Table of Contents	6
	Chapter One Introduction	8
	Introduction	8
	Chapter Two Hypothesis	12
	2.1 The New Dimension of International Terrorism (H)	12
	2.2 The Role of Ideology in the New Dimension of International Terrorism (H¹)	12
	2.3 The Asymmetrical Component of the New Dimension of International Terrorism (H²)	13
	2.4 Combating the New Dimension in International Terrorism (H³)	15
	Notes	16
	Chapter Three Definitions of Terrorism	18
	Terrorism	19
	Terrorist	19
	Notes	26
	Chapter Four The History of Terrorism	28
	4.1 Early Terrorist Organizations and Movements.	28
	4.2 19th Century Philosophers of Terrorism.	30
	4.3 From Philosophy into Action – A Four Phase Model	31
	4.4 The Internationalization of Terrorism	39
	4.5 The Munich Olympic Games Massacre of 1972	41
	4.6 Western European Terrorist Groups	43
	4.6.1 West German Red Army Faction	44
	4.6.2 The Italian Red Brigades (	46
	4.7 ETA and the IRA	47
	Notes	48
	Chapter Five Typologies of Terrorism	50
	5.1 Nationalist Terrorism	50
	5.2 Religious/Cultural Terrorism	51
	5.3 State Sponsored Terrorism	51
	5.4 Left Wing Terrorism	51
	5.5 Right Wing Terrorism	52
	5.6 Anarchist Terrorism	53
	Notes	53
	Chapter Six Current International Terrorist Groups	54
	6.1 Al-Qaeda	54
	6.2 Palestinian Islamic Jihad	55
	6.3 Hamas (Islamic Resistance Movement)	55
	6.4 Hizballah (Party of God)	56
	6.5 17 November (Revolutionary Organization 17 November)	57
	6.6 Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG)	57
	6.7 Jemaah Islamiyah (JI)	58
	6.8 Armed Islamic Group – Algerian GIA	58
	Notes	59
	Chapter Seven Political Islam	60
	7.1 The Bridge to a New Dimension of International Terrorism	60
	7.2 Political Islam and Islamic Jihadist Terrorism	64
	7.2.1 A Historical Perspective	67
	7.2.3 The Increasing Role of Islamic Consciousness	71
	7.2.4 The Islamic Threat: Myth or Reality	74
	7.2.4.1 Islamic resurgence and the contemporary revival of Islam	77
	7.2.4.2 The significance of the Iranian Revolution	79
	7.2.4.3 The historical legacy of the Islamic Community	80
	7.2.4.4 Islamic Law	82
	7.2.4.5 Branches of Islam	83
	7.2.4.6 Modern Islamic Revivalist Movements	85
	7.2.4.7 Egypt’s experience with Islamist revivalism	86
	7.2.4.8 Islam, Nationalism and the State – Iran	89
	7.2.4.9 The Muslim Brotherhood and the Jamaat-i-Islami	94
	7.2.4.10 Radical Islam	95
	7.2.4.11 Islam and the West	97
	7.2.4.12 The Underestimation of Islamic revivalism	98
	7.2.5 Wahhabism as a Vehicle to Export Terrorism	100
	7.2.6 The Saudi Arabian Role in the New Dimension Terrorism.	102
	7.2.7 Saudi Arabia and Extremist Ideologies of Islam	104
	7.2.7.1 External Influences	105
	7.2.7.2 Violent Islamic opposition to the Saudi Arabian regime	108
	7.2.7.3 Militant Islamic opposition to the Saudi Arabian regime	108
	7.2.7.4 Militant Extremism in Saudi Arabia: Osama bin Laden and Al Qaeda	110
	7.2.8 Motivations for Terrorism related to the Middle East	111
	7.2.9 The Role of Iran and Hizballah	113
	7.2.10 The Israeli perspective on Hizballah	115
	7.2.11 The Concept of	118
	7.2.12 Osama bin Laden, Al Qaeda and the new Transnational Jihad	123
	7.3 Failed States as the Safe-haven	124
	7.3.1 The Afghanistan and the Taliban/al-Qaeda Connection	126
	7.3.2 Pakistan’s contribution to Islamist Radicalism	130
	7.3.3 Osama bin Laden’s Sudan Connection	132
	7.3.4 Algeria	133
	7.3.5 Somalia and Al-Qaeda	136
	7.3.6 Yemen	138
	7.3.7 Chechnya and the Vulnerable Underbelly of Russia’s “Near Abroad”	139
	7.3.7 Central Asia	142
	7.3.9 Why Terrorist Networks Need Failed States	144
	Notes	146
	Chapter Eight Al- Qaeda	152
	8.1 The Development of al-Qaeda	152
	8.1.1 The Background of Osama bin Laden	154
	8.1.2 Structure, Ideology, and Strategy 8.1.2.1 Structure and Organization for Combat	159
	8.1.2.2 Ideology	162
	8.1.2.3 Al-Qaeda Training	164
	8.1.2.4 Al-Qaeda Tactics	166
	8.2 Al-Qaeda’s War Aims	167
	8.2.1 Political War Aims	168
	8.2.2 Religious/Cultural War Aims	168
	8.2.3 Economic War Aims	169
	8.2.4 Military War Aims	169
	8.3 Interim Objectives of al-Qaeda	169
	8.4 Ramzi Yousef and the New Jackals	171
	8.5 The Attacks of Al-Qaeda	177
	8.5.1 The Bombing of the US Embassies in East African	181
	8.5.2 The USS Cole attack	185
	8.5.3 The 9-11 Attacks	187
	8.6 The Al-Qaeda Global Network	194
	8.6.1 The North American Connection	195
	8.6.2 The European Connection	196
	8.6.3 The Middle Eastern Connection	204
	8.6.4 Al-Qaeda’s Southeast Asian Network	207
	8.7 Al-Qaeda – the Potential for Future Risks	212
	8.8 The Permutation and Franchising of Al-Qaeda	220
	Notes	222
	Chapter Nine The Financing of the New Dimension of International Terrorism	230
	9.1 Financing the New Dimension of Terrorism and the Terrorism-Crime Nexus	230
	9.1.1 A Financial Analysis of Al-Qaeda as a Terrorist Network	231
	9.1.2 Saudi Banking, Charities and Al-Qaeda	236
	9.2 The Crime-Terrorism Nexus	241
	9.2.1 Al-Qaeda and the Opium Connection	245
	9.3 U.S. Efforts to Stem the Flow of Al-Qaeda’s Financing	247
	Notes	249
	Chapter Ten Hypothesis Validation	252
	10.1 H¹ – The Role of Ideology in the New Dimension of International Terrorism	254
	10.2 H² – The Asymmetrical Component of the New Dimension of International Terrorism	256
	10.3 H ³ – The Challenges of Combating the New Dimension of International Terrorism	267
	10.4 The Validation of the Hypothesis H¹+ H²+ H³ = H	269
	Notes	270
	Chapter Eleven Combating the New Dimension of International Terrorism	272
	11.1 U.S. Counterterrorism Policy and Strategy	272
	11.2 Congressional Inquiry into the 9-11 Attacks	278
	11.3 Combating Al-Qaeda	279
	11.4 Taking out the Key Leadership	284
	11.5 Eliminating Safe Havens for Terrorism	287
	11.6 Combating Terrorist Financing	292
	11.7 Middle East Issues Impacting on the War on Terrorism	293
	11.8 Maintaining the Strategic Focus in the War Against Terrorism – Some Suggested Alternatives to Combating International Terrorism	296
	Notes	303
	Chapter Twelve Conclusion	306
	Notes	307
	Bibliography	308