Preface	5
	Contents	10
	Introduction to Basin Modeling	16
	History	16
	Geological Processes	18
	Structure of a Model	23
	Petroleum Systems Modeling	35
	Modeling Workflows	39
	Structural Restoration	41
	Comparison with Reservoir Modeling	42
	Outlook	43
	Summary	43
	References	45
	Pore Pressure, Compaction and Tectonics	46
	Introduction	46
	Bulk Stresses	46
	Pore Pressure Formation and Fluid Flow	48
	Compaction and Porosity Reduction	50
	Terzaghi Type Models	52
	Basic Formulation	53
	Mechanical Compaction	57
	Permeability and Viscosity	66
	1D Pressure Solutions	71
	Pressure Solutions in 2D and 3D	74
	Special Processes of Pressure Formation	80
	Chemical Compaction	80
	Fluid Expansion Models	85
	Overpressure Calibration	90
	Geomechanical Models	92
	Stress and Deformation	93
	Failure Analysis	96
	Faults	101
	Paleo--Models	105
	Event--Stepping	106
	Paleo--Stepping	108
	Overthrusting	110
	Summary	111
	References	114
	Heat Flow Analysis	117
	Introduction	117
	One Dimensional (1D) Models	119
	Steady State Models	119
	Transient Effect	121
	Thermal Conductivity	124
	Rock and Mineral Functions	126
	Pore Fluid Functions	128
	Specific Heat Capacity	130
	Rock and Mineral Functions	131
	Pore Fluid Functions	132
	Radiogenic Heat	133
	Three Dimensional Heat Flow Equation	133
	Heat Convection	136
	Magmatic Intrusions	139
	Permafrost	139
	SWI Temperatures	140
	Crustal Models for Basal Heat Flow Prediction	143
	The Principle of Isostasy	148
	Heat Flow Models	151
	Workflow Crustal Preprocessing	153
	Heat Flow Calibration	157
	Example Workflow for 3D Heat Calibration	159
	Summary	161
	References	163
	Petroleum Generation	165
	Introduction	165
	Distributed Reactivity Kinetics	166
	Petroleum Generation Kinetics	170
	Bulk Kinetics	173
	Oil--Gas Kinetics	175
	Compositional Kinetics	177
	Thermal Calibration Parameters	183
	Vitrinite Reflectance	183
	Molecular Biomarkers	190
	Tmax Values	191
	Isotopic Fractionation	194
	Fission--Track Analysis	195
	Adsorption	197
	Biodegradation	202
	Source Rock Analysis	205
	Summary	208
	References	210
	Fluid Analysis	213
	Introduction	213
	Water Phase	215
	Binary Mixtures and Black Oil Models	217
	Equations of State (EOS)	221
	Mixing Rules	224
	Phase Equilibrium	225
	Flash Calculations	227
	Classification of Petroleum	231
	PT--Paths	231
	Property Prediction	232
	Density	232
	Bubble Point Pressure	238
	Gas Oil Ratio (GOR)	239
	Oil Formation Volume Factor Bo	239
	Viscosity	241
	Interfacial Tension (IFT)	247
	Calibration of a Fluid Model	249
	Calibration and Fluid Heavy End	250
	Tuning of Pseudo--Component Parameters	251
	Tuning of the Binary Interaction Parameter (BIP)	254
	Gas Hydrates	255
	Summary	256
	References	257
	Migration and Accumulation	260
	Introduction	260
	Geological Background	261
	Multi--Phase Darcy Flow	263
	Capillary Pressure	267
	Pressure at Phase Boundaries	272
	Three Phase Flow Formulation without Phase Changes	274
	Multicomponent Flow Equations with Phase Changes	278
	Black Oil Model	279
	Diffusion	280
	Reservoirs	281
	Flowpath Analysis	283
	Drainage Area Analysis	285
	Accumulation Analysis	289
	Faults and Small Scale Features	293
	Overpressure and Waterflow	295
	Non--Ideal Reservoirs	296
	Hybrid Method	299
	Domain Decomposition	300
	Break Through	302
	Fault Flow	305
	Flowpath Modeling	308
	Invasion Percolation	310
	Physical Background	311
	Percolation on Microscopic Length Scales	317
	Upscaling of Microscopic Percolation	319
	One Phase Invasion Percolation	322
	Two Phase Migration with Displacement	325
	Discretization of Space and Property Assignment	326
	Anisotropy	330
	Discussion	332
	Mass Balances	340
	Fundamental Laws of Mass Conservation	340
	The Petroleum System	343
	Reservoir Structures and Accumulations	345
	Summary	347
	References	349
	Risk Analysis	354
	Introduction	354
	Monte Carlo Simulation	357
	Uncertainty Distributions	361
	Derived Uncertainty Parameters	364
	Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHC)	365
	Uncertainty Correlations	367
	Analysis of Results	370
	Model Data	372
	Bayesian Approach	373
	Prior Information of Derived Parameters	378
	Correlations of Priors	378
	Prior Information of Nominal Uncertainties	378
	Deterministic Sampling	380
	Cubical Design	381
	Other Deterministic Designs	382
	Metamodels	383
	Response Surfaces	383
	Fast Thermal Simulation	385
	Kriging	388
	Neural Networks	389
	Other Methods for Metamodeling	389
	Calibration with Markov Chain Monte Carlo Series	389
	Summary	390
	References	391
	Mathematical Methods	394
	Introduction	394
	Physical Quantities	395
	Mixing Rules and Upscaling	397
	Finite Differences	400
	Finite Element Method	402
	Control Volumes	407
	Solver	409
	Parallelization	409
	Local Grid Refinement (LGR)	412
	Tartan Grid	413
	Windowing	413
	Coupled Model in Model	414
	Faults	415
	Summary	416
	References	417
	Compaction and Flow Parameter	418
	Deviation of the Pressure Equation	426
	Analytic Groundwater Flow Solution from Tóth	428
	One Dimensional Consolidation Solution from Gibson	431
	Thermal Properties	433
	Analytic Solutions to Selected Heat Flow Problems	440
	Influence of Radiogenic Heat Production on a Steady State Temperature Profile	441
	Steady State Temperature Profile with a Lateral Basal Heat Flow Jump	441
	Steady State Temperature Profile with SWI Temperature Jump	443
	Steady State Temperature Profile for a Two Block Model	444
	Non Steady State Model with Heat Flow Jump	445
	Non Steady State Model with SWI Temperature Jump	447
	An Estimate for the Impact of Continuous Deposition on Heat Flow	448
	Petroleum Kinetics	452
	Biomarker	456
	Component Properties	460
	Methane Density	468
	Compositions and Components for Fig. 5.14	470
	An Analytic Solution for the Diffusion of Methane Through a Cap Rock	471
	Flowpath Bending	473
	Unit Conversions and Constants	477
	Index	479