Foreword	5
	Preface	6
	Contents	7
	Part I: Phylogenesis and Ontogenesis	9
	Comparative Anatomy of the Axial Skeleton of Vertebrates	10
	Introduction	10
	The Organization Plan for the Vertebrates	10
	Adaptive Constraints of the Living Environment	11
	Constraints of the Aquatic Environment	11
	Constraints of the Terrestrial Air Environment	11
	Fish	11
	Terrestrial Vertebrates	12
	Amphibians (About 7000 Species)	13
	Reptiles (Approximately 8950 Species)	14
	The Cervical Spine	15
	Birds (Approximately 10,000 Species)	16
	Mammals (About 5500 Species)	16
	The Cervical Spine	17
	Structure	17
	Movements	18
	The Craniovertebral Musculature	19
	Postures	20
	Thoracic Spine and Lumbosacral	21
	Structures	21
	Musculature	22
	Postures	22
	References	25
	Embryology of the Vertebral Column	26
	Genetic and Biochemical Considerations	26
	Embryology of the Vertebromedullary Axis	27
	Early Development	27
	Trilaminar Embryo	28
	The Notochord	29
	Primary Neurulation	29
	Secondary Neurulation	29
	Formation and Differentiation of Somites	29
	References	30
	The Growing Spine	32
	A Mosaic of Growth Cartilage	32
	Vertebral Growth Is Growth by Endochondral Ossification	32
	Embryology Holds First Truths	32
	The Fetal Period: The Strongest of All Growth Is the Intra-Uterine Period	33
	Vertebral Curves Are Not Primitive But Acquired	34
	At Birth, 30% of the Spine Is Ossified	34
	The First Five Years of Life Are Decisive: Living Growth	34
	Growth Between 5 Years and the Beginning of the Puberty	37
	Puberty, a Decisive Turn: New Acceleration	37
	Each Level of the Spine: A Different Growth	37
	The Cervical Spine	37
	Central Spinal Canal at the End of Growth	37
	Cervical Spine Height	38
	The Superior Cervical Spine	38
	The Growth of the Atlas (Figs. 27, 28, and 29)	38
	The Growth of the Axis Is Even More Complex	40
	The Lower Cervical Spine	40
	The T1-S1 Segment (Figs. 31a, b, 32, and 33)	41
	The Thoracic Spine T1-T12 (Figs. 34 and 35)	41
	The Lumbar Spine L1-L5 (Figs. 36 and 37)	42
	The Sacrum	42
	The Intervertebral Disc	44
	The Growth of the Thorax: 4th Dimension of the Spine	44
	Bodyweight	47
	Parasol Effect	50
	What Size Deficit for Which Arthrodesis?	51
	First Scenario: Arthrodesis of the Thoracic Spine	51
	Second Scenario: Arthrodesis of the Lumbar Spine	53
	All Scoliosis Will in Time Become Identified as a Growth Cartilage Disease	54
	The Growth of the Spine: From Normal to Pathological	54
	Managing Infantile Scoliosis Is Controlling the Vilebrequin Effect	55
	Suggested Readings	58
	The Growth Cartilages of the Spine and Pelvic Vertebra	60
	Neurocentral Cartilage (NCC)	60
	The Ring Apophysis	68
	Ossification of the Pelvic Vertebra	73
	Bone Age During Puberty	75
	References	81
	Morphologic and Functional Evolution of the Aging Spine	82
	Age-Related Structural Alterations	82
	The Intervertebral Disc	82
	Structural Modifications	82
	A Fragile Avascular Tissue	83
	A Genetic Predisposition?	83
	Genesis and Contributions to Aging on Histomorphological Features	83
	Aggravating Factors	85
	Mechanical Factors	85
	Inflammatory Factors	86
	Vascular Factors	86
	Specific Features in the Cervical Spine	88
	Lumbar and Cervical Tandem Lesions	88
	The Posterior Arch	89
	Facet Joints or Zygapophyseal Joints	89
	Spinous Processes	91
	Ligaments	91
	Muscles	92
	Bone	94
