia absinthium (Wormwood)	53
	Introduction	53
	Historical Background of Artemisia absinthium	54
	Medicinal Importance of Artemisia absinthium	55
	Taxonomy	56
	Phytochemistry of Artemisia absinthium	57
	Active Constituents	58
	Antimicrobial Activity of Artemisia absinthium	63
	Adaptogenic and Nootropic Activity of Artemisia absinthium	65
	Forced Swimming Test (FST)	66
	Tail Suspension Test	66
	Antidiabetes Effects of Artemisia absinthium	67
	Anticancer Activity of Artemisia absinthium	68
	Gastrointestinal Effects of Artemisia absinthium	70
	Antioxidant Activity of Artemisia absinthium	70
	Immunomodulatory Effect of Artemisia absinthium	72
	Central Nervous System and Epileptic Effects of Artemisia absinthium	73
	Anti-obesity Effects of Artemisia absinthium	74
	Antifertility Effects of Artemisia absinthium	75
	Toxicity and Interaction of Artemisia absinthium	75
	References	76
	Dietary Phytochemicals and Their Potential Effects on Diabetes Mellitus 2	80
	Introduction	80
	Pathogenesis	81
	Dietary Phytochemicals	84
	Polyphenols	84
	Amino Acid	89
	Saponins	89
	Terpenoids (Isoprenoids)	90
	Abscisic Acid (ABA)	91
	Lycopene and b-Carotene	91
	Oxyphytosterol	92
	Phytosterols/Stanols	92
	Conclusion	95
	Future Consideration	95
	References	95
	Antianxiety Activities Associated with Herbal Drugs: A Review	102
	Introduction	102
	Allopathic Anxiolytic Agents, Pharmacodynamics, and Disadvantages	103
	Plants Having Anxiolytic Effects	103
	Ashwagandha	103
	Kava	104
	St. John’s-Wort	104
	Brahmi	105
	Passionflower	106
	Siberian Ginseng	107
	Star Flower	107
	Ginseng	107
	Salvia reuterana	108
	Ginkgo	108
	American Skullcap	109
	Valerian	110
	Damiana	111
	Nees	111
	Safed Musli	111
	Griseb	112
	Clary	112
	Mugwort	112
	Magnoliaceae	112
	Comparison of Anxiolytic Activity of Herbal Plant Against Allopathic Formulations	113
	Conclusion	113
	References	114
	Medicinal Plants in the Treatment of Arthritis	116
	Introduction	116
	Causes	117
	Epidemiology	117
	Need for Herbal Drugs for the Management of RA	117
	Medicinal Plants with Antiarthritic Potential	117
	Arctium lappa	124
	Artemisia absinthium L.	124
	Senna	125
	Citrus medica L.	125
	Clematis ochroleuca	126
	Colchicum autumnale	127
	Cuscuta epithymum	128
	Asafoetida	128
	Black Caraway	129
	Rhubarb Root	130
	China Root	131
	Nux Vomica	132
	Karanja	133
	Punarnava	133
	Haritaki	134
	Avocado	134
	Cat’s Claw	135
	Tayuya	135
	Chuchuhuasi	136
	Carrapicho	136
	Guaco	137
	Shallaki	137
	Sarasaparilla	137
	Aloe Plant	138
	Ashwagandha	138
	Black Pepper	139
	Black Cohosh	139
	Ginger	140
	Turmeric	140
	Milkweed	140
	Green Tea	141
	Banyan Tree	141
	Aginbuti	142
	Deodar	142
	Barringtonia	143
	Mango	143
	Tinospora gulancha	144
	Night Jasmine	144
	Chaste Tree	144
	Abuta	145
	Black Adusa	145
	Kindal Tree	146
	Conclusion	146
	Conclusion and Future Prospect	146
	References	146
	Herbal Medicine in Diabetes Mellitus with Cardiovascular Diseases	153
	Introduction	153
	Diabetes Mellitus	154
	The Experimental Models of Diabetes	155
	Herbal Medicine and Diabetic Hearts	156
	The Role of MicroRNAs in Diabetic Herbal Medicine	157
	Resveratrol	164
	The Antidiabetic Effects of Resveratrol	165
	The Cardiovascular Effects of Resveratrol	167
