Preface	7
	Contents	9
	1 Introduction	18
	1.1 Magnetism: Magical yet Practical	18
	1.2 History of Magnetism	20
	1.3 Magnetism, Neutrons, Polarized Electrons, and X- rays	29
	1.4 Developments in the Second Half of the 20th Century	42
	1.5 Some Thoughts about the Future	47
	1.6 About the Present Book	49
	Part I Fields and Moments	54
	2 Electric Fields, Currents, and Magnetic Fields	55
	2.1 Signs and Units in Magnetism	55
	2.2 The Electric Field	55
	2.3 The Electric Current and its Magnetic Field	56
	2.4 High Current Densities	61
	2.5 Magnetic and Electric Fields inside Materials	63
	2.6 The Relation of the Three Magnetic Vectors in Magnetic Materials	65
	Hd	65
	M B	65
	2.7 Symmetry Properties of Electric and Magnetic Fields	73
	3 Magnetic Moments and their Interactions with Magnetic Fields	77
	3.1 The Classical Definition of the Magnetic Moment	77
	3.2 From Classical to Quantum Mechanical Magnetic Moments	80
	3.3 Magnetic Dipole Moments in an External Magnetic Field	84
	3.4 The Energy of a Magnetic Dipole in a Magnetic Field	85
	3.5 The Force on a Magnetic Dipole in an Inhomogeneous Field	88
	3.6 The Torque on a Magnetic Moment in a Magnetic Field	100
	3.7 Time–Energy Correlation	113
	4 Time Dependent Fields	120
	4.1 Overview	120
	4.2 Basic Concepts of Relativistic Motion	121
	4.3 Fields of a Charge in Uniform Motion: Velocity Fields	124
	4.4 Acceleration Fields: Creation of EM Radiation	136
	5 Polarized Electromagnetic Waves	155
	5.1 Maxwell’s Equations and their Symmetries	156
	5.2 The Electromagnetic Wave Equation	157
	5.3 Intensity, Flux, Energy, and Momentum of EM Waves	159
	5.4 The Basis States of Polarized EM Waves	161
	5.5 Natural and Elliptical Polarization	169
	5.6 Transmission of EM Waves through Chiral and Magnetic Media	173
	Part II History and Concepts of Magnetic Interactions	179
	6 Exchange, Spin–Orbit, and Zeeman Interactions	180
	6.1 Overview	180
	6.2 The Spin Dependent Atomic Hamiltonian or Pauli Equation	182
	6.3 The Exchange Interaction	188
	6.4 The Spin–Orbit Interaction	216
	6.5 Hund’s Rules	222
	6.6 The Zeeman Interaction	225
	7 Electronic and Magnetic Interactions in Solids	234
	7.1 Chapter Overview	234
	7.2 Localized versus Itinerant Magnetism: The Role of the Centrifugal Potential	236
	7.3 The Relative Size of Interactions in Solids	243
	7.4 The Band Model of Ferromagnetism	247
	7.5 Ligand Field Theory	258
	7.6 The Importance of Electron Correlation and Excited States	274
	7.7 Magnetism in Transition Metal Oxides	287
	7.8 RKKY Exchange	303
	7.9 Spin–Orbit Interaction: Origin of the Magnetocrystalline Anisotropy	307
	Part III Polarized Electron and X-Ray Techniques	324
	8 Polarized Electrons and Magnetism	325
	8.1 Introduction	325
	8.2 Generation of Spin-Polarized Electron Beams	326
	8.3 Spin-Polarized Electrons and Magnetic Materials: Overview of Experiments	330
	8.4 Formal Description of Spin-Polarized Electrons	331
	8.5 Description of Spin Analyzers and Filters	339
	8.6 Interactions of Polarized Electrons with Materials	341
	8.7 Link Between Electron Polarization and Photon Polarization	354
	9 Interactions of Polarized Photons with Matter	363
	9.1 Overview	363
	9.2 Terminology of Polarization Dependent Effects	364
	9.3 SemiClassical Treatment of X-ray Scattering by Charges and Spins	367
	9.4 SemiClassical Treatment of Resonant Interactions	373
	9.5 Quantum-Theoretical Concepts	382
	9.6 The Orientation-Averaged Intensity: Charge and Magnetic Moment Sum Rules	397
	9.7 The Orientation-Dependent Intensity: Charge and Magnetic Moment Anisotropies	413
	9.8 Magnetic Dichroism in X-ray Absorption and Scattering	436
	10 X-rays and Magnetism: Spectroscopy and Microscopy	442
	10.1 Introduction	442
	10.2 Overview of Different Types of X-ray Dichroism	443
	10.3 Experimental Concepts of X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy	448
	10.4 Magnetic Imaging with X-rays	469
	Part IV Properties of and Phenomena in the Ferromagnetic Metals	488
	11 The Spontaneous Magnetization, Anisotropy, Domains	489
	11.1 The Spontaneous Magnetization	490
	11.2 The Magnetic Anisotropy	514
	11.3 The Magnetic Microstructure: Magnetic Domains and Domain Walls	521
	11.4 Magnetization Curves and Hysteresis Loops	525
	11.5 Magnetism in Small Particles	527
	12 Magnetism of Metals	531
	12.1 Overview	531
	12.2 Band Theoretical Results for the Transition Metals	533
	12.3 The Rare Earth Metals: Band Theory versus Atomic Behavior	540
	12.4 Spectroscopic Tests of the Band Model of Ferromagnetism	544
	12.5 Resistivity of Transition Metals	558
	12.6 Spin Conserving Electron Transitions in Metals	568
	12.7 Transitions Between Opposite Spin States in Metals	583
	12.8 Remaining Challenges	592
	Part V Topics in Contemporary Magnetism	594
	13 Surfaces and Interfaces of Ferromagnetic Metals	595
	13.1 Overview	595
	13.2 Spin-Polarized Electron Emission from Ferromagnetic Metals	596
	13.3 Reflection of Electrons from a Ferromagnetic Surface	609
	13.4 Static Magnetic Coupling at Interfaces	621
	14 Electron and Spin Transport	644
	14.1 Currents Across Interfaces Between a Ferromagnet and a Nonmagnet	644
	14.2 Spin-Injection into a Ferromagnet	663
	14.3 Spin Currents in Metals and Semiconductors	679
	14.4 Spin-Based Transistors and Amplifiers	682
	15 Ultrafast Magnetization Dynamics	686
	15.1 Introduction	686
	15.2 Energy and Angular Momentum Exchange between Physical Reservoirs	689
	15.3 Spin Relaxation and the Pauli Susceptibility	694
	15.4 Probing the Magnetization after Laser Excitation	697
	15.5 Dynamics Following Excitation with Magnetic Field Pulses	712
	15.6 Switching of the Magnetization	730
	15.7 Dynamics of Antiferromagnetic Spins	766
	Part VI Appendices	767
	A Appendices	768
	A.1 The International System of Units (SI)	768
	A.2 The Cross Product	770
	A.3 s, p, and d Orbitals	771
	A.4 Spherical Tensors	772
	A.5 Sum Rules for Spherical Tensor Matrix Elements	773
	A.6 Polarization Dependent Dipole Operators	774
	A.7 Spin–Orbit Basis Functions for p and d Orbitals	775
	A.8 Quadrupole Moment and the X-ray Absorption Intensity	776
	A.9 Lorentzian Line Shape and Integral	779
	A.10 Gaussian Line Shape and Its Fourier Transform	779
	A.11 Gaussian Pulses, Half-Cycle Pulses and Transforms	780
	References	782
	Index	810