	Aging and Neurological Control of Posture	96
	Proprioception	96
	Vision and Visual Motor Control	97
	The Vestibule	97
	Central Integration	98
	Functional Alterations Associated with Aging	98
	Postures and Dynamic Balances in Normal Adults	98
	Bipedal Folding Chains	99
	Sagittal BFC	99
	The Spine	99
	The Pelvic Girdle	102
	The Two Lower Limbs	103
	Coronal BFC	103
	Transversal BFC	104
	Postural Control	106
	Functional Alterations Related to Aging (Table 1)	107
	Body Balance After Surgical Correction	111
	References	114
	Part II: Postural Anatomy	117
	The Standing Position: Its Principles and Spinopelvic Relations	118
	Introduction	118
	Form and Position of the Pelvis	118
	Limits for Pelvic Parameters	119
	Influence of the Pelvic Incidence on the Shape of the Pelvis [4]	120
	The Lumbar Lordosis	121
	Remarks	123
	Pelvic Incidence Relationship Lumbar Lordosis	124
	Global Balance of the Thoracic and Lumbar Spine. Position of C7 (Fig. 11)	124
	Values of Overall Balance	125
	Mechanisms for the Compensation of the Spinopelvic Balance	125
	Spinopelvic Origin Balance	126
	Spinal Imbalance	126
	Primary Compensation Mechanisms	126
	Influence of the Shape of the Pelvis on Pelvic Version	126
	Algorithm of Spinopelvic Balance (Table 1)	127
	Analysis of Spinal and Discal Constraints: Influence of Spinopelvic Balance	127
	Conclusion	127
	References	130
	The Reserve of Hip Extension and Its Relationship with the Spine	131
	Applications	134
	Stretching	134
	Surgery	135
	Conclusions and Perspectives	135
	References	135
	The EOS System: Overall Assessment of Balance of the Vertebral Column and Its Movements	136
	Information Provided for 2D Alignment of the Body (Fig. 2)	136
	Information Provided by 3D Volumic Surface Reconstructions Obtained Through Computer Software	138
	References	143
	Part III: Descriptive Anatomy	144
	The Cranial Vertebra	145
	Phylogenesis	145
	Centre of Gravity of the Head	147
	How to Recognize the Exact Position of the Head on Lateral Radiographs?	147
	What Radiological References May We Use? (Fig. 13)	150
	How Is the Sagittal Cervical Balance Below the Cranial Vertebra?	151
	References	153
	Surgical Anatomy of the Vertebral Pedicle	154
	Anatomical Studies, Dimensions and Orientation of Vertebral Pedicles in a Normal Spine	154
	Overview	154
	Comparative Anatomy by Location	155
	Orientation [6] (Figs. 2 and 3)	155
	Interpedicular Dimensions [3, 6]	156
	Radiological Assessment of Pedicle Dimensions	156
	Applications to the Target Pedicle and Contribution of Navigation	157
	Point of Entry to the Pedicle [7] (Fig. 5)	157
	Special Cases	158
	The Pedicle in Scoliosis (Figs. 6 and 7)	158
	Dysplastic Pedicles of Neurofibromatosis [8]	158
	The Pedicle in Vertebral Malformations	159
	Conclusion	160
	References	161
	Sacrum Anatomy: New Concepts	162
	Study of Radiological Correlation of Pelvic Parameters and Lumbar Lordosis in Standing, Sitting and Lying (Supine) Positions (Fig. 1)	162
	Introduction	162
	Patients and Methods	162
	Radiography	163
	Radiological and Statistical Analyses	163
	Results	163
	Discussion	163
	Neurovascular Risks During the Insertion of the S1 Screw: An Anatomical Study	164
	Introduction	164
	In Vivo CT Measurements	165
	Results	165
	Discussion	165
	Pelvic Fixation: Surgical Techniques	166