	The Relationship of Resveratrol with MicroRNAs	169
	Berberine	169
	The Antidiabetic Effects of Berberine	170
	The Cardiovascular Effects of Berberine	172
	The Relationship of Berberine with MicroRNAs	173
	Ginseng	173
	The Antidiabetic Effects of Ginseng	174
	The Cardiovascular Effects of Ginseng	176
	The Relationship of Ginseng with MicroRNAs	176
	Curcumin	177
	The Antidiabetic Effects of Curcumin	177
	The Cardiovascular Effects of Curcumin	179
	The Relationship of Curcumin with MicroRNAs	180
	Ginkgo	181
	The Antidiabetic Effects of Gingko	181
	The Cardiovascular Effects of Gingko	182
	The Relationship of Ginkgo with MicroRNAs	183
	Conclusion	184
	References	184
	Protective Role of Medicinal Herb Anethum Graveolens (Dill) Against Various Human Diseases and Metabolic Disorders	195
	Introduction	195
	Botanical/Plant Material	197
	Etymology	197
	Origin/Distribution	198
	Economic Importance of A. Graveolens	199
	Nutritional Information	199
	Medicinal Uses of A. Graveolens	200
	Traditional Uses	200
	Recent Research on A. Graveolens	200
	Highlighting the Action of A. Graveolens Against Various Disorders	201
	What Do Animal Studies on A. Graveolens Have to Say?	201
	Randomized Clinical Trials	202
	Chemical Constituents and Structure of Active BioMolecules of A. Graveolens	203
	Molecular Interaction of Carvone with p53	204
	Conclusion and Future Perspective	205
	References	205
	Fern to Pharma: Potential Neuroameliorative Properties of Pteridophytes	209
	Introduction	209
	Oxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration	210
	Plant-Derived Bioactives for Neuroprotective Strategies	210
	History of Ferns in General or Therapeutic Applications	213
	General Phytochemistry of Ferns	213
	Potential Neuromodulatory Properties of Actives from Ferns	213
	Conclusion	218
	References	219
	Ajwa Dates: A Highly Nutritive Fruit with the Impending Therapeutic Application	223
	Introduction	223
	Date Ripening Stages	224
	Proximate Composition of Dates	226
	Nutritional Value of Date Palm (Table 4)	226
	Sugars	226
	Minerals	227
	Vitamins	228
	Amino Acids	228
	Dietary Fiber	229
	Phytochemistry of Date Palm (Table 5)	229
	Phenolic Acids	230
	Phytosterols	231
	Carotenoids	232
	Flavonoids	232
	Anthocyanins and Procyanidins	233
	Therapeutic Properties of Dates	234
	Anti-inflammatory Activity of Dates	234
	Antioxidant Activity of Dates, a Protection from Many Diseases	234
	Antitumor and Anticancer Activity of Date Palm	235
	Antidiabetic Activity of Date Palm	235
	Date Palm Ameliorates Male Fertility	236
	Date Palm, a Remedy for Estrogenic Hormonal Deficiency	236
	The Cardioprotective and Antihyperlipidemic Activity of Date Palm	236
	The Hepatoprotective Activity of Date Palm Against Multiple Chemically Induced Hepatotoxicity	237
	Cerebroprotective, Neuroprotective, and Neuropharmacological Effect of Date Palm	238
	Date as a Laxative and Anti-ulcer Agent That Protects Gastrointestinal Tract	238
	Nephroprotective Activity of Date Palm Through Ameliorating Oxidative Stress	239
	Antimicrobial Activity of Date Palm	239
	Antiviral Activity of Date Palm	240
	Clinical Study of Date Palm on Delivery and Labor Relaxation	240
	Conclusion	240
	References	241
