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Title Page |
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Copyright Page |
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Table of Contents |
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Foreword |
9 |
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Executive summary |
11 |
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Findings |
12 |
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Conclusions |
13 |
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Acknowledgements |
15 |
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List of acronyms |
17 |
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List of figures and tables |
19 |
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Introduction |
21 |
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CHAPTER 1 BACKGROUND |
25 |
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1.1 Need for international safety regulations for commercial space activities |
26 |
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1.1.1 Introduction |
26 |
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1.1.2 Widening access to space and its economic significance |
27 |
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1.1.2.1 Military in Space |
29 |
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1.1.2.2 Rise of international commercial space sector |
30 |
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1.1.2.3 Commercial Space Transportation |
31 |
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1.1.2.4 Commercial human spaceflight: emerging new sub-sector of space industry |
33 |
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1.1.2.5 Satellite navigation systems |
35 |
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1.1.3 Safety Risk of Space Missions |
35 |
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1.1.4 Challenges for regulatory regimes and bodies |
37 |
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1.1.4.1 Aerospace vehicles |
37 |
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1.1.4.2 Space debris |
38 |
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1.1.4.3 Military and civil/commercial space operations |
39 |
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CHAPTER 2 LEGAL AND REGULATORY REGIMES |
41 |
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2.1 Current space regulations and standards |
42 |
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2.1.1 Legal and regulatory framework |
42 |
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2.1.1.1 National organizations |
42 |
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2.1.1.1.1 United States Governmental Agencies |
42 |
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National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) |
42 |
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Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) |
43 |
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U.S. Department of Defence (DOD) |
44 |
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2.1.1.1.2 Non-governmental organizations in the United States |
44 |
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Centre for Space Standards and Innovation (CSSI) |
44 |
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American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) |
44 |
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2.1.1.1.3 Canada |
45 |
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2.1.1.1.4 France |
45 |
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2.1.1.1.5 United Kingdom |
48 |
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2.1.1.1.6 Russian Federation 22 |
48 |
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2.1.1.1.7 Ukraine |
49 |
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2.1.1.2 International cooperation |
50 |
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2.1.1.2.1 Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee (IADC) |
50 |
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2.1.1.2.2 United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS) |
51 |
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2.1.1.2.3 Committee on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS) |
52 |
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2.1.1.2.4 European union: proposed code of conduct for outer space activities |
53 |
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2.1.2 Existing International Space Safety Standards |
54 |
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2.1.2.1 European Space Safety Standards |
54 |
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2.1.2.2 International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Standards 40 |
57 |
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2.2 Existing international civil regulatory frameworks, other activities or environments |
60 |
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2.2.1 International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)41 |
61 |
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2.2.2 International Telecommunication Union (ITU)51 |
64 |
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2.2.3 International Maritime Organization (IMO)56 |
66 |
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2.2.4 Other sources of international law |
67 |
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2.3 Transition from air law and space law to aerospace law |
70 |
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2.3.1 Introduction |
70 |
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2.3.2 Space law conventions |
71 |
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2.3.3 Boundary between airspace and outer space |
74 |
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2.3.3.1 Spatialist approach: precisely, where is it? |
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2.3.3.1.1 Territorial airspace |
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2.3.3.1.2 Airspace above the high seas |
77 |
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2.3.3.1.3 Outer space |
77 |
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2.3.3.1.4 Problems with the spatialist approach |
78 |
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2.3.3.2 Functionalist approach: precisely, what is it? |
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2.3.3.2.1 Aircraft |
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2.3.3.2.2 Space objects |
81 |
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2.3.3.2.3 Aerospace vehicles |
81 |
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2.3.3.2.4 Problems with the functionalist approach |
81 |
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2.3.4 Need for a unified legal regime |
82 |
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CHAPTER 3 SAFETY ISSUES |
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3.1 Safety issues |
91 |
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3.1.1 Launch site processing and ground safety |
91 |
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3.1.2 Flight hardware, ground support equipment, and COTS |
92 |
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3.2 Launch safety |
94 |
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3.3 Suborbital safety |
99 |
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3.4 Orbital safety issues |
102 |
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3.4.1 Orbital debris |
102 |
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3.4.2 Collision risk with orbital debris |