	The Biomechanical Zones at the Level of the Sacrum (Fig. 3)	166
	Screw Insertion at S1 and S2 (Fig. 4)	166
	Jackson’s Intrasacral Rod (Fig. 5)	167
	The Galveston Stem (Fig. 6)	167
	Iliac Screw Insertion (Fig. 7)	167
	Iliosacral Screw Insertion (Fig. 8)	168
	S2 Iliac Screw Insertion (Fig. 9)	168
	“T-Construct” by Vialle (Fig. 10)	170
	References	170
	The Pelvic Vertebra, the Cephalic Vertebra and the Concept of the Chain of Balance	172
	Introduction: Foundation for the Concept	172
	Anatomical Basis for the Pelvic Vertebra	173
	Morphologically	173
	Intrapelvic Degrees of Freedom	174
	On the Other Hand, the Degrees of Freedom Around the Pelvic Vertebra Are Quite Considerable	175
	Plasticity of the Pelvic Vertebra	175
	The Texture and the Bone Architecture of the Pelvis	175
	Physiological, Pathophysiological and Mechanical Implications of the Pelvic Vertebrae	176
	The Pelvic Vertebra as an “Intercalary Bone”	176
	Practical Consequences of These Findings	179
	Therapeutic Consequences	180
	The Paralytic Pelvic Obliquity Correction Strategy	180
	The Three-Dimensional Equilibrium of High Grade Spondylolisthesis	182
	Compensation Phenomena Occurring at the Level of the Pelvic Vertebra	183
	The Possibilities of Anatomical Changes in the Pelvic Vertebra with Bilateral Pelvic Osteotomies of Sagittal Reorientation of the Trunk	183
	The Therapeutic Consequences of the Notion of the Cephalic Vertebra Are Just as Important	185
	Conclusion	187
	References	187
	The Cranial and Pelvic “Vertebrae” Are They Real Vertebrae?	189
	Introduction	189
	Formation and Growth of the Skull	189
	Somites	189
	Basicranial Chondrogenesis (Figs. 2, 3, 4, and 5)	190
	Craniofacial Ossification (Figs. 6 and 7)	191
	Craniofacial Growth	192
	Conclusion	193
	Formation, Growth, and Aging of the Pelvic Ring	193
	Phylogenesis	193
	Formation and Growth of the Sacrum	195
	Formation and Growth of the Coxal Bone [24–26]	197
	Formation and Growth of the Sacroiliac Joint (SIJ)	200
	How Is the Acetabulum Oriented According to the Pelvic Position?	201
	References	206
	The Intervertebral Disc	207
	General Characters	207
	Biomechanical Specifications	207
	Anatomical Structure [1–3]	207
	IVD Ultrastructure (Fig. 4)	208
	Glycosaminoglycans (GAG) [7–13]	208
	Collagen [14–16]	209
	Water and Chemical Composition of Human Discs [8]	209
	Proteolytic Enzymes [17]	209
	Vascularization and Innervation of the Disc	210
	Role of the Disc	210
	Movements and Constraints	211
	Variations According to Spinal Levels	212
	Disc Fissuring and Herniation (Figs. 9 and 10)	213
	References	215
	Anatomy of the Thoraco-Lumbar Facet Joint	217
	Formation of the Posterior Thoraco -Lumbar Joints [1]	217
	Morphology of Posterior Thoraco-Lumbar Joints (TLJ)	217
	Morphology of the Posterior Thoracic Joints	217
	Morphology of the Posterior Lumbar Joints	218
	Participation of the Posterior Articulations in the Overall Stability of the Spine [1]	219
	Vertical Stability	219
	Horizontal Stability	221
	Participation of Posterior Articulations in Vertebral Dynamics [1]	223
	Flexion-Extension and Tilt-Rotation (Fig. 8)	223
	Facet Asymmetry	224
	Innervation of the Posterior Articulations	224
	Most Common Pathologies of Posterior Lumbar Joints	224
	References	226
	The Spinal Ligaments	228
	Ligaments in the Suboccipital Area	228
