Front Cover	1
	Fundamentals of Salt Water Desalination	4
	Copyright Page	5
	Contents	14
	Preface	8
	Symbols	12
	Chapter 1. Introduction	22
	Objectives	23
	1.1. Resources and Need for Water Desalination	23
	1.2. Composition of Seawater	27
	1.3. Historical Background	28
	1.4. Definition and Classification of Industrial Desalination Processes	32
	1.5. Market Status for Desalination Processes	36
	References	37
	Chapter 2. Single Effect Evaporation	40
	Objectives	41
	2.1. Single Effect Evaporation	41
	2.2. Evaporators	64
	Review Questions	68
	Problems	68
	Chapter 3. Single Effect Evaporation – Vapor Compression	70
	Objectives	71
	3.1. Single Effect Thermal Vapor Compression	71
	3.2. Single Effect Mechanical Vapor Compression	102
	3.3. Single Effect Absorption Vapor Compression	131
	3.4. Single Effect Adsorption Vapor Compression	150
	References	166
	Problems	166
	Chapter 4. Multiple Effect Evaporation	168
	Objectives	169
	4.1. Developments in Multiple Effect Evaporation	169
	4.2. Forward Feed Multiple Effect Evaporation	173
	4.3. Parallel Feed Multiple Effect Evaporation	209
	References	229
	Chapter 5. Multiple Effect Evaporation – Vapor Compression	232
	Objectives	233
	5.1. Parallel Feed Multiple Effect Evaporation with Thermal and Mechanical Vapor Compression	233
	5.2. Forward Feed Multiple Effect Evaporation with Thermal Vapor Compression	264
	5.3. Forward Feed Multiple Effect Evaporation with Mechanical Vapor Compression	281
	5.4. Forward Feed Multiple Effect Evaporation with Absorption Vapor Compression	284
	5.5. Forward Feed Multiple Effect Evaporation with Adsorption Vapor Compression	287
	5.6. Summary	290
	Chapter 6. Multi Stage Flash Distillation	292
	Objectives	293
	6.1. Developments in MSF	293
	6.2. MSF Flashing Stage	297
	6.3. MSF Process Synthesis	303
	6.4. Once Through MSF	343
	6.5. Brine Circulation MSF	366
	6.6. MSF with Thermal Vapor Compression	406
	6.7. MSF with Brine Mixing	418
	Problems	426
	Chapter 7. Reverse Osmosis	430
	Objectives	431
	7.1. Historical Background	431
	7.2. Elements of Membrane Separation	433
	7.3. Performance Parameters	435
	7.4. RO Membranes	437
	7.5. Membrane Modules	439
	7.6. RO Systems	442
	7.7. RO Models and System Variables	445
	7.8. Case Studies	450
	Problems	456
	Chapter 8. Reverse Osmosis Feed Treatment, Biofouling, and Membrane Cleaning	460
	Objectives	461
	8.1. Nee for Pretreatment Processes in RO	461
	8.2. Testing Methods	462
	8.3. Suspended Solids and Silt Reduction	463
	8.4. Fouling and Scale Control	464
	8.5. Biofouling in RO	467
	8.6. Membrane Cleaning	470
	8.7. Membrane Storage	472
	References	473
	Chapter 9. Associated Processes	474
	Objectives	475
	9.1. Venting of Non-Condensable Gases	475
	9.2. Steam Jet Ejectors	479
	9.3. Wire Mesh Demisters	496
	9.4. Interstage Brine Transfer Devices	512
	References	518
	Chapter 10. Economic Analysis of Desalination Processes	524
	Objectives	525
	10.1. Factors Affecting Product Cost	525
	10.2. Elements of Economic Calculations	525
	10.3. Cost Evaluation	530
	10.4. Case Studies	535
	10.5. Summary	542
	References	544
	Problems	544
	Appendix A. Thermodynamic Properties	546
	A.l. Seawater Density	547
	A.2. Seawater Specific Heat at Constant Pressure	549
	A.3. Seawater Dynamic Viscosity	551
	A.4. Seawater Thermal Conductivity	553
	A.5. Enthalpy of Saturated Liquid Water	555
	A.6. Enthalpy of Saturated Water Vapor	557
	A.7. Latent Heat of Water Evaporation	559
	A.8. Entropy of Saturated Liquid Water	561
	A.9. Entropy of Saturated Water Vapor	563
	A. 10. Saturation Pressure of Water Vapor	565
	A. 11. Saturation Temperature of Water Vapor	567
	A. 12. Specific Volume of Saturated Water Vapor	569
	A. 13. Specific Volume of Saturated Liquid Water	571
	A. 14. Dynamic Viscosity of Saturated Liquid Water	573
	A. 15. Dynamic Viscosity of Saturated Water Vapor	575
	A. 16. Surface Tension of Saturated Liquid Water	577
	A. 17. Enthalpy of LiBr Water Solution	579
	A. 18. Boiling Temperature of LiBr Water Solution	582
	Appendix B. Thermodynamic Losses	586
	B.l. Boiling Point Elevation	587
	B.2. Non-Equilibrium Allowance in MSF	589
	B.3. Non-Equilibrium Allowance in MEE	591
	B.4. Demister Pressure Drop	593
	B.5. Pressure Drop in Connecting Lines	595
	B.6. Gravitational Pressure Drop	598
	B.7. Acceleration Pressure Drop	601
	References	604
	Appendix C. Heat Transfer Coefficients	606
	C. 1. Falling Film on the Tube Outside Surface	607
	C.2. Vapor Condensation Inside Tubes	609
	C.3. Seawater Flowing Inside Tubes	611
	C.4. Vapor Condensation on the Outside Surface of Tubes	613
	C.5. Water Flow in Plate Heat Exchanger	615
	C.6. Condenser and Evaporator Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient	617
	References	618
	Appendix D. Computer Package	620
	D.l. Main Window	621
	D.2. Physical Properties	627
	D.3. Single Effect Evaporation (SEE)	630
	D.4. Single Effect Evaporation – Vapor Compression	640
	D.5. Parallel Feed Multiple Effect Evaporation	662
	D.6. Parallel Feed Multiple Effect Evaporation – Vapor Compression	666
	D.7. Forward Feed Multiple Effect Evaporation	673
	D.8. Multistage Flash Desalination	681
	Index	689