	An Insight of Multitudinous and Inveterate Pharmacological Applications of Foeniculum vulgare (Fennel)	245
	Introduction	245
	Taxonomy	245
	Botanical Description	247
	Nutritional Value of Fennel	247
	Phytochemical Constituents of Fennel	248
	Essential Oil of Fennel	248
	Flavonoids and Phenols of Fennel	249
	Pharmacological Importance of Fennel	250
	Antibacterial Activity of Fennel	250
	Antiviral Activity of Fennel	252
	Antifungal Activity of Fennel	253
	Anti-inflammation Effect of Fennel	253
	Antioxidant Activity of Fennel	254
	Anti-proliferative and Apoptotic Effect (In Vitro) of Fennel	254
	Antitumour Activity (In Vivo) of Fennel	255
	Antimetastatic Activity	256
	Clinical Trials of Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) and Fennel	256
	Anti-diabetes Effect of Fennel	256
	Hypotensive Effect of Fennel	257
	Eye Diseases and Fennel	257
	Osteoporosis Prevention by Fennel	257
	Anti-obesity Effect of Fennel	258
	Hypolipidaemic and Anti-atherogenic Effect of Fennel	258
	The Vasorelaxant Activity of Fennel	258
	Anxiolytic Activity of Fennel	258
	The Anti-depression Activity of Fennel	258
	Fennel and Alzheimer’s Disease	259
	Memory-Enhancing Activity of Fennel	259
	Cosmetics and Fennel	259
	Anti-hirsutism Effect of Fennel	259
	The Diuretic Action of Fennel	260
	The Antithrombotic Activity of Fennel	260
	The Bronchodilatory Activity of Fennel	260
	Premenstrual Syndrome and Fennel	260
	Dysmenorrhoea and Fennel	260
	Vaginal Atrophy and Fennel	261
	Galactagogic Effect of Fennel	261
	Infantile Colic and Fennel	261
	Anti-ulcer Activity of Fennel	261
	Hepato-renal Protective Effect of Fennel	261
	Anthelmintic Effect of Fennel	262
	Toxic Effect of Fennel on Pest	262
	Mosquito Larvicidal Effect of Fennel	262
	Interaction of Fennel with Drug	262
	Toxicity	262
	Conclusion	263
	References	263
	Anti-sickling Herbs	269
	Introduction	269
	Pathophysiology	270
	Treatment	271
	Acacia catechu	271
	Adansonia digitata	278
	Aframomum alboviolaceum	278
	Alchornea cordifolia	278
	Allium sativum	279
	Aloe barbadensis	279
	Annona senegalensis	280
	Bridelia ferruginea	280
	Cajanus cajan	281
	Camellia sinensis	281
	Carica papaya	282
	Chenopodium ambrosioides	282
	Cissus populnea	282
	Citrus sinensis	283
	Cyperus esculentus	283
	Enantia chlorantha	284
	Entandrophragma utile	284
	Garcinia kola	287
	Hymenocardia acida	287
	Ipomoea involucrata	287
	Justicia secunda	288
	Khaya senegalensis	288
	Moringa oleifera	289
	Parquetina nigrescens	289
	Persea americana	289
	Petiveria alliacea	290
	Plumbago zeylanica	290
	Solenostemon monostachyus	291
	Terminalia catappa	291
	Tinosporia cordifolia	291
	Uvaria chamae	292
	Vernonia amygdalina	292
	Vigna subterranea	293
	Vigna unguiculata	293
	Xylopia aethiopic	293
	Zanthoxylum macrophylla	294
	References	294
	Pharmacology and Toxicology of Nepeta cataria (Catmint) Species of Genus Nepeta: A Review	298
	Introduction	298
	Traditional Uses	300
	Phytochemistry	301
	Biological Activity (Pharmacology)	301
	Anti-inflammatory, Anti-nociceptive and Cytotoxic Activity	301
	Antimicrobial and Antifungal Activity	302
	Antioxidant Activities	303
	Anthelmintic, Nematicidal, and Trypanocidal Activity	304
	Effects on Central Nervous System	304
	Feline Attractant	305
	Insect Repellent, Attractant, and Insecticidal Activity	305