	Ligaments of the Lower Cervical Area	232
	The Ligaments of the Thoracic Area	232
	Ligaments of the Lumbar Area	233
	The Ligaments of the Sacral Area	238
	Ligaments in Spinal Pathology	238
	Traumatology	238
	Degenerative Pathology	239
	Cervical Level	239
	Thoracic Level	240
	Lumbar Level	240
	Tumor Pathology	241
	Spinal Deformities	241
	References	241
	Sacroiliac Joints	242
	Descriptive and Functional Anatomy of the Pelvic Girdle	242
	The Pubic Symphysis	242
	Sacroiliac Joints	242
	The Sacrococcygeal Joint	243
	Biomechanical	243
	Static: The Pelvic Girdle Is Hyperstable	243
	Kinematics of the Sacroiliac Joint	244
	Conclusion	248
	References	249
	The Normal and Pathological Spinal Muscle	250
	Introduction	250
	Normal Descriptive Anatomy	250
	The Cervical Muscles	250
	Deep Muscles	250
	The Peripheral Muscles	251
	The Sternocleidomastoid (SCM)	251
	The Trapezius	253
	The Intermediate Muscles Extending Upwards	254
	The Intermediate Muscles Extending Downwards	255
	Scaleni	255
	Thoraco-Lumbar Muscles	256
	Posterior Muscle Group	257
	The Deep Plane	257
	The Intermediate Plane	257
	The Superficial Plane	258
	Lateral Muscle Group	258
	Anterior Muscle Group (Fig. 20)	259
	The Aponeurosis	262
	The Thoraco-Lumbar Aponeuroses	262
	Action	263
	Stabilizing Action	263
	Dynamic Action	264
	Histophysiology	265
	Distribution of Muscle Fibers According to the Spinal Level	265
	Morphological and Functional Variations of Muscle Fibers	266
	Paravertebral Muscles in Spinal Pathology	266
	Elemental Lesions, Lesional Groups	267
	Lumbar Instability Resulting in Chronic Low Back Pain	268
	Arthrogenic Kyphosis	268
	Idiopathic Scoliosis	269
	Muscle Integrity After Posterior Arthrodesis	270
	References	270
	Configuration of the Posterior Lumbar Muscles: Study of Lumbosacral Malformations and the Extraforaminal Approach (ELIF)	272
	Purpose	272
	Background	272
	Anatomy [6]	272
	Patients and Method	272
	Results	273
	Discussion	274
	Conclusion	276
	References	276
	Vertebral Column: Muscles, Aponeurosis, and Fascia	277
	History	277
	Organogenesis	278
	General and Semantic Organization of the Muscle	279
	Curvatures: Anatomical and Biomechanical Fundamentals	279
	Musculo-Aponeurotic Static and Dynamic Mechanical Imperatives	282
	Comparative Anatomy: Curves and Muscles	283
	Numbers	283
	Old Nomenclature	284
	Modern Nomenclature	284
	Muscle Insertions	284
	Intrinsic and Semantic Morphology	285
	Sarcomere and Myofibrils	285
	Titin: The Primary Elastic Protection of the Sarcomere	288
	Muscles and Aponeurosis	289
	Muscle Fasciculi and Aponeurosis	289
	Muscle Fasciculi and Pennation: Topographical Economics	289
	Aponeurosis: Fundamental Structure	290
	A Historical Conceptual Error	290
	Intrinsic Structure of the Aponeurosis: Endomysium and Perimysium Aponeurosis	291
	Mechanism of the Aponeurosis	293
	Muscle with Parallel Fascicles: Pseudo-Penniform	296
	Unipennate Muscle (Fig. 30)	296
	Bipennate Muscle	296
	Angles of Pennation Articulation and Muscular Power	297
	Muscular Action and Topography	298
	Topography and Global Functionality	298
	Muscle Direction	301
	Muscle Torsion	303
	Monoarticular Muscles and Mechanical Rotary Results	304
	Polyarticular Muscles and Resultant Mechanical Rotators	305
	Mechanical Properties	306
	Muscular Work	306
	Muscle Yield	306
