Foreword	6
	Foreword	8
	Preface	9
	Summary	11
	Zusammenfassung	16
	Contents	22
	List of Figures	25
	List of Tables	27
	General Introduction	29
	1. World Urban Population Development	29
	2. Urban Ecology	29
	3. Urban Biodiversity	30
	3.1. Species Richness	30
	3.2. Species Rarity	32
	3.3. Functional Diversity	33
	3.4. Phylogenetic Diversity	34
	4. Macroecology as an Analytical Framework	35
	5. Study Outline	37
	Chapter I – Urbanization Causes Shifts of Species’ Trait State Frequencies – a Large Scale Analysis	40
	1. Introduction	40
	2. Materials and Methods	42
	2.1. Data Sources	42
	2.2. Data Analyses	44
	2.2.1. Log-Ratios of Proportions	44
	2.2.2. Linear Models	44
	3. Results	46
	4. Discussion	52
	Chapter II – Does Urbanization Cause Shifts of Species’ Trait State Frequencies? – A Small Scale Analysis	57
	1. Introduction	57
	2. Materials and Methods	58
	2.1. Study Area	58
	2.2. Data Sources	59
	2.3. Data Analyses	61
	3. Results	62
	4. Discussion	63
	Chapter III – How Species Traits and Affinity to Urban Land Use Control Plant Species Frequency	69
	1. Introduction	69
	2. Materials and Methods	71
	2.1. Data Sources	71
	2.1.1. Species Rarity	71
	2.1.2. Species Affinity to Urban Land Use	74
	2.1.3. Species Traits and Phylogeny	74
	2.2. Data Analyses	75
	3. Results	78
	3.1. Single-Trait Models	78
	3.2. Multi-Trait Models	78
	4. Discussion	81
	4.1. Traits and Relative Frequencies	81
	4.2. Urbanity and Relative Frequencies	84
	4.3. Effects of Trait-Urbanity Interactions on Relative Frequencies	84
	4.4. Applicability and Conclusions	85
	Chapter IV – Changes in the Functional Composition of a Central European Urban Flora over Three Centuries	92
	1. Introduction	92
	2. Materials and Methods	94
	2.1. Study Area	94
	2.1.1. Population Development	94
	2.1.2. Environmental Conditions	94
	2.2. Data Sources	95
	2.2.1. Species Data	95
	2.2.2. Trait Data	99
	2.3. Data Analyses	99
	2.3.1 Association of Trait States with Time	99
	2.3.2 Association of Trait States with Extinction and Introduction	100
	2.3.3. Trends in Trait State Ratio Development	101
	3. Results	101
	3.1. Association of Trait States with Time	101
	3.2. Association of Trait States with Extinction and Introduction	102
	3.3. Trends in Trait State Ratio Development	103
	4. Discussion	104
	Chapter V – Challenging Urban Species Diversity: Contrasting Phylogenetic Patterns across Plant Functional Groups in Germany	114
	1. Introduction	114
	2. Materials and Methods	116
	2.1. Data Sources	116
	2.2. Data Analyses	117
	3. Results	120
	3.1. Species Richness and Phylogenetic Diversity	120
	3.2. Phylogenetic Diversity across Plant Functional Groups	120
	4. Discussion	121
	Synthesis and Conclusions	131
	1. Synthesis	131
	1.1. Urban Plant Biodiversity Research up to now	131
	1.2. Contributions of this Study to Urban Plant Biodiversity Research	132
	1.3. Notes on the Basic Framework of this Study	135
	2. Conclusions	135
	References	138
	Appendix	157