Preface	6
	Contents	9
	About the Editors	11
	General	14
	1 Introduction of Automotive Tribology	15
	1.1 Introduction	15
	1.1.1 Friction	16
	1.1.2 Wear	16
	1.1.3 Lubrication	17
	1.1.4 Factors Which Affect the Tribological Performance	18
	1.1.5 Application of Tribology	19
	References	24
	New Materials for Automotive Applications	26
	2 Tribological Aspects of Automotive Engines	27
	2.1 Introduction	27
	2.2 Automotive Engine Tribology	29
	2.2.1 Engine	29
	2.2.2 Engine Lubrication Regimes and Wear Calculations	29
	2.2.3 Piston Ring Assembly	30
	2.2.4 Engine Bearing	31
	2.2.5 Valve-Train	32
	2.2.6 Cam Follower	32
	2.3 Transmission and Drive Line Tribology	33
	2.3.1 Transmission Line	33
	2.3.2 Traction Drive Components	33
	2.3.3 Wheel Bearing	34
	2.3.4 Drive Chain	34
	2.4 Trends in Automotive Engine Tribology	34
	2.4.1 New Material Development	34
	2.4.2 Development of Nano-tribology	35
	2.5 Trends in Automotive Lubricants	35
	2.5.1 Engine Lubricants	35
	2.5.2 Gear Lubricants	36
	2.5.3 Axle Lubricants	36
	2.5.4 Solid Lubricants	36
	2.6 Summary	37
	References	37
	3 The Potential of Natural Fibers for Automotive Sector	40
	3.1 Introduction	41
	3.2 Applications of Natural Fibre-Reinforced Polymer Composites (NFRC)	43
	3.3 Advantages of Natural Fibre-Reinforced Polymer Composites	43
	3.4 Disadvantages of Natural Fibre-Reinforced Polymer Composites	44
	3.5 Classification of Natural Fibres	44
	3.6 Mechanical Testing of Natural-Fibre Composites	45
	3.6.1 Tensile Strength of Composite	45
	3.6.2 Elongation at Break (%)	47
	3.6.3 Impact Strength	47
	3.6.4 Flexural Strength	48
	3.6.5 Stiffness	48
	3.6.6 Dynamic Mechanical Analysis	49
	3.7 Applications in the Automobile Sector	50
	3.7.1 Interior Components	50
	3.7.2 Exterior Components	55
	3.8 Limitations	55
	3.9 Conclusions	55
	References	56
	4 Future of Metal Foam Materials in Automotive Industry	59
	4.1 Introduction	60
	4.2 Production Methods of Close Cell Metal Foams	61
	4.2.1 Blowing Agent Techniques	62
	4.2.2 Powder Metallurgy Technique (Trade Name—Alulight)	62
	4.2.3 Melt Route Method (Trade Name—Alporas)	63
	4.2.4 Foaming by Gas Injection (Trade Name—Alcan or Cymat)	64
	4.3 Properties of Some of the Commercially Available Al Foams	65
	4.4 Applications and Commercialization of Close-Cell Metal Foam	66
	4.4.1 Light Weight Construction and Energy Absorption Applications	67
	4.4.2 Light Weight Construction with Damping Insulation	68
	4.4.3 Multi-functional Application	68
	4.5 Conclusion	69
	References	69
	5 Study of Tribo-Performance and Application of Polymer Composite	72
	5.1 Introduction	72
	5.2 Tribology	73
	5.2.1 Tribo-Testing Machines	76
	5.3 Tribological Properties of Polymer	76
	5.4 Tribological Properties of Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composite Materials	82
	5.4.1 Glass Fibre Composite	84
	5.4.2 Carbon Fibre Composite	85
	5.4.3 Natural Fibre Composite	91
	5.5 Tribological Application of Composite Materials	91
	5.5.1 Gears	94
	5.5.2 Brake Pads	95
	5.5.3 Springs	97
	5.6 Conclusions	98
	5.7 Future Works	101
	References	101
	6 Mechanical and Erosion Characteristics of Natural Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composite: Effect of Filler Size	107
	6.1 Introduction	108
	6.2 Types of Natural Fibers	109