	Fascicle Mechanic Performance and Physiological Cross-Sectional Area (PCSA)	306
	Global Mechanical Properties of the Muscle–Aponeurosis–Tendon Complex	309
	Muscle Functions and Composite Beam (Fig. 49)	309
	Purpose, Symmetry, Variability	310
	Volume and Strength of Muscles	311
	Law of Third Dimensional Articular Dynamic Rotational Centering	311
	Muscular Ambivalence: Articular Chains and Stato-Dynamic Effects of Muscles	312
	Muscle Force and Levers	312
	Compliance	312
	New Compliance Concepts: Muscular Fascicles and Fascia (aponeurosis)	313
	Fasciae	313
	Terminology: Fascia of Contention	313
	Structure of the Fascia	314
	Properties of Fascia	314
	Clinical Implications	315
	Muscle and Infiltration Fat: Aging	315
	Conclusion	316
	References	317
	Functional Anatomy of the Erector Spinae: Review	319
	Introduction	319
	Descriptive Anatomy of the Paravertebral Gutter	319
	Plane of the Transverse—Spinous Process Muscles (Deepest)	319
	Plane of the Spinalis and Semispinalis Muscles	320
	Plane of Longissimus and Iliocostal Muscles	320
	Plane of the Splenius Muscles	320
	Anatomical Models (Figs. 1 and 2)	320
	Control and Genesis of Trunk Movements During Walking	322
	Erector Spinae Muscle Activity During Locomotion	323
	Theory of Chronic Lumbago of Muscular Origin	323
	Conclusion	324
	References	324
	Connective Tissues of the Posterior Aspect of the Trunk	326
	Introduction	326
	Fascia Superficialis (FS)	327
	Introduction and definition	327
	Composition and Location of the FS	328
	Function	328
	Fascia Profundis (FP)	329
	Lumbosacral Region	329
	Posterior Layer of the Fascia Profundis, Lumbosacral Region	329
	Middle Layer of the Fascia Profundis, Lumbosacral Region	329
	Anterior Layer of the Fascia Profundis, Lumbosacral Region	329
	Thoracic Region	330
	Posterior Layer of the Fascia Profundis, Thoracic Region	330
	Intermediate Layer of the Fascia Profundis, Thoracic Region	332
	Anterior Layer of the Fascia Profundis, Thoracic Region	332
	Cervico-Cranial Region	332
	Posterior Layer of the Fascia Profundis, Cervico-Cranial Region	332
	Intermediate Layer of the Fascia Profundis, Cranio-Cervical Region	332
	Middle Layer of the Fascia Profundis, Cranio-Cervical Region	332
	Anterior Layer of the Fascia Profundis, Cranio-Cervical Region	333
	Innervation	333
	Fibres and Receptors	333
	General Conclusion	336
	References	339
	The Spinal Canal	341
	The Central Spinal Canal (Vertebral Foramen)	341
	Limits (Fig. 1) Superior and Inferior	341
	Peripherals (in the Horizontal Plane)	341
	Diameter—Internal Surface	341
	The Reserve Volume (RV)	343
	The Cervical Spinal Canal	343
	Thoracic Spinal Canal	344
	Lumbar Spinal Canal	344
	The Lateral Recess	346
	The Intervertebral Foramen	347
	Form and Orientation	347
	The Cervical Intervertebral Foramen	348
	The Lumbar Intervertebral Foramen	349
	The Transverse Canal	350
	The Spinal Canals and the Movements of the Column	350
	Degenerative Pathology and the Effects on the Spinal Canals	352
	Spinal Canal and Lateral Recess	353
	The Intervertebral Foramen	353
	References	358
	The Spinal Cord	359
	Description	360
	Anatomofunctional Organization of the Neural Centers of the Gray Matter	362
	The Central Formation Area	362
	Dorsal Horns	368
	The Ventral Horns	371
	Anatomofunctional Organization of the White Matter	376
