Title Page	3
	Copyright Page	4
	Table of Contents	5
	Foreword	9
	Executive summary	11
	Findings	12
	Conclusions	13
	Acknowledgements	15
	List of acronyms	17
	List of figures and tables	19
	Introduction	21
	CHAPTER 1 BACKGROUND	25
	1.1 Need for international safety regulations for commercial space activities	26
	1.1.1 Introduction	26
	1.1.2 Widening access to space and its economic significance	27
	1.1.2.1 Military in Space	29
	1.1.2.2 Rise of international commercial space sector	30
	1.1.2.3 Commercial Space Transportation	31
	1.1.2.4 Commercial human spaceflight: emerging new sub-sector of space industry	33
	1.1.2.5 Satellite navigation systems	35
	1.1.3 Safety Risk of Space Missions	35
	1.1.4 Challenges for regulatory regimes and bodies	37
	1.1.4.1 Aerospace vehicles	37
	1.1.4.2 Space debris	38
	1.1.4.3 Military and civil/commercial space operations	39
	CHAPTER 2 LEGAL AND REGULATORY REGIMES	41
	2.1 Current space regulations and standards	42
	2.1.1 Legal and regulatory framework	42
	2.1.1.1 National organizations	42
	2.1.1.1.1 United States Governmental Agencies	42
	National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)	42
	Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)	43
	U.S. Department of Defence (DOD)	44
	2.1.1.1.2 Non-governmental organizations in the United States	44
	Centre for Space Standards and Innovation (CSSI)	44
	American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA)	44
	2.1.1.1.3 Canada	45
	2.1.1.1.4 France	45
	2.1.1.1.5 United Kingdom	48
	2.1.1.1.6 Russian Federation 22	48
	2.1.1.1.7 Ukraine	49
	2.1.1.2 International cooperation	50
	2.1.1.2.1 Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee (IADC)	50
	2.1.1.2.2 United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS)	51
	2.1.1.2.3 Committee on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS)	52
	2.1.1.2.4 European union: proposed code of conduct for outer space activities	53
	2.1.2 Existing International Space Safety Standards	54
	2.1.2.1 European Space Safety Standards	54
	2.1.2.2 International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Standards 40	57
	2.2 Existing international civil regulatory frameworks, other activities or environments	60
	2.2.1 International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)41	61
	2.2.2 International Telecommunication Union (ITU)51	64
	2.2.3 International Maritime Organization (IMO)56	66
	2.2.4 Other sources of international law	67
	2.3 Transition from air law and space law to aerospace law	70
	2.3.1 Introduction	70
	2.3.2 Space law conventions	71
	2.3.3 Boundary between airspace and outer space	74
	2.3.3.1 Spatialist approach: precisely, where is it?	75
	2.3.3.1.1 Territorial airspace	76
	2.3.3.1.2 Airspace above the high seas	77
	2.3.3.1.3 Outer space	77
	2.3.3.1.4 Problems with the spatialist approach	78
	2.3.3.2 Functionalist approach: precisely, what is it?	79
	2.3.3.2.1 Aircraft	79
	2.3.3.2.2 Space objects	81
	2.3.3.2.3 Aerospace vehicles	81
	2.3.3.2.4 Problems with the functionalist approach	81
	2.3.4 Need for a unified legal regime	82
	CHAPTER 3 SAFETY ISSUES	90
	3.1 Safety issues	91
	3.1.1 Launch site processing and ground safety	91
	3.1.2 Flight hardware, ground support equipment, and COTS	92
	3.2 Launch safety	94
	3.3 Suborbital safety	99
	3.4 Orbital safety issues	102
	3.4.1 Orbital debris	102
	3.4.2 Collision risk with orbital debris	104
	3.4.3 Collision risk to human spaceflight	105
	3.4.4 Orbital debris ground risk	107
	3.5 Returning vehicles risk	111
	3.5.1 Risk to people on the ground	111
	3.5.2 Risk to people in aircraft	113