104 |
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3.4.3 Collision risk to human spaceflight |
105 |
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3.4.4 Orbital debris ground risk |
107 |
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3.5 Returning vehicles risk |
111 |
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3.5.1 Risk to people on the ground |
111 |
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3.5.2 Risk to people in aircraft |
113 |
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3.6 Saving lives in space missions |
116 |
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3.6.1 Extending international search and rescue |
116 |
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3.6.2 Ascent emergencies |
116 |
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3.6.3 Orbital safety and rescue |
117 |
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3.6.4 Ionizing radiation risk for human spaceflight |
119 |
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CHAPTER 4 NEED FOR INTERNATIONAL SPACE SAFETY REGULATIONS |
120 |
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4.1 Need for international regulation of STM, space tourism & space debris |
121 |
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4.1.1 Commonality or un-commonality of ground standards |
121 |
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4.1.2 Comprehensive regulatory approach to space traffic management |
122 |
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4.1.2.1 Legal basis for potential STM regime |
124 |
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4.1.2.2 Comparable traffic management regime |
127 |
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4.1.2.3 Other considerations for setting up an STM system |
128 |
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4.1.3 International regulation of aerospace vehicles for space tourism |
129 |
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4.1.4 International regulation of orbital debris |
131 |
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CHAPTER 5 PROPOSAL FOR A NEW REGULATORY REGIME |
134 |
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5.1 ICAO for near-space safety? |
135 |
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5.1.1 Background |
135 |
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5.1.2 Management of space-bound traffic through international airspace |
136 |
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5.1.3 Integration of aviation and space infrastructure |
138 |
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5.1.4 Integrated terrestrial and space weather forecasts |
139 |
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5.1.5 ICAO for an improved international spacesafety culture |
140 |
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5.2 Proposal for a new regulatory regime |
142 |
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5.2.1 Policy principle |
142 |
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5.2.2 Regulatory model |
144 |
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5.2.3 Space safety oversight operating model |
144 |
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5.2.4 ICAO for space organization |
147 |
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5.2.5 General description of the safety certification process |
153 |
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5.2.6 Suggested ICAO for space regulatory implementation |
154 |
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Appendix A Relevant excerpts of the ITU constitution and convention |
156 |
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Constitution of the International Telecommunication Union |
156 |
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Preamble |
156 |
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Convention of the International Telecommunication Union |
163 |
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Resolution 16 (Rev. Minneapolis, 1998) |
169 |
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Appendix B Relevant excerpts of the convention on international civil aviation (Signed at Chicago, on 7 December 1944) –Chicago convention |
171 |
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Excerpts from Part I: Air navigation |
171 |
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Chapter I: General principles and application of the convention |
171 |
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Chapter VI: International standards and recommended practices |
174 |
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Excerpts from Part II: The international civil aviation organization |
177 |
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Chapter VII: The organization |
177 |
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Excerpts from Part III: International air transport |
177 |
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Chapter XIV: Information and reports |
177 |
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Chapter XV: Airports and other air navigation facilities |
178 |
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Relevant excerpts from Annex 1 to Chicago convention – personnel licensing |
178 |
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Chapter 1: Definitions and general rules concerning licences (excerpts) |
178 |
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Chapter 2: Licences and Ratings for Pilots (Excerpts) |
180 |
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Relevant excerpts from Annex 6 to the Chicago convention – operation of aircraft |
183 |
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Chapter 3: General (excerpts) |
183 |
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Chapter 4: Flight Operations (excerpts) |
184 |
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Relevant excerpts from Annex 8 to the Chicago convention: airworthiness of aircraft |
186 |
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Chapter 1: Type Certification (excerpts) |
186 |
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Chapter 2: Production (excerpts) |
187 |
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Chapter 3: Certificate of Airworthiness (excerpts) |
188 |
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Part III: Large aeroplanes |
189 |
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Part IIIA: Aeroplanes over 5700 kg for which application for certification was submitted on or after 13 June 1960 but before 2 March 2004 |
189 |
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Chapter 1: General (excerpts) |
189 |
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Chapter 2: Flight (excerpts) |
189 |
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Chapter 3: Structures (excerpts) |
190 |
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Chapter 4: Design and Construction (excerpts) |
190 |
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Chapter 8: Instruments and Equipment (excerpts) |
191 |
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Chapter 10: Continuing Airworthiness – Maintenance Information (excerpts) |
192 |
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Appendix C Model code of conduct for space-faring nations2 |
193 |
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Central Objective of this Code of Conduct |
193 |
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Preamble |
193 |
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About the editors |
197 |
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