	Somatosensory Ascending Pathways (Fig. 20)	376
	Descending Pathways	381
	The Pyramidal Tract or Corticospinal Tract (Fig. 22)	381
	Extra Non-pyramidal Tracts	382
	In Total	383
	References	384
	Spinal Nerves (Innervation of the Spine)	386
	General and Nomenclature	386
	Descriptive Anatomy of Spinal Nerves	386
	Relations of the Nerve Roots	386
	At the Lumbar Level [1–6]	386
	1.1.1 Anomalies of the Lumbar Roots [16–18] (Fig. 7)	389
	Innervation of the Spine	389
	Innervation of the Ventral Territory [22–24]	390
	Innervation of the Dorsal Territory [1, 21, 25, 26]	393
	Applications	394
	References	396
	Anatomy of the Spinal Meninges	397
	Introduction	397
	Phyllogenesis	397
	Ontogenesis	397
	Descriptive and Topographical Anatomy of the Spinal Meninges in Adults	398
	The Dura Mater	399
	Morphology	399
	The Fixation-Points of the Spinal Dura Mater	399
	Vascularization	401
	Arteries	401
	Veins	401
	Lymphatics	401
	Innervation	401
	The Relationships of the Dura Mater with the Leptomeninges and the Spinal Nerves	402
	The Arachnoid Mater	402
	The Pia Mater	405
	Meningeal and Perineurial Cysts	407
	The Epidural Space	408
	The Subdural Space	409
	Functional Anatomy	409
	Mechanical Functions	409
	The Spinal Meninges in the CSF Dynamic System	410
	The CSF System in the Immune Defense of the CNS	411
	The Meninges in the CNS Development and Injury	411
	References	411
	Intrinsic Innervation of the Spine	414
	Intervertebral Disc and Vertebral Body (Figs. 1, 2, and 3)	414
	Which Receptors?	414
	Which Pathways to the Spinal Root?	414
	Evolution	417
	Clinical Anatomy	417
	Neural Arch (Fig. 4)	417
	Which Receptors?	417
	Which Pathways to the Spinal Root?	417
	Clinical Anatomy	418
	Conclusion	418
	References	418
	Spinal Vascularization	420
	Embryology [3, 4]	420
	Spine	420
	Spinal Cord	420
	Blood Supply of the Spinal Structures	421
	Prespinal Vessels	421
	Thoracic Aorta (Figs. 2 and 3)	421
	Abdominal Aorta (Fig. 4)	422
	Blood Supply of the Vertebral Structures (Figs. 5 and 6)	424
	The Vertebral Body [10, 11]	424
	The Ventral Group	424
	The Dorsal Group	425
	The Costovertebral Joint	425
	The Dorsal Arch	425
	Intracanalicular System	425
	Dorsal System	426
	The Intervertebral Foramen [6]	426
	Blood Supply of the Spinal Cord (Figs. 5, 7 and 8)	426
	The Radiculomedullary Arteries	426
	At the Cervical Level	427
	At the Thoracolumbar Level	428
	The Great Ventral Radiculomedullary Artery (The Artery of Adamkiewicz)	428
	Other Variations	428
	The Longitudinal Arterial Axis	428
	Ventral Spinal Artery	428
	Dorsal Spinal Arteries	429
	Lateral Spinal Artery [13]	430
	Intrinsic Spinal Cord Vascularization	430
	Central Arteries	430
	Peripheral Arteries	430
	Anastomotic Arterial Pathways [14]	431
	Anastomoses of the Afferent Arterial Supply	431
	Superior or Cervicothoracic Area	431
	Midthoracic Area	431
	Thoracolumbar Area	431
	Peri-Axial Anastomoses	431
	Intra-Axial Anastomoses	431
	Venous Drainage of the Spinal Structures (Figs. 12 and 13)	431
	Intra-Vertebral Venous Network	431
	Medullary Venous Network	431
	Intradural Drainage	432
	Extradural Plexuses [15, 16]	433
	Extra-Vertebral Venous Network	434
	Vertebral Veins	434
	Perivertebral Venous Plexuses	434
	Ventral External Plexuses (Longitudinal Prevertebral Vein)	434