	6.2.1 Composite Fabrication Techniques	110
	6.2.2 Particle Size Distribution of Mill Scale	112
	6.2.3 Mechanical Characterization	112
	6.3 Erosion Behavior of NFRP Composites	115
	6.3.1 Air Jet Erosion Test Rig	115
	6.3.2 Effect of Impingement Angle on Erosion Rate with Varying Mill Scale Size in Composites	116
	6.3.3 Effect of Impact Velocity on Erosion Rate with Varying Mill Scale Size in Composites	118
	6.3.4 Effect of Environment Temperature on Erosion Rate with Varying Mill Scale Size in Composites	119
	6.4 Conclusion	119
	References	120
	7 Erosive Wear Behaviour of Carbon Fiber/Silicon Nitride Polymer Composite for Automotive Application	123
	7.1 Introduction	124
	7.2 Materials and Methods	125
	7.2.1 Composite Fabrication	125
	7.2.2 Solid Particle Erosion	128
	7.3 Result and Discussion	128
	7.4 Conclusion	133
	References	133
	8 Effects of Reinforcement on Tribological Behaviour of Aluminium Matrix Composites	136
	8.1 Introduction	136
	8.2 Reinforcement Particle in AMC	137
	8.3 Techniques of Manufacturing AMCs	138
	8.3.1 Squeeze Casting	139
	8.3.2 Compocasting	140
	8.3.3 Stir Casting	140
	8.4 Tribology of AMCs	141
	8.5 Mechanical Properties of AMCs	144
	8.6 Applications of AMCs	145
	8.7 Conclusion	146
	References	146
	New Lubricants for Automotive Applications	149
	9 Current and Future Trends in Grease Lubrication	150
	9.1 Introduction	151
	9.1.1 Background	151
	9.1.2 Overview of Lubricants	151
	9.2 Grease	152
	9.3 Grease Composition	153
	9.3.1 Base Oil	153
	9.3.2 Thickener	156
	9.3.3 Additives	157
	9.4 General Method for Grease Synthesis	158
	9.5 Test Methods	159
	9.5.1 Physical Property Testing	159
	9.5.2 Tribological Performance Testing	164
	9.6 Grease Specification for Automotive Industry	167
	9.7 Grease Lubrication Mechanism	167
	9.8 Grease Tribology	171
	9.9 Compatibility of Greases	180
	9.10 Application of Grease	180
	9.11 Summary	181
	References	182
	10 Lubrication Effectiveness and Sustainability of Solid/Liquid Additives in Automotive Tribology	186
	10.1 Introduction	186
	10.1.1 Preparation Method of Lubricants/Vapor Deposition	187
	10.1.2 Physical Properties of Steel and Ball-on-Disk Test Procedure	188
	10.1.3 Theory of Sliding Friction and Wear	189
	10.1.4 Tribological Investigation	190
	10.1.5 Influencing Wear Parameters	193
	10.1.6 Conclusions and Future Directions	197
	References	198
	11 Potential of Bio-lubricants in Automotive Tribology	200
	11.1 Introduction	200
	11.2 Lubrication and Lubricants	202
	11.3 Bio-lubricants	203
	11.3.1 Bio-lubricant Properties	204
	11.3.2 Biodegradability	207
	11.3.3 Merits and Demerits of Bio-lubricant	208
	11.3.4 Bio-lubricants in Automotive Tribology	209
	11.4 Conclusion	214
	References	214
	Surface Morphologies for Automotive Applications	218
	12 Influence of Surface Texturing on Friction and Wear	219
	12.1 Introduction	220
	12.2 Texturing on Tribo Surface Using Milling Operation	224
	12.3 Investigating the Tribological Properties Using Pin-on-Disc Tribometer	226
	12.4 Understanding the Mechanisms Involved During Tribo Tests	231
	12.4.1 Lubricant Reservoirs Leading to Friction Reduction	231
	12.4.2 Presence of Third Bodies in the Dimples (Dry Condition)	232
	12.4.3 Increase in COF with the Increase in Load and Texture Density	232