	3.6 Saving lives in space missions	116
	3.6.1 Extending international search and rescue	116
	3.6.2 Ascent emergencies	116
	3.6.3 Orbital safety and rescue	117
	3.6.4 Ionizing radiation risk for human spaceflight	119
	CHAPTER 4 NEED FOR INTERNATIONAL SPACE SAFETY REGULATIONS	120
	4.1 Need for international regulation of STM, space tourism & space debris	121
	4.1.1 Commonality or un-commonality of ground standards	121
	4.1.2 Comprehensive regulatory approach to space traffic management	122
	4.1.2.1 Legal basis for potential STM regime	124
	4.1.2.2 Comparable traffic management regime	127
	4.1.2.3 Other considerations for setting up an STM system	128
	4.1.3 International regulation of aerospace vehicles for space tourism	129
	4.1.4 International regulation of orbital debris	131
	CHAPTER 5 PROPOSAL FOR A NEW REGULATORY REGIME	134
	5.1 ICAO for near-space safety?	135
	5.1.1 Background	135
	5.1.2 Management of space-bound traffic through international airspace	136
	5.1.3 Integration of aviation and space infrastructure	138
	5.1.4 Integrated terrestrial and space weather forecasts	139
	5.1.5 ICAO for an improved international spacesafety culture	140
	5.2 Proposal for a new regulatory regime	142
	5.2.1 Policy principle	142
	5.2.2 Regulatory model	144
	5.2.3 Space safety oversight operating model	144
	5.2.4 ICAO for space organization	147
	5.2.5 General description of the safety certification process	153
	5.2.6 Suggested ICAO for space regulatory implementation	154
	Appendix A Relevant excerpts of the ITU constitution and convention	156
	Constitution of the International Telecommunication Union	156
	Preamble	156
	Convention of the International Telecommunication Union	163
	Resolution 16 (Rev. Minneapolis, 1998)	169
	Appendix B Relevant excerpts of the convention on international civil aviation (Signed at Chicago, on 7 December 1944) –Chicago convention	171
	Excerpts from Part I: Air navigation	171
	Chapter I: General principles and application of the convention	171
	Chapter VI: International standards and recommended practices	174
	Excerpts from Part II: The international civil aviation organization	177
	Chapter VII: The organization	177
	Excerpts from Part III: International air transport	177
	Chapter XIV: Information and reports	177
	Chapter XV: Airports and other air navigation facilities	178
	Relevant excerpts from Annex 1 to Chicago convention – personnel licensing	178
	Chapter 1: Definitions and general rules concerning licences (excerpts)	178
	Chapter 2: Licences and Ratings for Pilots (Excerpts)	180
	Relevant excerpts from Annex 6 to the Chicago convention – operation of aircraft	183
	Chapter 3: General (excerpts)	183
	Chapter 4: Flight Operations (excerpts)	184
	Relevant excerpts from Annex 8 to the Chicago convention: airworthiness of aircraft	186
	Chapter 1: Type Certification (excerpts)	186
	Chapter 2: Production (excerpts)	187
	Chapter 3: Certificate of Airworthiness (excerpts)	188
	Part III: Large aeroplanes	189
	Part IIIA: Aeroplanes over 5700 kg for which application for certification was submitted on or after 13 June 1960 but before 2 March 2004	189
	Chapter 1: General (excerpts)	189
	Chapter 2: Flight (excerpts)	189
	Chapter 3: Structures (excerpts)	190
	Chapter 4: Design and Construction (excerpts)	190
	Chapter 8: Instruments and Equipment (excerpts)	191
	Chapter 10: Continuing Airworthiness – Maintenance Information (excerpts)	192
	Appendix C Model code of conduct for space-faring nations2	193
	Central Objective of this Code of Conduct	193
	Preamble	193
	About the editors	197