	Dorsal External Plexuses (Deep Cervical and Dorsal Intercostal Veins)	434
	Basivertebral Veins	435
	Communications Between the Vertebral Venous System and Systemic Veins	435
	Longitudinal Prevertebral Vein and Azygos System	435
	Inferior Vena Cava	435
	Focus on the Filum Terminale [12]	435
	References	436
	Part IV: Functional Anatomy	437
	Systemic Approach to the Functioning of the Spine	438
	Introduction	438
	Organization of a System	439
	Qualitative Analysis of the Vertebral System (Fig. 1)	439
	The Entries	439
	Transducers (Receivers or Sensors)	440
	Controls	440
	Tissue-Based Control	440
	Cellular Control	441
	Neurological Checks	441
	Outputs	441
	Feedback	442
	Quantitative Analysis of the Vertebral System	442
	Partial Analysis	442
	Analysis of Overall Functional Capacity	442
	Performances	443
	Fault Factors of the Vertebral System	444
	Failures Related to the Vertebral Structure	444
	Transducer Failures	445
	Failures Related to Controls	445
	Conclusion	445
	References	445
	Kinematics of the Spine	447
	Methods for Measuring Spinal Mobility	449
	In Vitro Measurements	449
	In Vivo Measurements	449
	Amplitude of Spinal Movements	449
	Segmental Amplitudes and Motion Analysis	454
	The Upper Cervical Spine (OC1C2)	454
	The Lower (Sub-Axial) Cervical Spine	456
	The Thoracic Spine	462
	The Lumbar Spine	462
	Evolution of Amplitudes with Age	462
	The Movements of the Vertebral Column in Daily Life	464
	References	474
	Spinal Balance	475
	The Choice of Words	475
	Balance	475
	Alignment	475
	Equilibrium	475
	Posture	475
	Stability	475
	From Alignment to Equilibrium	476
	Importance of Spine Anatomy	476
	The Pelvis	476
	Thoraco-Lumbar Spine	476
	The Cervical Spine	477
	Spine and Central Nervous System: (CNS) and (PNS)	477
	A Word from Neurosciences	477
	Search for Harmony	478
	A Look at the Future	479
	References	479
	Biomechanics and Spinal Modelling	480
	Introduction	480
	Geometric Modelling of the Spine	480
	Geometric Modelling of the Skeleton from Biplane Imagery	480
	Biomechanical Modelling of Spine	483
	Biomechanical Modelling and Conceptual Analysis	484
	Subject-Specific Modelling and Treatment Planning	486
	Personalized Simulation to Estimate the Resistance of an Osteoporotic Vertebra	486
	Personalized Simulation to Estimate the Effect of a Scoliosis Brace	487
	Postural Alignment, Barycentremetry and Muscle Modelling	488
	Conclusion	490
	References	490
	Anatomy Is a Living Language	493
	Anatomy: Open Thought on Modernity	493
	Embryology: The Essence (of Things) of Life	493
	Growth: A Volumetric Revolution, a Morphological Emancipation	493
	Growth Is Not Linear	493
	The Interdependence of Growths Explains the Domino Effect	494
	The Vilebrequin Effect Is Omnipresent	494
	Puberty Idiopathic Scoliosis: Indomitable	494
	COBB Angle: A Virtual Value	494
	Balance: A Priority, an Ardent Obligation	494
	After Growth the Spine Continues Its Destiny	494
	The Time Has Come to Review the Hierarchies	494
	The Muscles and Their Fascia Play an Essential Role	494
	The Curvatures of the Column Promote Mobility, Elasticity, Resistance, and Balance	494
	Scoliotic Disease Is a Life-Long Illness	495
	The Surgeon Has a Physical Relationship with the Anatomy	495
	Anatomy: A Regalian Discipline	495
	Research: Positive Insubordination	495
	Tomorrow: Another Day	495
	Index	496