	Spasmolytic and Bronchodilatory Activities	306
	Safety and Toxicity	306
	Acute Oral Toxicity	306
	Acute Dermal Toxicity	307
	Acute Inhalation Toxicity	307
	Primary Skin Irritation	307
	Primary Eye Irritation	307
	Toxicology Study of Refined Oil of N. cataria (Biochemical Pesticide)	307
	Future Prospective	308
	Ethnopharmacological Prospective	308
	Integrated Pest Management (Sex Pheromone Defensive Secretions)	308
	Biosynthesis of Alkaloids	308
	Conclusion	309
	References	309
	Chemistry and Pharmacology of Guggulsterone: An Active Principle of Guggul Plant	313
	Introduction	314
	Chemistry	314
	Pharmacology	318
	Hypolipidaemic	318
	Thyroid-Stimulating Action	320
	Cardioprotective Activity	320
	Antidiabetic	320
	Anti-inflammatory	321
	Pancreatitis	321
	Anticancer	322
	Pancreatic Cancer	322
	Head and Neck Cancer	322
	Breast Cancer	322
	Prostate Cancer	323
	Lung Cancer	324
	Leukaemia	324
	Melanoma	324
	Gallbladder Cancer	324
	Oesophageal Cancer	324
	Colon Cancer	325
	Brain Tumours	325
	Hepatoprotective Effect	325
	Kidney Protection Effects	326
	Gastroprotective	326
	Neuroprotective Activity	326
	Conclusions and Future Perspectives	326
	References	327
	Phytochemical and Pharmacological Approaches of Traditional Alternate Cassia occidentalis L.	332
	Introduction (Vernacular Names and Profile)	332
	Vernacular Names	332
	Plant Profile	333
	Phytochemical Extraction Protocols for Analysis and Bioactivities	335
	Phytochemical Screening	339
	Nutritive Values Through the Phytochemical Measures	341
	Biological and Toxicological Studies of Cassia occidentalis	342
	Hepatoprotective Activity	342
	Hypoglycemic Activity	343
	Antimalarial Activity	344
	Anti-inflammatory Activity	344
	Immunosuppressant Activity	344
	Hypolipidemic/Anti-atherosclerogenic	345
	Antipyretic Activity	345
	Toxicities Associated with the Plant	345
	Herbal Formulation	346
	Conclusion	348
	References	349
	Tamarix aphylla (L.) Karst. Phytochemical and Bioactive Profile Compilations of Less Discussed but Effective Naturally Growing Saudi Plant	353
	Introduction	353
	Plant Profile and Availability	354
	Traditional Values	355
	Phytochemical Screenings and Chemistry	356
	Bioactive Potential	358
	Antidiabetic	358
	Hypolipidemic	359
	Antifungal	359
	Antibacterial	359
	Anti-inflammatory and Wound Healing	360
	Conclusion	360
	References	361
	Salvadora persica L.: A Medicinal Plant with Multifaceted Role in Maintaining Oral Hygiene	363
	Introduction	363
	Etymology	366
	Classification	366
	Origin/Distribution	366
	Chemical and Phytochemical Constituents	367
	Economic and Health Impact of Oral Diseases	372
	Multifaceted Role of S. persica in Combating Oral Pathogens	373
	Potential of S. persica in Restricting the Growth of Bacteria	373
	Antimycotic Activity of S. persica	374
	Ability of S. persica in Diminishing Plaque	374
	Clinical Trial Studies on S. persica	375
	Mechanistic Details of S. persica in Maintaining Oral Hygiene	375
	Diverse Effects of S. persica Apart from Oral Hygiene	376
	Antioxidant Activity	376
	Antidiabetic Activity	376
	Anticancer Activity	376
	Benzyl Isothiocyanate and Cancer Protein Targets	377
	Conclusion and Future Perspectives	378
	References	378
	Index	382