	12.4.4 Understanding the Severity of the Wear on the Counter Surface Against the Textured Surface	233
	12.5 Conclusion	235
	References	235
	13 Magneto Rheological Fluid Based Smart Automobile Brake and Clutch Systems	238
	13.1 Introduction	238
	13.1.1 Constituents of Magneto Rheological Fluid	239
	13.1.2 Operational Mode for Magnetorheological Fluid	243
	13.2 Need for Magneto Rheological Fluid	244
	13.3 Mathematical Modelling	245
	13.3.1 Magnetic Properties of Suspended Particles	245
	13.3.2 Viscous Incompressible Flow with Pressure Gradient	246
	13.3.3 Magneto Rheological Fluid Models	248
	13.4 Magneto Rheological Fluid	255
	13.4.1 Synthesis and Characterization	256
	13.5 Sedimentation Test	257
	13.6 Applications of MR Fluid	258
	13.6.1 Magneto-Rheological Brake and Clutch System	259
	13.7 Classification of MR Fluid Based Braking System	261
	13.7.1 Drum Brake	261
	13.7.2 Inverted Drum Brake	262
	13.7.3 T-Shaped Rotor Brake	263
	13.7.4 Disk Type Brake	264
	13.7.5 Multiple Disk Brake	265
	13.8 Summary	266
	References	266
	14 Shot Peening Effects on Abrasive Wear Behavior of Medium Carbon Steel	270
	14.1 Introduction	270
	14.2 Experimental Details	273
	14.2.1 Specimen Preparation for Shot Peening	273
	14.2.2 Shot Peening	273
	14.2.3 Abrasive Wear Test	275
	14.2.4 Micro-hardness Measurements	277
	14.3 Results and Discussion	277
	14.3.1 Materials and Microstructure	277
	14.3.2 Microstructure After Shot Peening	278
	14.3.3 Micro Hardness	279
	14.3.4 Wear Behaviour	280
	14.4 Conclusion	284
	References	285
	15 Tribological Performance of Surface Textured Automotive Components: A Review	287
	15.1 Introduction	288
	15.2 Texture Design	289
	15.2.1 Texture Geometry	289
	15.2.2 Texture Position	295
	15.3 Surface Texturing in Automotive Components	297
	15.3.1 Cylinder Liner	298
	15.3.2 Wet Clutch	298
	15.3.3 Piston Ring	299
	15.3.4 Engine Bearings	299
	15.4 Texture Fabrication Techniques	300
	15.5 Concluding Remarks	302
	References	302
	16 Applications of Tribology on Engine Performance	307
	16.1 Introduction	308
	16.2 Automotive Tribology and Its Importance	308
	16.3 Components of IC Engine Subjected to Friction and Wear	309
	16.3.1 Piston Rings	310
	16.3.2 Journal Bearings	312
	16.3.3 Valve Train	313
	16.4 Tribological Improvements of IC Engine	315
	16.4.1 Engine Friction Reduction	316
	16.4.2 Hybridization and Engine Downsizing	320
	16.4.3 New Combustion Concepts	321
	16.5 Summary	322
	References	323
	17 Asbestos Free Braking Pads by Using Organic Fiber Based Reinforced Composites for Automotive Industries	326
	17.1 Introduction	327
	17.2 Literature Review	328
	17.2.1 Organic Fiber as Reinforcing Material for Braking Pads	328
	17.2.2 Organic Filler as Reinforcing Material for Braking Pads	329
	17.3 Experimental Procedure	330
	17.3.1 Seashell	330
	17.3.2 Periwinkle Shell	330
	17.3.3 Palm Kernel Fiber	330
	17.3.4 Banana Peels	330
	17.3.5 Sisal Fibers	331
	17.4 Preparation and Characterization of the Brake Pad Composites	331
	17.4.1 Organic Fibers	332
	17.4.2 Organic Fillers	335
	17.5 Friction, Wear Behavior, and Mechanisms of Organic Fiber Reinforced Brake Friction Materials	338
	17.6 Current Challenges and Future Research Direction in Brake Pad Composites	339
	17.7 Conclusion	340
	References	340